1%% 2%% 3 4\section*{GNU General Public License} 5\label{GplChapter} 6\index[general]{GNU General Public License } 7\index[general]{License!GNU General Public } 8 9\elink{image of a Philosophical 10GNU}{http://www.gnu.org/graphics/philosophicalgnu.html} 11 12\begin{itemize} 13\item 14 \elink{What to do if you see a possible GPL 15 violation}{http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl-violation.html} 16\item 17 \elink{Translations of the 18 GPL}{http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/copyleft.html\#translations} 19\end{itemize} 20 21 22\section{Table of Contents} 23\index[general]{Table of Contents } 24\index[general]{Contents!Table of } 25 26\begin{itemize} 27\item 28 \label{TOC1} 29 \ilink{GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE}{SEC1} 30 31\begin{itemize} 32\item 33 \label{TOC2} 34 \ilink{Preamble}{SEC2} 35\item 36 \label{TOC3} 37 \ilink{TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND 38MODIFICATION}{SEC3} 39\item 40 \label{TOC4} 41 \ilink{How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs}{SEC4} 42\end{itemize} 43 44\end{itemize} 45 46 47\section{GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE} 48\label{SEC1} 49\index[general]{GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE } 50\index[general]{LICENSE!GNU GENERAL PUBLIC } 51 52Version 2, June 1991 53 54\footnotesize 55\begin{verbatim} 56Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 5751 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA 58Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 59of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 60\end{verbatim} 61\normalsize 62 63\section{Preamble} 64\label{SEC2} 65\index[general]{Preamble } 66 67The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share 68and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to 69guarantee your freedom to share and change free software\verb:--:to make sure the 70software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to 71most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose 72authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is 73covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it 74to your programs, too. 75 76When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our 77General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to 78distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), 79that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change 80the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you 81can do these things. 82 83To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to 84deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These 85restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute 86copies of the software, or if you modify it. 87 88For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for 89a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must 90make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must 91show them these terms so they know their rights. 92 93We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) 94offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute 95and/or modify the software. 96 97Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that 98everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the 99software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to 100know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced 101by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations. 102 103Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We 104wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will 105individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. 106To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for 107everyone's free use or not licensed at all. 108 109The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification 110follow. 111 112\section{TERMS AND CONDITIONS} 113\label{SEC3} 114\index[general]{CONDITIONS!TERMS AND } 115\index[general]{TERMS AND CONDITIONS } 116 117TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 118 119{\bf 0.} This License applies to any program or other work which contains a 120notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the 121terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any 122such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the 123Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work 124containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with 125modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, 126translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each 127licensee is addressed as "you". 128 129Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered 130by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is 131not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its 132contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been 133made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program 134does. 135 136{\bf 1.} You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source 137code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and 138appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and 139disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License 140and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the 141Program a copy of this License along with the Program. 142 143You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may 144at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. 145 146{\bf 2.} You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of 147it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such 148modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you 149also meet all of these conditions: 150 151\begin{itemize} 152\item {\bf a)} You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices 153 stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. 154 155\item {\bf b)} You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that 156 in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part 157 thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under 158 the terms of this License. 159 160\item {\bf c)} If the modified program normally reads commands interactively 161 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in 162 the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an 163 appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, 164 saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the 165 program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of 166 this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not 167 normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not 168 required to print an announcement.) 169\end{itemize} 170 171These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable 172sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably 173considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, 174and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as 175separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole 176which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on 177the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the 178entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. 179 180Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your 181rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the 182right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on 183the Program. 184 185In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with 186the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or 187distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this 188License. 189 190{\bf 3.} You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under 191Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 1922 above provided that you also do one of the following: 193 194\begin{itemize} 195\item {\bf a)} Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable 196 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 197 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, 198 199\item {\bf b)} Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three 200 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of 201 physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of 202 the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 203 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, 204 205\item {\bf c)} Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer 206 to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only 207 for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object 208 code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b 209 above.) 210\end{itemize} 211 212The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making 213modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all 214the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface 215definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and 216installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source 217code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in 218either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and 219so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that 220component itself accompanies the executable. 