src/wasm/c-api.cc

// Copyright 2019 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

// This implementation is originally from
// https://github.com/WebAssembly/wasm-c-api/:

// Copyright 2019 Andreas Rossberg
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>

#include "src/wasm/c-api.h"

#include "third_party/wasm-api/wasm.h"

#include "include/libplatform/libplatform.h"
#include "src/api/api-inl.h"
#include "src/compiler/wasm-compiler.h"
#include "src/objects/js-collection-inl.h"
#include "src/objects/managed.h"
#include "src/objects/stack-frame-info-inl.h"
#include "src/wasm/leb-helper.h"
#include "src/wasm/module-instantiate.h"
#include "src/wasm/wasm-arguments.h"
#include "src/wasm/wasm-constants.h"
#include "src/wasm/wasm-objects.h"
#include "src/wasm/wasm-result.h"
#include "src/wasm/wasm-serialization.h"

#ifdef WASM_API_DEBUG
#error "WASM_API_DEBUG is unsupported"
#endif

namespace wasm {

namespace {

auto ReadLebU64(const byte_t** pos) -> uint64_t {
  uint64_t n = 0;
  uint64_t shift = 0;
  byte_t b;
  do {
    b = **pos;
    (*pos)++;
    n += (b & 0x7f) << shift;
    shift += 7;
  } while ((b & 0x80) != 0);
  return n;
}

ValKind V8ValueTypeToWasm(i::wasm::ValueType v8_valtype) {
  switch (v8_valtype.kind()) {
    case i::wasm::ValueType::kI32:
      return I32;
    case i::wasm::ValueType::kI64:
      return I64;
    case i::wasm::ValueType::kF32:
      return F32;
    case i::wasm::ValueType::kF64:
      return F64;
    case i::wasm::ValueType::kRef:
    case i::wasm::ValueType::kOptRef:
      switch (v8_valtype.heap_representation()) {
        case i::wasm::HeapType::kFunc:
          return FUNCREF;
        case i::wasm::HeapType::kExtern:
          // TODO(7748): Rename this to EXTERNREF if/when third-party API
          // changes.
          return ANYREF;
        default:
          // TODO(wasm+): support new value types
          UNREACHABLE();
      }
    default:
      // TODO(wasm+): support new value types
      UNREACHABLE();
  }
}

i::wasm::ValueType WasmValKindToV8(ValKind kind) {
  switch (kind) {
    case I32:
      return i::wasm::kWasmI32;
    case I64:
      return i::wasm::kWasmI64;
    case F32:
      return i::wasm::kWasmF32;
    case F64:
      return i::wasm::kWasmF64;
    case FUNCREF:
      return i::wasm::kWasmFuncRef;
    case ANYREF:
      return i::wasm::kWasmExternRef;
    default:
      // TODO(wasm+): support new value types
      UNREACHABLE();
  }
}

Name GetNameFromWireBytes(const i::wasm::WireBytesRef& ref,
                          const i::Vector<const uint8_t>& wire_bytes) {
  DCHECK_LE(ref.offset(), wire_bytes.length());
  DCHECK_LE(ref.end_offset(), wire_bytes.length());
  if (ref.length() == 0) return Name::make();
  Name name = Name::make_uninitialized(ref.length());
  std::memcpy(name.get(), wire_bytes.begin() + ref.offset(), ref.length());
  return name;
}

own<FuncType> FunctionSigToFuncType(const i::wasm::FunctionSig* sig) {
  size_t param_count = sig->parameter_count();
  ownvec<ValType> params = ownvec<ValType>::make_uninitialized(param_count);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < param_count; i++) {
    params[i] = ValType::make(V8ValueTypeToWasm(sig->GetParam(i)));
  }
  size_t return_count = sig->return_count();
  ownvec<ValType> results = ownvec<ValType>::make_uninitialized(return_count);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < return_count; i++) {
    results[i] = ValType::make(V8ValueTypeToWasm(sig->GetReturn(i)));
  }
  return FuncType::make(std::move(params), std::move(results));
}

own<ExternType> GetImportExportType(const i::wasm::WasmModule* module,
                                    const i::wasm::ImportExportKindCode kind,
                                    const uint32_t index) {
  switch (kind) {
    case i::wasm::kExternalFunction: {
      return FunctionSigToFuncType(module->functions[index].sig);
    }
    case i::wasm::kExternalTable: {
      const i::wasm::WasmTable& table = module->tables[index];
      own<ValType> elem = ValType::make(V8ValueTypeToWasm(table.type));
      Limits limits(table.initial_size,
                    table.has_maximum_size ? table.maximum_size : -1);
      return TableType::make(std::move(elem), limits);
    }
    case i::wasm::kExternalMemory: {
      DCHECK(module->has_memory);
      Limits limits(module->initial_pages,
                    module->has_maximum_pages ? module->maximum_pages : -1);
      return MemoryType::make(limits);
    }
    case i::wasm::kExternalGlobal: {
      const i::wasm::WasmGlobal& global = module->globals[index];
      own<ValType> content = ValType::make(V8ValueTypeToWasm(global.type));
      Mutability mutability = global.mutability ? VAR : CONST;
      return GlobalType::make(std::move(content), mutability);
    }
    case i::wasm::kExternalException:
      UNREACHABLE();
      return {};
  }
}

}  // namespace

/// BEGIN FILE wasm-v8.cc

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Auxiliaries

[[noreturn]] void WASM_UNIMPLEMENTED(const char* s) {
  std::cerr << "Wasm API: " << s << " not supported yet!\n";
  exit(1);
}

template <class T>
void ignore(T) {}

template <class C>
struct implement;

template <class C>
auto impl(C* x) -> typename implement<C>::type* {
  return reinterpret_cast<typename implement<C>::type*>(x);
}

template <class C>
auto impl(const C* x) -> const typename implement<C>::type* {
  return reinterpret_cast<const typename implement<C>::type*>(x);
}

template <class C>
auto seal(typename implement<C>::type* x) -> C* {
  return reinterpret_cast<C*>(x);
}

template <class C>
auto seal(const typename implement<C>::type* x) -> const C* {
  return reinterpret_cast<const C*>(x);
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Runtime Environment

// Configuration

struct ConfigImpl {};

template <>
struct implement<Config> {
  using type = ConfigImpl;
};

Config::~Config() { impl(this)->~ConfigImpl(); }

void Config::operator delete(void* p) { ::operator delete(p); }

auto Config::make() -> own<Config> {
  return own<Config>(seal<Config>(new (std::nothrow) ConfigImpl()));
}

// Engine

struct EngineImpl {
  static bool created;

  std::unique_ptr<v8::Platform> platform;

  EngineImpl() {
    assert(!created);
    created = true;
  }

  ~EngineImpl() {
    v8::V8::Dispose();
    v8::V8::ShutdownPlatform();
  }
};

bool EngineImpl::created = false;

template <>
struct implement<Engine> {
  using type = EngineImpl;
};

Engine::~Engine() { impl(this)->~EngineImpl(); }

void Engine::operator delete(void* p) { ::operator delete(p); }

auto Engine::make(own<Config>&& config) -> own<Engine> {
  i::FLAG_expose_gc = true;
  i::FLAG_experimental_wasm_reftypes = true;
  i::FLAG_experimental_wasm_bigint = true;
  i::FLAG_experimental_wasm_mv = true;
  auto engine = new (std::nothrow) EngineImpl;
  if (!engine) return own<Engine>();
  engine->platform = v8::platform::NewDefaultPlatform();
  v8::V8::InitializePlatform(engine->platform.get());
  v8::V8::Initialize();
  return make_own(seal<Engine>(engine));
}

// Stores

StoreImpl::~StoreImpl() {
#ifdef DEBUG
  reinterpret_cast<i::Isolate*>(isolate_)->heap()->PreciseCollectAllGarbage(
      i::Heap::kForcedGC, i::GarbageCollectionReason::kTesting,
      v8::kNoGCCallbackFlags);
#endif
  context()->Exit();
  isolate_->Dispose();
  delete create_params_.array_buffer_allocator;
}

struct ManagedData {
  ManagedData(void* info, void (*finalizer)(void*))
      : info(info), finalizer(finalizer) {}

