rst/user_guide/intro_inventory.rst

.. _intro_inventory:
.. _inventory:

***************************
How to build your inventory
***************************

Ansible works against multiple managed nodes or "hosts" in your infrastructure at the same time, using a list or group of lists know as inventory. Once your inventory is defined, you use :ref:`patterns <intro_patterns>` to select the hosts or groups you want Ansible to run against.

The default location for inventory is a file called ``/usr/local/etc/ansible/hosts``. You can specify a different inventory file at the command line using the ``-i <path>`` option. You can also use multiple inventory files at the same time, and/or pull inventory from dynamic or cloud sources or different formats (YAML, ini, etc), as described in :ref:`intro_dynamic_inventory`.
Introduced in version 2.4, Ansible has :ref:`inventory_plugins` to make this flexible and customizable.

.. contents::
   :local:

.. _inventoryformat:

Inventory basics: formats, hosts, and groups
============================================

The inventory file can be in one of many formats, depending on the inventory plugins you have.
The most common formats are INI and YAML. A basic INI ``etc/ansible/hosts`` might look like this:

.. code-block:: text

    mail.example.com

    [webservers]
    foo.example.com
    bar.example.com

    [dbservers]
    one.example.com
    two.example.com
    three.example.com

The headings in brackets are group names, which are used in classifying hosts
and deciding what hosts you are controlling at what times and for what purpose.

Here's that same basic inventory file in YAML format:

.. code-block:: yaml

  all:
    hosts:
      mail.example.com:
    children:
      webservers:
        hosts:
          foo.example.com:
          bar.example.com:
      dbservers:
        hosts:
          one.example.com:
          two.example.com:
          three.example.com:

.. _default_groups:

Default groups
--------------

There are two default groups: ``all`` and ``ungrouped``. The ``all`` group contains every host.
The ``ungrouped`` group contains all hosts that don't have another group aside from ``all``.
Every host will always belong to at least 2 groups (``all`` and ``ungrouped`` or ``all`` and some other group). Though ``all`` and ``ungrouped`` are always present, they can be implicit and not appear in group listings like ``group_names``.

.. _host_multiple_groups:

Hosts in multiple groups
------------------------

You can (and probably will) put each host in more than one group. For example a production webserver in a datacenter in Atlanta might be included in groups called [prod] and [atlanta] and [webservers]. You can create groups that track:

* What - An application, stack or microservice. (For example, database servers, web servers, etc).
* Where - A datacenter or region, to talk to local DNS, storage, etc. (For example, east, west).
* When - The development stage, to avoid testing on production resources. (For example, prod, test).

Extending the previous YAML inventory to include what, when, and where would look like:

.. code-block:: yaml

  all:
    hosts:
      mail.example.com:
    children:
      webservers:
        hosts:
          foo.example.com:
          bar.example.com:
      dbservers:
        hosts:
          one.example.com:
          two.example.com:
          three.example.com:
      east:
        hosts:
          foo.example.com:
          one.example.com:
          two.example.com:
      west:
        hosts:
          bar.example.com:
          three.example.com:
      prod:
        hosts:
          foo.example.com:
          one.example.com:
          two.example.com:
      test:
        hosts:
          bar.example.com:
          three.example.com:

You can see that ``one.example.com`` exists in the ``dbservers``, ``east``, and ``prod`` groups.

You can also use nested groups to simplify ``prod`` and ``test`` in this inventory, for the same result:

.. code-block:: yaml

  all:
    hosts:
      mail.example.com:
    children:
      webservers:
        hosts:
          foo.example.com:
          bar.example.com:
      dbservers:
        hosts:
          one.example.com:
          two.example.com:
          three.example.com:
      east:
        hosts:
          foo.example.com:
          one.example.com:
          two.example.com:
      west:
        hosts:
          bar.example.com:
          three.example.com:
      prod:
        children:
          east:
      test:
        children:
          west:

You can find more examples on how to organize your inventories and group your hosts in :ref:`inventory_setup_examples`.