221 222If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to 223copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the 224source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, 225even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the 226object code. 227 228{\bf 4.} You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program 229except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to 230copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will 231automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who 232have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have 233their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 234 235{\bf 5.} You are not required to accept this License, since you have not 236signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute 237the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if 238you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the 239Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of 240this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, 241distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it. 242 243{\bf 6.} Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the 244Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original 245licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and 246conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' 247exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing 248compliance by third parties to this License. 249 250{\bf 7.} If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent 251infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), 252conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) 253that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from 254the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy 255simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent 256obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. 257For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution 258of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through 259you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to 260refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. 261 262If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any 263particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and 264the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances. 265 266It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or 267other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this 268section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software 269distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many 270people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software 271distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that 272system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to 273distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that 274choice. 275 276This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a 277consequence of the rest of this License. 278 279{\bf 8.} If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in 280certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original 281copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit 282geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that 283distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In 284such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body 285of this License. 286 287{\bf 9.} The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions 288of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be 289similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address 290new problems or concerns. 291 292Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program 293specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later 294version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of 295that version or of any later version published by the Free Software 296Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, 297you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. 298 299{\bf 10.} If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free 300programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to 301ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software 302Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make 303exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of 304preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of 305promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. 306 307{\bf NO WARRANTY} 308 309{\bf 11.} BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY 310FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN 311OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE 312THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR 313IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF 314MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO 315THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM 316PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR 317CORRECTION. 318 319{\bf 12.} IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN 320WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR 321REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, 322INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING 323OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO 324LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR 325THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), 326EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH 327DAMAGES. 328 329END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS 330 331\section{How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs} 332\label{SEC4} 333\index[general]{Programs!How to Apply These Terms to Your New } 334\index[general]{How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs } 335 336If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible 337use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software 338which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. 339 340To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach 341them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion 342of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a 343pointer to where the full notice is found. 344 345\footnotesize 346\begin{verbatim} 347{\em one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.} 348Copyright (C) {\em yyyy} {\em name of author} 349This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or 350modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License 351as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 352of the License, or (at your option) any later version. 353This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 354but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 355MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 356GNU General Public License for more details. 357You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 358along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software 359Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 36002110-1301 USA 361\end{verbatim} 362\normalsize 363 364Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. 365 366If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it 367starts in an interactive mode: 368 369\footnotesize 370\begin{verbatim} 371Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) {\em year} {\em name of author} 372Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details 373type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome 374to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' 375for details. 376\end{verbatim} 377\normalsize 378 379The hypothetical commands {\tt `show w'} and {\tt `show c'} should show the 380appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you 381use may be called something other than {\tt `show w'} and {\tt `show c'}; they 382could even be mouse-clicks or menu items\verb:--:whatever suits your program. 383 384You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your 385school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if 386necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: 387 388\footnotesize 389\begin{verbatim} 390Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright 391interest in the program `Gnomovision' 392(which makes passes at compilers) written 393by James Hacker. 394{\em signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989 395Ty Coon, President of Vice 396\end{verbatim} 397\normalsize 398 399This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into 400proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may 401consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the 402library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public 403License instead of this License. 404Return to 405\elink{GNU's home page}{http://www.gnu.org/home.html}. 406 407FSF \& GNU inquiries \& questions to 408\elink{gnu@gnu.org}{mailto:gnu@gnu.org}. Other 409\elink{ways to contact}{http://www.gnu.org/home.html\#ContactInfo} the FSF. 410 411Comments on these web pages to 412\elink{webmasters@www.gnu.org}{mailto:webmasters@www.gnu.org}, send other 413questions to 414\elink{gnu@gnu.org}{mailto:gnu@gnu.org}. 415 416Copyright notice above. 417Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, 418Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA 419 420Updated: 3 Jan 2000 rms 421