  ~ManagedData() {
    if (finalizer) (*finalizer)(info);
  }

  void* info;
  void (*finalizer)(void*);
};

void StoreImpl::SetHostInfo(i::Handle<i::Object> object, void* info,
                            void (*finalizer)(void*)) {
  i::HandleScope scope(i_isolate());
  // Ideally we would specify the total size kept alive by {info} here,
  // but all we get from the embedder is a {void*}, so our best estimate
  // is the size of the metadata.
  size_t estimated_size = sizeof(ManagedData);
  i::Handle<i::Object> wrapper = i::Managed<ManagedData>::FromRawPtr(
      i_isolate(), estimated_size, new ManagedData(info, finalizer));
  int32_t hash = object->GetOrCreateHash(i_isolate()).value();
  i::JSWeakCollection::Set(host_info_map_, object, wrapper, hash);
}

void* StoreImpl::GetHostInfo(i::Handle<i::Object> key) {
  i::Object raw =
      i::EphemeronHashTable::cast(host_info_map_->table()).Lookup(key);
  if (raw.IsTheHole(i_isolate())) return nullptr;
  return i::Managed<ManagedData>::cast(raw).raw()->info;
}

template <>
struct implement<Store> {
  using type = StoreImpl;
};

Store::~Store() { impl(this)->~StoreImpl(); }

void Store::operator delete(void* p) { ::operator delete(p); }

auto Store::make(Engine*) -> own<Store> {
  auto store = make_own(new (std::nothrow) StoreImpl());
  if (!store) return own<Store>();

  // Create isolate.
  store->create_params_.array_buffer_allocator =
      v8::ArrayBuffer::Allocator::NewDefaultAllocator();
  v8::Isolate* isolate = v8::Isolate::New(store->create_params_);
  if (!isolate) return own<Store>();
  store->isolate_ = isolate;
  isolate->SetData(0, store.get());
  // We intentionally do not call isolate->Enter() here, because that would
  // prevent embedders from using stores with overlapping but non-nested
  // lifetimes. The consequence is that Isolate::Current() is dysfunctional
  // and hence must not be called by anything reachable via this file.

  {
    v8::HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);

    // Create context.
    v8::Local<v8::Context> context = v8::Context::New(isolate);
    if (context.IsEmpty()) return own<Store>();
    context->Enter();  // The Exit() call is in ~StoreImpl.
    store->context_ = v8::Eternal<v8::Context>(isolate, context);

    // Create weak map for Refs with host info.
    i::Isolate* i_isolate = reinterpret_cast<i::Isolate*>(isolate);
    store->host_info_map_ = i_isolate->global_handles()->Create(
        *i_isolate->factory()->NewJSWeakMap());
  }
  // We want stack traces for traps.
  constexpr int kStackLimit = 10;
  isolate->SetCaptureStackTraceForUncaughtExceptions(true, kStackLimit,
                                                     v8::StackTrace::kOverview);

  return make_own(seal<Store>(store.release()));
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Type Representations

// Value Types

struct ValTypeImpl {
  ValKind kind;

  explicit ValTypeImpl(ValKind kind) : kind(kind) {}
};

template <>
struct implement<ValType> {
  using type = ValTypeImpl;
};

ValTypeImpl* valtype_i32 = new ValTypeImpl(I32);
ValTypeImpl* valtype_i64 = new ValTypeImpl(I64);
ValTypeImpl* valtype_f32 = new ValTypeImpl(F32);
ValTypeImpl* valtype_f64 = new ValTypeImpl(F64);
ValTypeImpl* valtype_externref = new ValTypeImpl(ANYREF);
ValTypeImpl* valtype_funcref = new ValTypeImpl(FUNCREF);

ValType::~ValType() = default;

void ValType::operator delete(void*) {}

own<ValType> ValType::make(ValKind k) {
  ValTypeImpl* valtype;
  switch (k) {
    case I32:
      valtype = valtype_i32;
      break;
    case I64:
      valtype = valtype_i64;
      break;
    case F32:
      valtype = valtype_f32;
      break;
    case F64:
      valtype = valtype_f64;
      break;
    case ANYREF:
      valtype = valtype_externref;
      break;
    case FUNCREF:
      valtype = valtype_funcref;
      break;
    default:
      // TODO(wasm+): support new value types
      UNREACHABLE();
  }
  return own<ValType>(seal<ValType>(valtype));
}

auto ValType::copy() const -> own<ValType> { return make(kind()); }

auto ValType::kind() const -> ValKind { return impl(this)->kind; }

// Extern Types

struct ExternTypeImpl {
  ExternKind kind;

  explicit ExternTypeImpl(ExternKind kind) : kind(kind) {}
  virtual ~ExternTypeImpl() = default;
};

template <>
struct implement<ExternType> {
  using type = ExternTypeImpl;
};

ExternType::~ExternType() { impl(this)->~ExternTypeImpl(); }

void ExternType::operator delete(void* p) { ::operator delete(p); }

auto ExternType::copy() const -> own<ExternType> {
  switch (kind()) {
    case EXTERN_FUNC:
      return func()->copy();
    case EXTERN_GLOBAL:
      return global()->copy();
    case EXTERN_TABLE:
      return table()->copy();
    case EXTERN_MEMORY:
      return memory()->copy();
  }
}

auto ExternType::kind() const -> ExternKind { return impl(this)->kind; }

// Function Types

struct FuncTypeImpl : ExternTypeImpl {
  ownvec<ValType> params;
  ownvec<ValType> results;

  FuncTypeImpl(ownvec<ValType>& params,   // NOLINT(runtime/references)
               ownvec<ValType>& results)  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
      : ExternTypeImpl(EXTERN_FUNC),
        params(std::move(params)),
        results(std::move(results)) {}
};

template <>
struct implement<FuncType> {
  using type = FuncTypeImpl;
};

FuncType::~FuncType() = default;

auto FuncType::make(ownvec<ValType>&& params, ownvec<ValType>&& results)
    -> own<FuncType> {
  return params && results
             ? own<FuncType>(seal<FuncType>(new (std::nothrow)
                                                FuncTypeImpl(params, results)))
             : own<FuncType>();
}

auto FuncType::copy() const -> own<FuncType> {
  return make(params().deep_copy(), results().deep_copy());
}

auto FuncType::params() const -> const ownvec<ValType>& {
  return impl(this)->params;
}

auto FuncType::results() const -> const ownvec<ValType>& {
  return impl(this)->results;
}

auto ExternType::func() -> FuncType* {
  return kind() == EXTERN_FUNC
             ? seal<FuncType>(static_cast<FuncTypeImpl*>(impl(this)))
             : nullptr;
}

auto ExternType::func() const -> const FuncType* {
  return kind() == EXTERN_FUNC
             ? seal<FuncType>(static_cast<const FuncTypeImpl*>(impl(this)))
             : nullptr;
}

// Global Types

struct GlobalTypeImpl : ExternTypeImpl {
  own<ValType> content;
  Mutability mutability;

  GlobalTypeImpl(own<ValType>& content,  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
                 Mutability mutability)
      : ExternTypeImpl(EXTERN_GLOBAL),
        content(std::move(content)),
        mutability(mutability) {}

  ~GlobalTypeImpl() override = default;
};

template <>
struct implement<GlobalType> {
  using type = GlobalTypeImpl;
};