Adding ranges of hosts
----------------------

If you have a lot of hosts with a similar pattern, you can add them as a range rather than listing each hostname separately:

In INI:

.. code-block:: text

    [webservers]
    www[01:50].example.com

In YAML:

.. code-block:: yaml

    ...
      webservers:
        hosts:
          www[01:50].example.com:

For numeric patterns, leading zeros can be included or removed, as desired. Ranges are inclusive. You can also define alphabetic ranges:

.. code-block:: text

    [databases]
    db-[a:f].example.com

Adding variables to inventory
=============================

You can store variable values that relate to a specific host or group in inventory. To start with, you may add variables directly to the hosts and groups in your main inventory file. As you add more and more managed nodes to your Ansible inventory, however, you will likely want to store variables in separate host and group variable files.

.. _host_variables:

Assigning a variable to one machine: host variables
===================================================

You can easily assign a variable to a single host, then use it later in playbooks. In INI:

.. code-block:: text

   [atlanta]
   host1 http_port=80 maxRequestsPerChild=808
   host2 http_port=303 maxRequestsPerChild=909

In YAML:

.. code-block:: yaml

    atlanta:
      host1:
        http_port: 80
        maxRequestsPerChild: 808
      host2:
        http_port: 303
        maxRequestsPerChild: 909

Unique values like non-standard SSH ports work well as host variables. You can add them to your Ansible inventory by adding the port number after the hostname with a colon:

.. code-block:: text

    badwolf.example.com:5309

Connection variables also work well as host variables:

.. code-block:: text

   [targets]

   localhost              ansible_connection=local
   other1.example.com     ansible_connection=ssh        ansible_user=myuser
   other2.example.com     ansible_connection=ssh        ansible_user=myotheruser

.. note:: If you list non-standard SSH ports in your SSH config file, the ``openssh`` connection will find and use them, but the ``paramiko`` connection will not.

.. _inventory_aliases:

Inventory aliases
-----------------

You can also define aliases in your inventory:

In INI:

.. code-block:: text

    jumper ansible_port=5555 ansible_host=192.0.2.50

In YAML:

.. code-block:: yaml

    ...
      hosts:
        jumper:
          ansible_port: 5555
          ansible_host: 192.0.2.50

In the above example, running Ansible against the host alias "jumper" will connect to 192.0.2.50 on port 5555.
This only works for hosts with static IPs, or when you are connecting through tunnels.

.. note::
   Values passed in the INI format using the ``key=value`` syntax are interpreted differently depending on where they are declared:

   * When declared inline with the host, INI values are interpreted as Python literal structures           (strings, numbers, tuples, lists, dicts, booleans, None). Host lines accept multiple ``key=value`` parameters per line. Therefore they need a way to indicate that a space is part of a value rather than a separator.

   * When declared in a ``:vars`` section, INI values are interpreted as strings. For example ``var=FALSE`` would create a string equal to 'FALSE'. Unlike host lines, ``:vars`` sections accept only a single entry per line, so everything after the ``=`` must be the value for the entry.

   * If a variable value set in an INI inventory must be a certain type (for example, a string or a boolean value), always specify the type with a filter in your task. Do not rely on types set in INI inventories when consuming variables.

   * Consider using YAML format for inventory sources to avoid confusion on the actual type of a variable. The YAML inventory plugin processes variable values consistently and correctly.

Generally speaking, this is not the best way to define variables that describe your system policy. Setting variables in the main inventory file is only a shorthand. See :ref:`splitting_out_vars` for guidelines on storing variable values in individual files in the 'host_vars' directory.

.. _group_variables:

Assigning a variable to many machines: group variables
======================================================

If all hosts in a group share a variable value, you can apply that variable to an entire group at once. In INI:

.. code-block:: text

   [atlanta]
   host1
   host2

   [atlanta:vars]
   ntp_server=ntp.atlanta.example.com
   proxy=proxy.atlanta.example.com

In YAML:

.. code-block:: yaml

    atlanta:
      hosts:
        host1:
        host2:
      vars:
        ntp_server: ntp.atlanta.example.com
        proxy: proxy.atlanta.example.com

Group variables are a convenient way to apply variables to multiple hosts at once. Before executing, however, Ansible always flattens variables, including inventory variables, to the host level. If a host is a member of multiple groups, Ansible reads variable values from all of those groups. If you assign different values to the same variable in different groups, Ansible chooses which value to use based on internal :ref:`rules for merging <how_we_merge>`.

.. _subgroups:

Inheriting variable values: group variables for groups of groups
----------------------------------------------------------------

You can make groups of groups using the ``:children`` suffix in INI or the ``children:`` entry in YAML.
You can apply variables to these groups of groups using ``:vars`` or ``vars:``:

In INI:

.. code-block:: text

   [atlanta]
   host1
   host2

   [raleigh]
   host2
   host3

   [southeast:children]
   atlanta
   raleigh

   [southeast:vars]
   some_server=foo.southeast.example.com
   halon_system_timeout=30
   self_destruct_countdown=60
   escape_pods=2

   [usa:children]
   southeast
   northeast
   southwest
   northwest

In YAML:

.. code-block:: yaml

  all:
    children:
      usa:
        children:
          southeast:
            children:
              atlanta:
                hosts:
                  host1:
                  host2:
              raleigh:
                hosts:
                  host2:
                  host3:
            vars:
              some_server: foo.southeast.example.com
              halon_system_timeout: 30
              self_destruct_countdown: 60
              escape_pods: 2
          northeast:
          northwest:
          southwest:

If you need to store lists or hash data, or prefer to keep host and group specific variables separate from the inventory file, see :ref:`splitting_out_vars`.

Child groups have a couple of properties to note:

 - Any host that is member of a child group is automatically a member of the parent group.
 - A child group's variables will have higher precedence (override) a parent group's variables.
 - Groups can have multiple parents and children, but not circular relationships.
 - Hosts can also be in multiple groups, but there will only be **one** instance of a host, merging the data from the multiple groups.

.. _splitting_out_vars:

Organizing host and group variables
===================================

Although you can store variables in the main inventory file, storing separate host and group variables files may help you organize your variable values more easily. Host and group variable files must use YAML syntax. Valid file extensions include '.yml', '.yaml', '.json', or no file extension.
See :ref:`yaml_syntax` if you are new to YAML.

Ansible loads host and group variable files by searching paths relative to the inventory file or the playbook file. If your inventory file at ``/usr/local/etc/ansible/hosts`` contains a host named 'foosball' that belongs to two groups, 'raleigh' and 'webservers', that host will use variables in YAML files at the following locations:

.. code-block:: bash

    /usr/local/etc/ansible/group_vars/raleigh # can optionally end in '.yml', '.yaml', or '.json'
    /usr/local/etc/ansible/group_vars/webservers
    /usr/local/etc/ansible/host_vars/foosball

For example, if you group hosts in your inventory by datacenter, and each datacenter uses its own NTP server and database server, you can create a file called ``/usr/local/etc/ansible/group_vars/raleigh`` to store the variables for the ``raleigh`` group:

.. code-block:: yaml

    ---
    ntp_server: acme.example.org
    database_server: storage.example.org

You can also create *directories* named after your groups or hosts. Ansible will read all the files in these directories in lexicographical order. An example with the 'raleigh' group:

.. code-block:: bash

    /usr/local/etc/ansible/group_vars/raleigh/db_settings
    /usr/local/etc/ansible/group_vars/raleigh/cluster_settings

All hosts in the 'raleigh' group will have the variables defined in these files
available to them. This can be very useful to keep your variables organized when a single
file gets too big, or when you want to use :ref:`Ansible Vault<playbooks_vault>` on some group variables.

You can also add ``group_vars/`` and ``host_vars/`` directories to your playbook directory. The ``ansible-playbook`` command looks for these directories in the current working directory by default. Other Ansible commands (for example, ``ansible``, ``ansible-console``, etc.) will only look for ``group_vars/`` and ``host_vars/`` in the inventory directory. If you want other commands to load group and host variables from a playbook directory, you must provide the ``--playbook-dir`` option on the command line.
If you load inventory files from both the playbook directory and the inventory directory, variables in the playbook directory will override variables set in the inventory directory.

Keeping your inventory file and variables in a git repo (or other version control)
is an excellent way to track changes to your inventory and host variables.

.. _how_we_merge:

How variables are merged
========================

By default variables are merged/flattened to the specific host before a play is run. This keeps Ansible focused on the Host and Task, so groups don't really survive outside of inventory and host matching. By default, Ansible overwrites variables including the ones defined for a group and/or host (see :ref:`DEFAULT_HASH_BEHAVIOUR<DEFAULT_HASH_BEHAVIOUR>`). The order/precedence is (from lowest to highest):

- all group (because it is the 'parent' of all other groups)
- parent group
- child group
- host

By default Ansible merges groups at the same parent/child level alphabetically, and the last group loaded overwrites the previous groups. For example, an a_group will be merged with b_group and b_group vars that match will overwrite the ones in a_group.