GlobalType::~GlobalType() = default;

auto GlobalType::make(own<ValType>&& content, Mutability mutability)
    -> own<GlobalType> {
  return content ? own<GlobalType>(seal<GlobalType>(
                       new (std::nothrow) GlobalTypeImpl(content, mutability)))
                 : own<GlobalType>();
}

auto GlobalType::copy() const -> own<GlobalType> {
  return make(content()->copy(), mutability());
}

auto GlobalType::content() const -> const ValType* {
  return impl(this)->content.get();
}

auto GlobalType::mutability() const -> Mutability {
  return impl(this)->mutability;
}

auto ExternType::global() -> GlobalType* {
  return kind() == EXTERN_GLOBAL
             ? seal<GlobalType>(static_cast<GlobalTypeImpl*>(impl(this)))
             : nullptr;
}

auto ExternType::global() const -> const GlobalType* {
  return kind() == EXTERN_GLOBAL
             ? seal<GlobalType>(static_cast<const GlobalTypeImpl*>(impl(this)))
             : nullptr;
}

// Table Types

struct TableTypeImpl : ExternTypeImpl {
  own<ValType> element;
  Limits limits;

  TableTypeImpl(own<ValType>& element,  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
                Limits limits)
      : ExternTypeImpl(EXTERN_TABLE),
        element(std::move(element)),
        limits(limits) {}

  ~TableTypeImpl() override = default;
};

template <>
struct implement<TableType> {
  using type = TableTypeImpl;
};

TableType::~TableType() = default;

auto TableType::make(own<ValType>&& element, Limits limits) -> own<TableType> {
  return element ? own<TableType>(seal<TableType>(
                       new (std::nothrow) TableTypeImpl(element, limits)))
                 : own<TableType>();
}

auto TableType::copy() const -> own<TableType> {
  return make(element()->copy(), limits());
}

auto TableType::element() const -> const ValType* {
  return impl(this)->element.get();
}

auto TableType::limits() const -> const Limits& { return impl(this)->limits; }

auto ExternType::table() -> TableType* {
  return kind() == EXTERN_TABLE
             ? seal<TableType>(static_cast<TableTypeImpl*>(impl(this)))
             : nullptr;
}

auto ExternType::table() const -> const TableType* {
  return kind() == EXTERN_TABLE
             ? seal<TableType>(static_cast<const TableTypeImpl*>(impl(this)))
             : nullptr;
}

// Memory Types

struct MemoryTypeImpl : ExternTypeImpl {
  Limits limits;

  explicit MemoryTypeImpl(Limits limits)
      : ExternTypeImpl(EXTERN_MEMORY), limits(limits) {}

  ~MemoryTypeImpl() override = default;
};

template <>
struct implement<MemoryType> {
  using type = MemoryTypeImpl;
};

MemoryType::~MemoryType() = default;

auto MemoryType::make(Limits limits) -> own<MemoryType> {
  return own<MemoryType>(
      seal<MemoryType>(new (std::nothrow) MemoryTypeImpl(limits)));
}

auto MemoryType::copy() const -> own<MemoryType> {
  return MemoryType::make(limits());
}

auto MemoryType::limits() const -> const Limits& { return impl(this)->limits; }

auto ExternType::memory() -> MemoryType* {
  return kind() == EXTERN_MEMORY
             ? seal<MemoryType>(static_cast<MemoryTypeImpl*>(impl(this)))
             : nullptr;
}

auto ExternType::memory() const -> const MemoryType* {
  return kind() == EXTERN_MEMORY
             ? seal<MemoryType>(static_cast<const MemoryTypeImpl*>(impl(this)))
             : nullptr;
}

// Import Types

struct ImportTypeImpl {
  Name module;
  Name name;
  own<ExternType> type;

  ImportTypeImpl(Name& module,           // NOLINT(runtime/references)
                 Name& name,             // NOLINT(runtime/references)
                 own<ExternType>& type)  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
      : module(std::move(module)),
        name(std::move(name)),
        type(std::move(type)) {}
};

template <>
struct implement<ImportType> {
  using type = ImportTypeImpl;
};

ImportType::~ImportType() { impl(this)->~ImportTypeImpl(); }

void ImportType::operator delete(void* p) { ::operator delete(p); }

auto ImportType::make(Name&& module, Name&& name, own<ExternType>&& type)
    -> own<ImportType> {
  return module && name && type
             ? own<ImportType>(seal<ImportType>(
                   new (std::nothrow) ImportTypeImpl(module, name, type)))
             : own<ImportType>();
}

auto ImportType::copy() const -> own<ImportType> {
  return make(module().copy(), name().copy(), type()->copy());
}

auto ImportType::module() const -> const Name& { return impl(this)->module; }

auto ImportType::name() const -> const Name& { return impl(this)->name; }

auto ImportType::type() const -> const ExternType* {
  return impl(this)->type.get();
}

// Export Types

struct ExportTypeImpl {
  Name name;
  own<ExternType> type;

  ExportTypeImpl(Name& name,             // NOLINT(runtime/references)
                 own<ExternType>& type)  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
      : name(std::move(name)), type(std::move(type)) {}
};

template <>
struct implement<ExportType> {
  using type = ExportTypeImpl;
};

ExportType::~ExportType() { impl(this)->~ExportTypeImpl(); }

void ExportType::operator delete(void* p) { ::operator delete(p); }

auto ExportType::make(Name&& name, own<ExternType>&& type) -> own<ExportType> {
  return name && type ? own<ExportType>(seal<ExportType>(
                            new (std::nothrow) ExportTypeImpl(name, type)))
                      : own<ExportType>();
}

auto ExportType::copy() const -> own<ExportType> {
  return make(name().copy(), type()->copy());
}

auto ExportType::name() const -> const Name& { return impl(this)->name; }

auto ExportType::type() const -> const ExternType* {
  return impl(this)->type.get();
}

i::Handle<i::String> VecToString(i::Isolate* isolate,
                                 const vec<byte_t>& chars) {
  size_t length = chars.size();
  // Some, but not all, {chars} vectors we get here are null-terminated,
  // so let's be robust to that.
  if (length > 0 && chars[length - 1] == 0) length--;
  return isolate->factory()
      ->NewStringFromUtf8({chars.get(), length})
      .ToHandleChecked();
}

// References

template <class Ref, class JSType>
class RefImpl {
 public:
  static own<Ref> make(StoreImpl* store, i::Handle<JSType> obj) {
    RefImpl* self = new (std::nothrow) RefImpl();
    if (!self) return nullptr;
    i::Isolate* isolate = store->i_isolate();
    self->val_ = isolate->global_handles()->Create(*obj);
    return make_own(seal<Ref>(self));
  }

  ~RefImpl() { i::GlobalHandles::Destroy(location()); }

  own<Ref> copy() const { return make(store(), v8_object()); }

  StoreImpl* store() const { return StoreImpl::get(isolate()); }

  i::Isolate* isolate() const { return val_->GetIsolate(); }

  i::Handle<JSType> v8_object() const { return i::Handle<JSType>::cast(val_); }

  void* get_host_info() const { return store()->GetHostInfo(v8_object()); }

  void set_host_info(void* info, void (*finalizer)(void*)) {
    store()->SetHostInfo(v8_object(), info, finalizer);
  }

 private:
  RefImpl() = default;

  i::Address* location() const {
    return reinterpret_cast<i::Address*>(val_.address());
  }

  i::Handle<i::JSReceiver> val_;
};

template <>
struct implement<Ref> {
  using type = RefImpl<Ref, i::JSReceiver>;
};

Ref::~Ref() { delete impl(this); }

void Ref::operator delete(void* p) {}

auto Ref::copy() const -> own<Ref> { return impl(this)->copy(); }

auto Ref::same(const Ref* that) const -> bool {
  i::HandleScope handle_scope(impl(this)->isolate());
  return impl(this)->v8_object()->SameValue(*impl(that)->v8_object());
}

auto Ref::get_host_info() const -> void* { return impl(this)->get_host_info(); }

void Ref::set_host_info(void* info, void (*finalizer)(void*)) {
  impl(this)->set_host_info(info, finalizer);
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Runtime Objects