You can change this behavior by setting the group variable ``ansible_group_priority`` to change the merge order for groups of the same level (after the parent/child order is resolved). The larger the number, the later it will be merged, giving it higher priority. This variable defaults to ``1`` if not set. For example:

.. code-block:: yaml

    a_group:
        testvar: a
        ansible_group_priority: 10
    b_group:
        testvar: b

In this example, if both groups have the same priority, the result would normally have been ``testvar == b``, but since we are giving the ``a_group`` a higher priority the result will be ``testvar == a``.

.. note:: ``ansible_group_priority`` can only be set in the inventory source and not in group_vars/, as the variable is used in the loading of group_vars.

.. _using_multiple_inventory_sources:

Using multiple inventory sources
================================

You can target multiple inventory sources (directories, dynamic inventory scripts
or files supported by inventory plugins) at the same time by giving multiple inventory parameters from the command
line or by configuring :envvar:`ANSIBLE_INVENTORY`. This can be useful when you want to target normally
separate environments, like staging and production, at the same time for a specific action.

Target two sources from the command line like this:

.. code-block:: bash

    ansible-playbook get_logs.yml -i staging -i production

Keep in mind that if there are variable conflicts in the inventories, they are resolved according
to the rules described in :ref:`how_we_merge` and :ref:`ansible_variable_precedence`.
The merging order is controlled by the order of the inventory source parameters.
If ``[all:vars]`` in staging inventory defines ``myvar = 1``, but production inventory defines ``myvar = 2``,
the playbook will be run with ``myvar = 2``. The result would be reversed if the playbook was run with
``-i production -i staging``.

**Aggregating inventory sources with a directory**

You can also create an inventory by combining multiple inventory sources and source types under a directory.
This can be useful for combining static and dynamic hosts and managing them as one inventory.
The following inventory combines an inventory plugin source, a dynamic inventory script,
and a file with static hosts:

.. code-block:: text

    inventory/
      openstack.yml          # configure inventory plugin to get hosts from Openstack cloud
      dynamic-inventory.py   # add additional hosts with dynamic inventory script
      static-inventory       # add static hosts and groups
      group_vars/
        all.yml              # assign variables to all hosts

You can target this inventory directory simply like this:

.. code-block:: bash

    ansible-playbook example.yml -i inventory

It can be useful to control the merging order of the inventory sources if there's variable
conflicts or group of groups dependencies to the other inventory sources. The inventories
are merged in alphabetical order according to the filenames so the result can
be controlled by adding prefixes to the files:

.. code-block:: text

    inventory/
      01-openstack.yml          # configure inventory plugin to get hosts from Openstack cloud
      02-dynamic-inventory.py   # add additional hosts with dynamic inventory script
      03-static-inventory       # add static hosts
      group_vars/
        all.yml                 # assign variables to all hosts

If ``01-openstack.yml`` defines ``myvar = 1`` for the group ``all``, ``02-dynamic-inventory.py`` defines ``myvar = 2``,
and ``03-static-inventory`` defines ``myvar = 3``, the playbook will be run with ``myvar = 3``.

For more details on inventory plugins and dynamic inventory scripts see :ref:`inventory_plugins` and :ref:`intro_dynamic_inventory`.

.. _behavioral_parameters:

Connecting to hosts: behavioral inventory parameters
====================================================

As described above, setting the following variables control how Ansible interacts with remote hosts.

Host connection:

.. include:: shared_snippets/SSH_password_prompt.txt

ansible_connection
    Connection type to the host. This can be the name of any of ansible's connection plugins. SSH protocol types are ``smart``, ``ssh`` or ``paramiko``.  The default is smart. Non-SSH based types are described in the next section.