// Frames

namespace {

struct FrameImpl {
  FrameImpl(own<Instance>&& instance, uint32_t func_index, size_t func_offset,
            size_t module_offset)
      : instance(std::move(instance)),
        func_index(func_index),
        func_offset(func_offset),
        module_offset(module_offset) {}

  own<Instance> instance;
  uint32_t func_index;
  size_t func_offset;
  size_t module_offset;
};

}  // namespace

template <>
struct implement<Frame> {
  using type = FrameImpl;
};

Frame::~Frame() { impl(this)->~FrameImpl(); }

void Frame::operator delete(void* p) { ::operator delete(p); }

own<Frame> Frame::copy() const {
  auto self = impl(this);
  return own<Frame>(seal<Frame>(
      new (std::nothrow) FrameImpl(self->instance->copy(), self->func_index,
                                   self->func_offset, self->module_offset)));
}

Instance* Frame::instance() const { return impl(this)->instance.get(); }

uint32_t Frame::func_index() const { return impl(this)->func_index; }

size_t Frame::func_offset() const { return impl(this)->func_offset; }

size_t Frame::module_offset() const { return impl(this)->module_offset; }

// Traps

template <>
struct implement<Trap> {
  using type = RefImpl<Trap, i::JSReceiver>;
};

Trap::~Trap() = default;

auto Trap::copy() const -> own<Trap> { return impl(this)->copy(); }

auto Trap::make(Store* store_abs, const Message& message) -> own<Trap> {
  auto store = impl(store_abs);
  i::Isolate* isolate = store->i_isolate();
  i::HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
  i::Handle<i::String> string = VecToString(isolate, message);
  i::Handle<i::JSReceiver> exception = i::Handle<i::JSReceiver>::cast(
      isolate->factory()->NewError(isolate->error_function(), string));
  return implement<Trap>::type::make(store, exception);
}

auto Trap::message() const -> Message {
  auto isolate = impl(this)->isolate();
  i::HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);

  i::Handle<i::JSMessageObject> message =
      isolate->CreateMessage(impl(this)->v8_object(), nullptr);
  i::Handle<i::String> result = i::MessageHandler::GetMessage(isolate, message);
  result = i::String::Flatten(isolate, result);  // For performance.
  int length = 0;
  std::unique_ptr<char[]> utf8 =
      result->ToCString(i::DISALLOW_NULLS, i::FAST_STRING_TRAVERSAL, &length);
  return vec<byte_t>::adopt(length, utf8.release());
}

namespace {

own<Instance> GetInstance(StoreImpl* store,
                          i::Handle<i::WasmInstanceObject> instance);

own<Frame> CreateFrameFromInternal(i::Handle<i::FixedArray> frames, int index,
                                   i::Isolate* isolate, StoreImpl* store) {
  i::Handle<i::StackTraceFrame> frame(
      i::StackTraceFrame::cast(frames->get(index)), isolate);
  i::Handle<i::WasmInstanceObject> instance =
      i::StackTraceFrame::GetWasmInstance(frame);
  uint32_t func_index = i::StackTraceFrame::GetWasmFunctionIndex(frame);
  size_t func_offset = i::StackTraceFrame::GetFunctionOffset(frame);
  size_t module_offset = i::StackTraceFrame::GetColumnNumber(frame);
  return own<Frame>(seal<Frame>(new (std::nothrow) FrameImpl(
      GetInstance(store, instance), func_index, func_offset, module_offset)));
}

}  // namespace

own<Frame> Trap::origin() const {
  i::Isolate* isolate = impl(this)->isolate();
  i::HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);

  i::Handle<i::JSMessageObject> message =
      isolate->CreateMessage(impl(this)->v8_object(), nullptr);
  i::Handle<i::FixedArray> frames(i::FixedArray::cast(message->stack_frames()),
                                  isolate);
  if (frames->length() == 0) {
    return own<Frame>();
  }
  return CreateFrameFromInternal(frames, 0, isolate, impl(this)->store());
}

ownvec<Frame> Trap::trace() const {
  i::Isolate* isolate = impl(this)->isolate();
  i::HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);

  i::Handle<i::JSMessageObject> message =
      isolate->CreateMessage(impl(this)->v8_object(), nullptr);
  i::Handle<i::FixedArray> frames(i::FixedArray::cast(message->stack_frames()),
                                  isolate);
  int num_frames = frames->length();
  // {num_frames} can be 0; the code below can handle that case.
  ownvec<Frame> result = ownvec<Frame>::make_uninitialized(num_frames);
  for (int i = 0; i < num_frames; i++) {
    result[i] =
        CreateFrameFromInternal(frames, i, isolate, impl(this)->store());
  }
  return result;
}

// Foreign Objects

template <>
struct implement<Foreign> {
  using type = RefImpl<Foreign, i::JSReceiver>;
};

Foreign::~Foreign() = default;

auto Foreign::copy() const -> own<Foreign> { return impl(this)->copy(); }

auto Foreign::make(Store* store_abs) -> own<Foreign> {
  StoreImpl* store = impl(store_abs);
  i::Isolate* isolate = store->i_isolate();
  i::HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);

  i::Handle<i::JSObject> obj =
      isolate->factory()->NewJSObject(isolate->object_function());
  return implement<Foreign>::type::make(store, obj);
}

// Modules

template <>
struct implement<Module> {
  using type = RefImpl<Module, i::WasmModuleObject>;
};

Module::~Module() = default;

auto Module::copy() const -> own<Module> { return impl(this)->copy(); }

auto Module::validate(Store* store_abs, const vec<byte_t>& binary) -> bool {
  i::wasm::ModuleWireBytes bytes(
      {reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(binary.get()), binary.size()});
  i::Isolate* isolate = impl(store_abs)->i_isolate();
  i::wasm::WasmFeatures features = i::wasm::WasmFeatures::FromIsolate(isolate);
  return isolate->wasm_engine()->SyncValidate(isolate, features, bytes);
}

auto Module::make(Store* store_abs, const vec<byte_t>& binary) -> own<Module> {
  StoreImpl* store = impl(store_abs);
  i::Isolate* isolate = store->i_isolate();
  i::HandleScope scope(isolate);
  i::wasm::ModuleWireBytes bytes(
      {reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(binary.get()), binary.size()});
  i::wasm::WasmFeatures features = i::wasm::WasmFeatures::FromIsolate(isolate);
  i::wasm::ErrorThrower thrower(isolate, "ignored");
  i::Handle<i::WasmModuleObject> module;
  if (!isolate->wasm_engine()
           ->SyncCompile(isolate, features, &thrower, bytes)
           .ToHandle(&module)) {
    thrower.Reset();  // The API provides no way to expose the error.
    return nullptr;
  }
  return implement<Module>::type::make(store, module);
}

auto Module::imports() const -> ownvec<ImportType> {
  const i::wasm::NativeModule* native_module =
      impl(this)->v8_object()->native_module();
  const i::wasm::WasmModule* module = native_module->module();
  const i::Vector<const uint8_t> wire_bytes = native_module->wire_bytes();
  const std::vector<i::wasm::WasmImport>& import_table = module->import_table;
  size_t size = import_table.size();
  ownvec<ImportType> imports = ownvec<ImportType>::make_uninitialized(size);
  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
    const i::wasm::WasmImport& imp = import_table[i];
    Name module_name = GetNameFromWireBytes(imp.module_name, wire_bytes);
    Name name = GetNameFromWireBytes(imp.field_name, wire_bytes);
    own<ExternType> type = GetImportExportType(module, imp.kind, imp.index);
    imports[i] = ImportType::make(std::move(module_name), std::move(name),
                                  std::move(type));
  }
  return imports;
}

ownvec<ExportType> ExportsImpl(i::Handle<i::WasmModuleObject> module_obj) {
  const i::wasm::NativeModule* native_module = module_obj->native_module();
  const i::wasm::WasmModule* module = native_module->module();
  const i::Vector<const uint8_t> wire_bytes = native_module->wire_bytes();
  const std::vector<i::wasm::WasmExport>& export_table = module->export_table;
  size_t size = export_table.size();
  ownvec<ExportType> exports = ownvec<ExportType>::make_uninitialized(size);
  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
    const i::wasm::WasmExport& exp = export_table[i];
    Name name = GetNameFromWireBytes(exp.name, wire_bytes);
    own<ExternType> type = GetImportExportType(module, exp.kind, exp.index);
    exports[i] = ExportType::make(std::move(name), std::move(type));
  }
  return exports;
}

auto Module::exports() const -> ownvec<ExportType> {
  return ExportsImpl(impl(this)->v8_object());
}

auto Module::serialize() const -> vec<byte_t> {
  i::wasm::NativeModule* native_module =
      impl(this)->v8_object()->native_module();
  i::Vector<const uint8_t> wire_bytes = native_module->wire_bytes();
  size_t binary_size = wire_bytes.size();
  // We can only serialize after top-tier compilation (TurboFan) finished.
  native_module->compilation_state()->WaitForTopTierFinished();
  i::wasm::WasmSerializer serializer(native_module);
  size_t serial_size = serializer.GetSerializedNativeModuleSize();
  size_t size_size = i::wasm::LEBHelper::sizeof_u64v(binary_size);
  vec<byte_t> buffer =
      vec<byte_t>::make_uninitialized(size_size + binary_size + serial_size);
  byte_t* ptr = buffer.get();
  i::wasm::LEBHelper::write_u64v(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t**>(&ptr),
                                 binary_size);
  std::memcpy(ptr, wire_bytes.begin(), binary_size);
  ptr += binary_size;
  if (!serializer.SerializeNativeModule(
          {reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(ptr), serial_size})) {
    buffer.reset();
  }
  return buffer;
}

auto Module::deserialize(Store* store_abs, const vec<byte_t>& serialized)
    -> own<Module> {
  StoreImpl* store = impl(store_abs);
  i::Isolate* isolate = store->i_isolate();
  i::HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
  const byte_t* ptr = serialized.get();
  uint64_t binary_size = ReadLebU64(&ptr);
  ptrdiff_t size_size = ptr - serialized.get();
  size_t serial_size = serialized.size() - size_size - binary_size;
  i::Handle<i::WasmModuleObject> module_obj;
  size_t data_size = static_cast<size_t>(binary_size);
  if (!i::wasm::DeserializeNativeModule(
           isolate,
           {reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(ptr + data_size), serial_size},
           {reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(ptr), data_size}, {})
           .ToHandle(&module_obj)) {
    return nullptr;
  }
  return implement<Module>::type::make(store, module_obj);
}

// TODO(v8): do better when V8 can do better.
template <>
struct implement<Shared<Module>> {
  using type = vec<byte_t>;
};

template <>
Shared<Module>::~Shared() {
  impl(this)->~vec();
}

template <>
void Shared<Module>::operator delete(void* p) {
  ::operator delete(p);
}

auto Module::share() const -> own<Shared<Module>> {
  auto shared = seal<Shared<Module>>(new vec<byte_t>(serialize()));
  return make_own(shared);
}

auto Module::obtain(Store* store, const Shared<Module>* shared) -> own<Module> {
  return Module::deserialize(store, *impl(shared));
}

// Externals

template <>
struct implement<Extern> {
  using type = RefImpl<Extern, i::JSReceiver>;
};

Extern::~Extern() = default;

auto Extern::copy() const -> own<Extern> { return impl(this)->copy(); }

auto Extern::kind() const -> ExternKind {
  i::Handle<i::JSReceiver> obj = impl(this)->v8_object();
  if (i::WasmExportedFunction::IsWasmExportedFunction(*obj)) {
    return wasm::EXTERN_FUNC;
  }
  if (obj->IsWasmGlobalObject()) return wasm::EXTERN_GLOBAL;
  if (obj->IsWasmTableObject()) return wasm::EXTERN_TABLE;
  if (obj->IsWasmMemoryObject()) return wasm::EXTERN_MEMORY;
  UNREACHABLE();
}

auto Extern::type() const -> own<ExternType> {
  switch (kind()) {
    case EXTERN_FUNC:
      return func()->type();
    case EXTERN_GLOBAL:
      return global()->type();
    case EXTERN_TABLE:
      return table()->type();
    case EXTERN_MEMORY:
      return memory()->type();
  }
}

auto Extern::func() -> Func* {
  return kind() == EXTERN_FUNC ? static_cast<Func*>(this) : nullptr;
}

auto Extern::global() -> Global* {
  return kind() == EXTERN_GLOBAL ? static_cast<Global*>(this) : nullptr;
}

auto Extern::table() -> Table* {
  return kind() == EXTERN_TABLE ? static_cast<Table*>(this) : nullptr;
}

auto Extern::memory() -> Memory* {
  return kind() == EXTERN_MEMORY ? static_cast<Memory*>(this) : nullptr;
}

auto Extern::func() const -> const Func* {
  return kind() == EXTERN_FUNC ? static_cast<const Func*>(this) : nullptr;
}

auto Extern::global() const -> const Global* {
  return kind() == EXTERN_GLOBAL ? static_cast<const Global*>(this) : nullptr;
}

auto Extern::table() const -> const Table* {
  return kind() == EXTERN_TABLE ? static_cast<const Table*>(this) : nullptr;
}

auto Extern::memory() const -> const Memory* {
  return kind() == EXTERN_MEMORY ? static_cast<const Memory*>(this) : nullptr;
}

auto extern_to_v8(const Extern* ex) -> i::Handle<i::JSReceiver> {
  return impl(ex)->v8_object();
}

// Function Instances

template <>
struct implement<Func> {
  using type = RefImpl<Func, i::JSFunction>;
};

Func::~Func() = default;

auto Func::copy() const -> own<Func> { return impl(this)->copy(); }

struct FuncData {
  Store* store;
  own<FuncType> type;
  enum Kind { kCallback, kCallbackWithEnv } kind;
  union {
    Func::callback callback;
    Func::callback_with_env callback_with_env;
  };
  void (*finalizer)(void*);
  void* env;

  FuncData(Store* store, const FuncType* type, Kind kind)
      : store(store),
        type(type->copy()),
        kind(kind),
        finalizer(nullptr),
        env(nullptr) {}

  ~FuncData() {
    if (finalizer) (*finalizer)(env);
  }

  static i::Address v8_callback(i::Address host_data_foreign, i::Address argv);
};

namespace {

// TODO(jkummerow): Generalize for WasmExportedFunction and WasmCapiFunction.
class SignatureHelper : public i::AllStatic {
 public:
  // Use an invalid type as a marker separating params and results.
  static constexpr i::wasm::ValueType kMarker = i::wasm::kWasmStmt;

  static i::Handle<i::PodArray<i::wasm::ValueType>> Serialize(
      i::Isolate* isolate, FuncType* type) {
    int sig_size =
        static_cast<int>(type->params().size() + type->results().size() + 1);
    i::Handle<i::PodArray<i::wasm::ValueType>> sig =
        i::PodArray<i::wasm::ValueType>::New(isolate, sig_size,
                                             i::AllocationType::kOld);
    int index = 0;
    // TODO(jkummerow): Consider making vec<> range-based for-iterable.
    for (size_t i = 0; i < type->results().size(); i++) {
      sig->set(index++, WasmValKindToV8(type->results()[i]->kind()));
    }
    // {sig->set} needs to take the address of its second parameter,
    // so we can't pass in the static const kMarker directly.
    i::wasm::ValueType marker = kMarker;
    sig->set(index++, marker);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < type->params().size(); i++) {
      sig->set(index++, WasmValKindToV8(type->params()[i]->kind()));
    }
    return sig;
  }

  static own<FuncType> Deserialize(i::PodArray<i::wasm::ValueType> sig) {
    int result_arity = ResultArity(sig);
    int param_arity = sig.length() - result_arity - 1;
    ownvec<ValType> results = ownvec<ValType>::make_uninitialized(result_arity);
    ownvec<ValType> params = ownvec<ValType>::make_uninitialized(param_arity);

    int i = 0;
    for (; i < result_arity; ++i) {
      results[i] = ValType::make(V8ValueTypeToWasm(sig.get(i)));
    }
    i++;  // Skip marker.
    for (int p = 0; i < sig.length(); ++i, ++p) {
      params[p] = ValType::make(V8ValueTypeToWasm(sig.get(i)));
    }
    return FuncType::make(std::move(params), std::move(results));
  }

  static int ResultArity(i::PodArray<i::wasm::ValueType> sig) {
    int count = 0;
    for (; count < sig.length(); count++) {
      if (sig.get(count) == kMarker) return count;
    }
    UNREACHABLE();
  }

  static int ParamArity(i::PodArray<i::wasm::ValueType> sig) {
    return sig.length() - ResultArity(sig) - 1;
  }

  static i::PodArray<i::wasm::ValueType> GetSig(
      i::Handle<i::JSFunction> function) {
    return i::WasmCapiFunction::cast(*function).GetSerializedSignature();
  }
};