General for all connections:

ansible_host
    The name of the host to connect to, if different from the alias you wish to give to it.
ansible_port
    The connection port number, if not the default (22 for ssh)
ansible_user
    The user name to use when connecting to the host
ansible_password
    The password to use to authenticate to the host (never store this variable in plain text; always use a vault. See :ref:`best_practices_for_variables_and_vaults`)


Specific to the SSH connection:

ansible_ssh_private_key_file
    Private key file used by ssh.  Useful if using multiple keys and you don't want to use SSH agent.
ansible_ssh_common_args
    This setting is always appended to the default command line for :command:`sftp`, :command:`scp`,
    and :command:`ssh`. Useful to configure a ``ProxyCommand`` for a certain host (or
    group).
ansible_sftp_extra_args
    This setting is always appended to the default :command:`sftp` command line.
ansible_scp_extra_args
    This setting is always appended to the default :command:`scp` command line.
ansible_ssh_extra_args
    This setting is always appended to the default :command:`ssh` command line.
ansible_ssh_pipelining
    Determines whether or not to use SSH pipelining. This can override the ``pipelining`` setting in :file:`ansible.cfg`.
ansible_ssh_executable (added in version 2.2)
    This setting overrides the default behavior to use the system :command:`ssh`. This can override the ``ssh_executable`` setting in :file:`ansible.cfg`.


Privilege escalation (see :ref:`Ansible Privilege Escalation<become>` for further details):

ansible_become
    Equivalent to ``ansible_sudo`` or ``ansible_su``, allows to force privilege escalation
ansible_become_method
    Allows to set privilege escalation method
ansible_become_user
    Equivalent to ``ansible_sudo_user`` or ``ansible_su_user``, allows to set the user you become through privilege escalation
ansible_become_password
    Equivalent to ``ansible_sudo_password`` or ``ansible_su_password``, allows you to set the privilege escalation password (never store this variable in plain text; always use a vault. See :ref:`best_practices_for_variables_and_vaults`)
ansible_become_exe
    Equivalent to ``ansible_sudo_exe`` or ``ansible_su_exe``, allows you to set the executable for the escalation method selected
ansible_become_flags
    Equivalent to ``ansible_sudo_flags`` or ``ansible_su_flags``, allows you to set the flags passed to the selected escalation method. This can be also set globally in :file:`ansible.cfg` in the ``sudo_flags`` option

Remote host environment parameters:

.. _ansible_shell_type:

ansible_shell_type
    The shell type of the target system. You should not use this setting unless you have set the
    :ref:`ansible_shell_executable<ansible_shell_executable>` to a non-Bourne (sh) compatible shell.  By default commands are
    formatted using ``sh``-style syntax.  Setting this to ``csh`` or ``fish`` will cause commands
    executed on target systems to follow those shell's syntax instead.

.. _ansible_python_interpreter:

ansible_python_interpreter
    The target host python path. This is useful for systems with more
    than one Python or not located at :command:`/usr/bin/python` such as \*BSD, or where :command:`/usr/bin/python`
    is not a 2.X series Python.  We do not use the :command:`/usr/bin/env` mechanism as that requires the remote user's
    path to be set right and also assumes the :program:`python` executable is named python, where the executable might
    be named something like :program:`python2.6`.

ansible_*_interpreter
    Works for anything such as ruby or perl and works just like :ref:`ansible_python_interpreter<ansible_python_interpreter>`.
    This replaces shebang of modules which will run on that host.

.. versionadded:: 2.1

.. _ansible_shell_executable:

ansible_shell_executable
    This sets the shell the ansible controller will use on the target machine,
    overrides ``executable`` in :file:`ansible.cfg` which defaults to
    :command:`/bin/sh`.  You should really only change it if is not possible
    to use :command:`/bin/sh` (i.e. :command:`/bin/sh` is not installed on the target
    machine or cannot be run from sudo.).

Examples from an Ansible-INI host file:

.. code-block:: text

  some_host         ansible_port=2222     ansible_user=manager
  aws_host          ansible_ssh_private_key_file=/home/example/.ssh/aws.pem
  freebsd_host      ansible_python_interpreter=/usr/local/bin/python
  ruby_module_host  ansible_ruby_interpreter=/usr/bin/ruby.1.9.3

Non-SSH connection types
------------------------

As stated in the previous section, Ansible executes playbooks over SSH but it is not limited to this connection type.
With the host specific parameter ``ansible_connection=<connector>``, the connection type can be changed.
The following non-SSH based connectors are available:

**local**

This connector can be used to deploy the playbook to the control machine itself.