// Explicit instantiation makes the linker happy for component builds of
// wasm_api_tests.
constexpr i::wasm::ValueType SignatureHelper::kMarker;

auto make_func(Store* store_abs, FuncData* data) -> own<Func> {
  auto store = impl(store_abs);
  i::Isolate* isolate = store->i_isolate();
  i::HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
  i::Handle<i::Managed<FuncData>> embedder_data =
      i::Managed<FuncData>::FromRawPtr(isolate, sizeof(FuncData), data);
  i::Handle<i::WasmCapiFunction> function = i::WasmCapiFunction::New(
      isolate, reinterpret_cast<i::Address>(&FuncData::v8_callback),
      embedder_data, SignatureHelper::Serialize(isolate, data->type.get()));
  auto func = implement<Func>::type::make(store, function);
  return func;
}

}  // namespace

auto Func::make(Store* store, const FuncType* type, Func::callback callback)
    -> own<Func> {
  auto data = new FuncData(store, type, FuncData::kCallback);
  data->callback = callback;
  return make_func(store, data);
}

auto Func::make(Store* store, const FuncType* type, callback_with_env callback,
                void* env, void (*finalizer)(void*)) -> own<Func> {
  auto data = new FuncData(store, type, FuncData::kCallbackWithEnv);
  data->callback_with_env = callback;
  data->env = env;
  data->finalizer = finalizer;
  return make_func(store, data);
}

auto Func::type() const -> own<FuncType> {
  i::Handle<i::JSFunction> func = impl(this)->v8_object();
  if (i::WasmCapiFunction::IsWasmCapiFunction(*func)) {
    return SignatureHelper::Deserialize(SignatureHelper::GetSig(func));
  }
  DCHECK(i::WasmExportedFunction::IsWasmExportedFunction(*func));
  i::Handle<i::WasmExportedFunction> function =
      i::Handle<i::WasmExportedFunction>::cast(func);
  return FunctionSigToFuncType(
      function->instance().module()->functions[function->function_index()].sig);
}

auto Func::param_arity() const -> size_t {
  i::Handle<i::JSFunction> func = impl(this)->v8_object();
  if (i::WasmCapiFunction::IsWasmCapiFunction(*func)) {
    return SignatureHelper::ParamArity(SignatureHelper::GetSig(func));
  }
  DCHECK(i::WasmExportedFunction::IsWasmExportedFunction(*func));
  i::Handle<i::WasmExportedFunction> function =
      i::Handle<i::WasmExportedFunction>::cast(func);
  const i::wasm::FunctionSig* sig =
      function->instance().module()->functions[function->function_index()].sig;
  return sig->parameter_count();
}

auto Func::result_arity() const -> size_t {
  i::Handle<i::JSFunction> func = impl(this)->v8_object();
  if (i::WasmCapiFunction::IsWasmCapiFunction(*func)) {
    return SignatureHelper::ResultArity(SignatureHelper::GetSig(func));
  }
  DCHECK(i::WasmExportedFunction::IsWasmExportedFunction(*func));
  i::Handle<i::WasmExportedFunction> function =
      i::Handle<i::WasmExportedFunction>::cast(func);
  const i::wasm::FunctionSig* sig =
      function->instance().module()->functions[function->function_index()].sig;
  return sig->return_count();
}

namespace {

own<Ref> V8RefValueToWasm(StoreImpl* store, i::Handle<i::Object> value) {
  if (value->IsNull(store->i_isolate())) return nullptr;
  return implement<Ref>::type::make(store,
                                    i::Handle<i::JSReceiver>::cast(value));
}

i::Handle<i::Object> WasmRefToV8(i::Isolate* isolate, const Ref* ref) {
  if (ref == nullptr) return i::ReadOnlyRoots(isolate).null_value_handle();
  return impl(ref)->v8_object();
}

i::Handle<i::Object> CallTargetForCaching(i::Isolate* isolate,
                                          i::Address real_call_target) {
  if (i::kTaggedSize == i::kInt32Size) {
    return isolate->factory()->NewForeign(real_call_target);
  } else {
    // 64-bit uncompressed platform.
    return i::handle(i::Smi((real_call_target << i::kSmiTagSize) | i::kSmiTag),
                     isolate);
  }
}

i::Address CallTargetFromCache(i::Object cached_call_target) {
  if (i::kTaggedSize == i::kInt32Size) {
    return i::Foreign::cast(cached_call_target).foreign_address();
  } else {
    // 64-bit uncompressed platform.
    return cached_call_target.ptr() >> i::kSmiTagSize;
  }
}

void PrepareFunctionData(i::Isolate* isolate,
                         i::Handle<i::WasmExportedFunctionData> function_data,
                         const i::wasm::FunctionSig* sig,
                         const i::wasm::WasmModule* module) {
  // If the data is already populated, return immediately.
  if (!function_data->c_wrapper_code().IsSmi()) return;
  // Compile wrapper code.
  i::Handle<i::Code> wrapper_code =
      i::compiler::CompileCWasmEntry(isolate, sig, module);
  function_data->set_c_wrapper_code(*wrapper_code);
  // Compute packed args size.
  function_data->set_packed_args_size(
      i::wasm::CWasmArgumentsPacker::TotalSize(sig));
  // Get call target (function table offset), and wrap it as a cacheable object
  // (pseudo-Smi or Foreign, depending on platform).
  i::Handle<i::Object> call_target = CallTargetForCaching(
      isolate,
      function_data->instance().GetCallTarget(function_data->function_index()));
  function_data->set_wasm_call_target(*call_target);
}

void PushArgs(const i::wasm::FunctionSig* sig, const Val args[],
              i::wasm::CWasmArgumentsPacker* packer, StoreImpl* store) {
  for (size_t i = 0; i < sig->parameter_count(); i++) {
    i::wasm::ValueType type = sig->GetParam(i);
    switch (type.kind()) {
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kI32:
        packer->Push(args[i].i32());
        break;
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kI64:
        packer->Push(args[i].i64());
        break;
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kF32:
        packer->Push(args[i].f32());
        break;
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kF64:
        packer->Push(args[i].f64());
        break;
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kRef:
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kOptRef:
        // TODO(7748): Make sure this works for all heap types.
        packer->Push(WasmRefToV8(store->i_isolate(), args[i].ref())->ptr());
        break;
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kRtt:
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kS128:
        // TODO(7748): Implement.
        UNIMPLEMENTED();
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kI8:
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kI16:
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kStmt:
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kBottom:
        UNREACHABLE();
        break;
    }
  }
}

void PopArgs(const i::wasm::FunctionSig* sig, Val results[],
             i::wasm::CWasmArgumentsPacker* packer, StoreImpl* store) {
  packer->Reset();
  for (size_t i = 0; i < sig->return_count(); i++) {
    i::wasm::ValueType type = sig->GetReturn(i);
    switch (type.kind()) {
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kI32:
        results[i] = Val(packer->Pop<int32_t>());
        break;
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kI64:
        results[i] = Val(packer->Pop<int64_t>());
        break;
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kF32:
        results[i] = Val(packer->Pop<float>());
        break;
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kF64:
        results[i] = Val(packer->Pop<double>());
        break;
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kRef:
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kOptRef: {
        // TODO(7748): Make sure this works for all heap types.
        i::Address raw = packer->Pop<i::Address>();
        i::Handle<i::Object> obj(i::Object(raw), store->i_isolate());
        results[i] = Val(V8RefValueToWasm(store, obj));
        break;
      }
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kRtt:
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kS128:
        // TODO(7748): Implement.
        UNIMPLEMENTED();
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kI8:
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kI16:
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kStmt:
      case i::wasm::ValueType::kBottom:
        UNREACHABLE();
        break;
    }
  }
}

own<Trap> CallWasmCapiFunction(i::WasmCapiFunctionData data, const Val args[],
                               Val results[]) {
  FuncData* func_data = i::Managed<FuncData>::cast(data.embedder_data()).raw();
  if (func_data->kind == FuncData::kCallback) {
    return (func_data->callback)(args, results);
  }
  DCHECK(func_data->kind == FuncData::kCallbackWithEnv);
  return (func_data->callback_with_env)(func_data->env, args, results);
}

i::Handle<i::JSReceiver> GetProperException(
    i::Isolate* isolate, i::Handle<i::Object> maybe_exception) {
  if (maybe_exception->IsJSReceiver()) {
    return i::Handle<i::JSReceiver>::cast(maybe_exception);
  }
  i::MaybeHandle<i::String> maybe_string =
      i::Object::ToString(isolate, maybe_exception);
  i::Handle<i::String> string = isolate->factory()->empty_string();
  if (!maybe_string.ToHandle(&string)) {
    // If converting the {maybe_exception} to string threw another exception,
    // just give up and leave {string} as the empty string.
    isolate->clear_pending_exception();
  }
  // {NewError} cannot fail when its input is a plain String, so we always
  // get an Error object here.
  return i::Handle<i::JSReceiver>::cast(
      isolate->factory()->NewError(isolate->error_function(), string));
}

}  // namespace

auto Func::call(const Val args[], Val results[]) const -> own<Trap> {
  auto func = impl(this);
  auto store = func->store();
  auto isolate = store->i_isolate();
  i::HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
  i::Object raw_function_data =
      func->v8_object()->shared().function_data(v8::kAcquireLoad);

  // WasmCapiFunctions can be called directly.
  if (raw_function_data.IsWasmCapiFunctionData()) {
    return CallWasmCapiFunction(
        i::WasmCapiFunctionData::cast(raw_function_data), args, results);
  }

  DCHECK(raw_function_data.IsWasmExportedFunctionData());
  i::Handle<i::WasmExportedFunctionData> function_data(
      i::WasmExportedFunctionData::cast(raw_function_data), isolate);
  i::Handle<i::WasmInstanceObject> instance(function_data->instance(), isolate);
  int function_index = function_data->function_index();
  // Caching {sig} would give a ~10% reduction in overhead.
  const i::wasm::FunctionSig* sig =
      instance->module()->functions[function_index].sig;
  PrepareFunctionData(isolate, function_data, sig, instance->module());
  i::Handle<i::Code> wrapper_code = i::Handle<i::Code>(
      i::Code::cast(function_data->c_wrapper_code()), isolate);
  i::Address call_target =
      CallTargetFromCache(function_data->wasm_call_target());

  i::wasm::CWasmArgumentsPacker packer(function_data->packed_args_size());
  PushArgs(sig, args, &packer, store);

  i::Handle<i::Object> object_ref = instance;
  if (function_index <
      static_cast<int>(instance->module()->num_imported_functions)) {
    object_ref = i::handle(
        instance->imported_function_refs().get(function_index), isolate);
    if (object_ref->IsTuple2()) {
      i::JSFunction jsfunc =
          i::JSFunction::cast(i::Tuple2::cast(*object_ref).value2());
      i::Object data = jsfunc.shared().function_data(v8::kAcquireLoad);
      if (data.IsWasmCapiFunctionData()) {
        return CallWasmCapiFunction(i::WasmCapiFunctionData::cast(data), args,
                                    results);
      }
      // TODO(jkummerow): Imported and then re-exported JavaScript functions
      // are not supported yet. If we support C-API + JavaScript, we'll need
      // to call those here.
      UNIMPLEMENTED();
    } else {
      // A WasmFunction from another module.
      DCHECK(object_ref->IsWasmInstanceObject());
    }
  }

  i::Execution::CallWasm(isolate, wrapper_code, call_target, object_ref,
                         packer.argv());

  if (isolate->has_pending_exception()) {
    i::Handle<i::Object> exception(isolate->pending_exception(), isolate);
    isolate->clear_pending_exception();
    return implement<Trap>::type::make(store,
                                       GetProperException(isolate, exception));
  }

  PopArgs(sig, results, &packer, store);
  return nullptr;
}

i::Address FuncData::v8_callback(i::Address host_data_foreign,
                                 i::Address argv) {
  FuncData* self =
      i::Managed<FuncData>::cast(i::Object(host_data_foreign)).raw();
  StoreImpl* store = impl(self->store);
  i::Isolate* isolate = store->i_isolate();
  i::HandleScope scope(isolate);

  const ownvec<ValType>& param_types = self->type->params();
  const ownvec<ValType>& result_types = self->type->results();

  int num_param_types = static_cast<int>(param_types.size());
  int num_result_types = static_cast<int>(result_types.size());

  std::unique_ptr<Val[]> params(new Val[num_param_types]);
  std::unique_ptr<Val[]> results(new Val[num_result_types]);
  i::Address p = argv;
  for (int i = 0; i < num_param_types; ++i) {
    switch (param_types[i]->kind()) {
      case I32:
        params[i] = Val(v8::base::ReadUnalignedValue<int32_t>(p));
        p += 4;
        break;
      case I64:
        params[i] = Val(v8::base::ReadUnalignedValue<int64_t>(p));
        p += 8;
        break;
      case F32:
        params[i] = Val(v8::base::ReadUnalignedValue<float32_t>(p));
        p += 4;
        break;
      case F64:
        params[i] = Val(v8::base::ReadUnalignedValue<float64_t>(p));
        p += 8;
        break;
      case ANYREF:
      case FUNCREF: {
        i::Address raw = v8::base::ReadUnalignedValue<i::Address>(p);
        p += sizeof(raw);
        i::Handle<i::Object> obj(i::Object(raw), isolate);
        params[i] = Val(V8RefValueToWasm(store, obj));
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  own<Trap> trap;
  if (self->kind == kCallbackWithEnv) {
    trap = self->callback_with_env(self->env, params.get(), results.get());
  } else {
    trap = self->callback(params.get(), results.get());
  }

  if (trap) {
    isolate->Throw(*impl(trap.get())->v8_object());
    i::Object ex = isolate->pending_exception();
    isolate->clear_pending_exception();
    return ex.ptr();
  }

  p = argv;
  for (int i = 0; i < num_result_types; ++i) {
    switch (result_types[i]->kind()) {
      case I32:
        v8::base::WriteUnalignedValue(p, results[i].i32());
        p += 4;
        break;
      case I64:
        v8::base::WriteUnalignedValue(p, results[i].i64());
        p += 8;
        break;
      case F32:
        v8::base::WriteUnalignedValue(p, results[i].f32());
        p += 4;
        break;
      case F64:
        v8::base::WriteUnalignedValue(p, results[i].f64());
        p += 8;
        break;
      case ANYREF:
      case FUNCREF: {
        v8::base::WriteUnalignedValue(
            p, WasmRefToV8(isolate, results[i].ref())->ptr());
        p += sizeof(i::Address);
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  return i::kNullAddress;
}