**docker**

This connector deploys the playbook directly into Docker containers using the local Docker client. The following parameters are processed by this connector:

ansible_host
    The name of the Docker container to connect to.
ansible_user
    The user name to operate within the container. The user must exist inside the container.
ansible_become
    If set to ``true`` the ``become_user`` will be used to operate within the container.
ansible_docker_extra_args
    Could be a string with any additional arguments understood by Docker, which are not command specific. This parameter is mainly used to configure a remote Docker daemon to use.

Here is an example of how to instantly deploy to created containers:

.. code-block:: yaml

   - name: create jenkins container
     docker_container:
       docker_host: myserver.net:4243
       name: my_jenkins
       image: jenkins

   - name: add container to inventory
     add_host:
       name: my_jenkins
       ansible_connection: docker
       ansible_docker_extra_args: "--tlsverify --tlscacert=/path/to/ca.pem --tlscert=/path/to/client-cert.pem --tlskey=/path/to/client-key.pem -H=tcp://myserver.net:4243"
       ansible_user: jenkins
     changed_when: false

   - name: create directory for ssh keys
     delegate_to: my_jenkins
     file:
       path: "/var/jenkins_home/.ssh/jupiter"
       state: directory

For a full list with available plugins and examples, see :ref:`connection_plugin_list`.

.. note:: If you're reading the docs from the beginning, this may be the first example you've seen of an Ansible playbook. This is not an inventory file.
          Playbooks will be covered in great detail later in the docs.

.. _inventory_setup_examples:

Inventory setup examples
========================

.. _inventory_setup-per_environment:

Example: One inventory per environment
--------------------------------------

If you need to manage multiple environments it's sometimes prudent to
have only hosts of a single environment defined per inventory. This
way, it is harder to, for instance, accidentally change the state of
nodes inside the "test" environment when you actually wanted to update
some "staging" servers.

For the example mentioned above you could have an
:file:`inventory_test` file:

.. code-block:: ini

  [dbservers]
  db01.test.example.com
  db02.test.example.com

  [appservers]
  app01.test.example.com
  app02.test.example.com
  app03.test.example.com

That file only includes hosts that are part of the "test"
environment. Define the "staging" machines in another file
called :file:`inventory_staging`:

.. code-block:: ini

  [dbservers]
  db01.staging.example.com
  db02.staging.example.com

  [appservers]
  app01.staging.example.com
  app02.staging.example.com
  app03.staging.example.com

To apply a playbook called :file:`site.yml`
to all the app servers in the test environment, use the
following command::

  ansible-playbook -i inventory_test site.yml -l appservers

.. _inventory_setup-per_function:

Example: Group by function
--------------------------

In the previous section you already saw an example for using groups in
order to cluster hosts that have the same function. This allows you,
for instance, to define firewall rules inside a playbook or role
without affecting database servers:

.. code-block:: yaml

  - hosts: dbservers
    tasks:
    - name: allow access from 10.0.0.1
      iptables:
        chain: INPUT
        jump: ACCEPT
        source: 10.0.0.1

.. _inventory_setup-per_location:

Example: Group by location
--------------------------

Other tasks might be focused on where a certain host is located. Let's
say that ``db01.test.example.com`` and ``app01.test.example.com`` are
located in DC1 while ``db02.test.example.com`` is in DC2:

.. code-block:: ini

  [dc1]
  db01.test.example.com
  app01.test.example.com

  [dc2]
  db02.test.example.com

In practice, you might even end up mixing all these setups as you
might need to, on one day, update all nodes in a specific data center
while, on another day, update all the application servers no matter
their location.

.. seealso::

   :ref:`inventory_plugins`
       Pulling inventory from dynamic or static sources
   :ref:`intro_dynamic_inventory`
       Pulling inventory from dynamic sources, such as cloud providers
   :ref:`intro_adhoc`
       Examples of basic commands
   :ref:`working_with_playbooks`
       Learning Ansible's configuration, deployment, and orchestration language.
   `Mailing List <https://groups.google.com/group/ansible-project>`_
       Questions? Help? Ideas?  Stop by the list on Google Groups
   `irc.libera.chat <https://libera.chat/>`_
       #ansible IRC chat channel