// Global Instances

template <>
struct implement<Global> {
  using type = RefImpl<Global, i::WasmGlobalObject>;
};

Global::~Global() = default;

auto Global::copy() const -> own<Global> { return impl(this)->copy(); }

auto Global::make(Store* store_abs, const GlobalType* type, const Val& val)
    -> own<Global> {
  StoreImpl* store = impl(store_abs);
  i::Isolate* isolate = store->i_isolate();
  i::HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);

  DCHECK_EQ(type->content()->kind(), val.kind());

  i::wasm::ValueType i_type = WasmValKindToV8(type->content()->kind());
  bool is_mutable = (type->mutability() == VAR);
  const int32_t offset = 0;
  i::Handle<i::WasmGlobalObject> obj =
      i::WasmGlobalObject::New(isolate, i::Handle<i::WasmInstanceObject>(),
                               i::MaybeHandle<i::JSArrayBuffer>(),
                               i::MaybeHandle<i::FixedArray>(), i_type, offset,
                               is_mutable)
          .ToHandleChecked();

  auto global = implement<Global>::type::make(store, obj);
  assert(global);
  global->set(val);
  return global;
}

auto Global::type() const -> own<GlobalType> {
  i::Handle<i::WasmGlobalObject> v8_global = impl(this)->v8_object();
  ValKind kind = V8ValueTypeToWasm(v8_global->type());
  Mutability mutability = v8_global->is_mutable() ? VAR : CONST;
  return GlobalType::make(ValType::make(kind), mutability);
}

auto Global::get() const -> Val {
  i::Handle<i::WasmGlobalObject> v8_global = impl(this)->v8_object();
  switch (v8_global->type().kind()) {
    case i::wasm::ValueType::kI32:
      return Val(v8_global->GetI32());
    case i::wasm::ValueType::kI64:
      return Val(v8_global->GetI64());
    case i::wasm::ValueType::kF32:
      return Val(v8_global->GetF32());
    case i::wasm::ValueType::kF64:
      return Val(v8_global->GetF64());
    case i::wasm::ValueType::kRef:
    case i::wasm::ValueType::kOptRef: {
      // TODO(7748): Make sure this works for all heap types.
      StoreImpl* store = impl(this)->store();
      i::HandleScope scope(store->i_isolate());
      return Val(V8RefValueToWasm(store, v8_global->GetRef()));
    }
    case i::wasm::ValueType::kRtt:
    case i::wasm::ValueType::kS128:
      // TODO(7748): Implement these.
      UNIMPLEMENTED();
    case i::wasm::ValueType::kI8:
    case i::wasm::ValueType::kI16:
    case i::wasm::ValueType::kStmt:
    case i::wasm::ValueType::kBottom:
      UNREACHABLE();
  }
}

void Global::set(const Val& val) {
  i::Handle<i::WasmGlobalObject> v8_global = impl(this)->v8_object();
  switch (val.kind()) {
    case I32:
      return v8_global->SetI32(val.i32());
    case I64:
      return v8_global->SetI64(val.i64());
    case F32:
      return v8_global->SetF32(val.f32());
    case F64:
      return v8_global->SetF64(val.f64());
    case ANYREF:
      return v8_global->SetExternRef(
          WasmRefToV8(impl(this)->store()->i_isolate(), val.ref()));
    case FUNCREF: {
      i::Isolate* isolate = impl(this)->store()->i_isolate();
      bool result =
          v8_global->SetFuncRef(isolate, WasmRefToV8(isolate, val.ref()));
      DCHECK(result);
      USE(result);
      return;
    }
    default:
      // TODO(wasm+): support new value types
      UNREACHABLE();
  }
}

// Table Instances

template <>
struct implement<Table> {
  using type = RefImpl<Table, i::WasmTableObject>;
};

Table::~Table() = default;

auto Table::copy() const -> own<Table> { return impl(this)->copy(); }

auto Table::make(Store* store_abs, const TableType* type, const Ref* ref)
    -> own<Table> {
  StoreImpl* store = impl(store_abs);
  i::Isolate* isolate = store->i_isolate();
  i::HandleScope scope(isolate);

  // Get "element".
  i::wasm::ValueType i_type;
  switch (type->element()->kind()) {
    case FUNCREF:
      i_type = i::wasm::kWasmFuncRef;
      break;
    case ANYREF:
      // See Engine::make().
      DCHECK(i::wasm::WasmFeatures::FromFlags().has_reftypes());
      i_type = i::wasm::kWasmExternRef;
      break;
    default:
      UNREACHABLE();
      return nullptr;
  }

  const Limits& limits = type->limits();
  uint32_t minimum = limits.min;
  if (minimum > i::wasm::max_table_init_entries()) return nullptr;
  uint32_t maximum = limits.max;
  bool has_maximum = false;
  if (maximum != Limits(0).max) {
    has_maximum = true;
    if (maximum < minimum) return nullptr;
    if (maximum > i::wasm::max_table_init_entries()) return nullptr;
  }

  i::Handle<i::FixedArray> backing_store;
  i::Handle<i::WasmTableObject> table_obj = i::WasmTableObject::New(
      isolate, i::Handle<i::WasmInstanceObject>(), i_type, minimum, has_maximum,
      maximum, &backing_store);

  if (ref) {
    i::Handle<i::JSReceiver> init = impl(ref)->v8_object();
    DCHECK(i::wasm::max_table_init_entries() <= i::kMaxInt);
    for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(minimum); i++) {
      // This doesn't call WasmTableObject::Set because the table has
      // just been created, so it can't be imported by any instances
      // yet that might require updating.
      DCHECK_EQ(table_obj->dispatch_tables().length(), 0);
      backing_store->set(i, *init);
    }
  }
  return implement<Table>::type::make(store, table_obj);
}

auto Table::type() const -> own<TableType> {
  i::Handle<i::WasmTableObject> table = impl(this)->v8_object();
  uint32_t min = table->current_length();
  uint32_t max;
  if (!table->maximum_length().ToUint32(&max)) max = 0xFFFFFFFFu;
  ValKind kind;
  switch (table->type().heap_representation()) {
    case i::wasm::HeapType::kFunc:
      kind = FUNCREF;
      break;
    case i::wasm::HeapType::kExtern:
      kind = ANYREF;
      break;
    default:
      UNREACHABLE();
  }
  return TableType::make(ValType::make(kind), Limits(min, max));
}

auto Table::get(size_t index) const -> own<Ref> {
  i::Handle<i::WasmTableObject> table = impl(this)->v8_object();
  if (index >= static_cast<size_t>(table->current_length())) return own<Ref>();
  i::Isolate* isolate = table->GetIsolate();
  i::HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
  i::Handle<i::Object> result =
      i::WasmTableObject::Get(isolate, table, static_cast<uint32_t>(index));
  // TODO(jkummerow): If we support both JavaScript and the C-API at the same
  // time, we need to handle Smis and other JS primitives here.
  DCHECK(result->IsNull(isolate) || result->IsJSReceiver());
  return V8RefValueToWasm(impl(this)->store(), result);
}

auto Table::set(size_t index, const Ref* ref) -> bool {
  i::Handle<i::WasmTableObject> table = impl(this)->v8_object();
  if (index >= static_cast<size_t>(table->current_length())) return false;
  i::Isolate* isolate = table->GetIsolate();
  i::HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
  i::Handle<i::Object> obj = WasmRefToV8(isolate, ref);
  i::WasmTableObject::Set(isolate, table, static_cast<uint32_t>(index), obj);
  return true;
}

// TODO(jkummerow): Having Table::size_t shadowing "std" size_t is ugly.
auto Table::size() const -> size_t {
  return impl(this)->v8_object()->current_length();
}

auto Table::grow(size_t delta, const Ref* ref) -> bool {
  i::Handle<i::WasmTableObject> table = impl(this)->v8_object();
  i::Isolate* isolate = table->GetIsolate();
  i::HandleScope scope(isolate);
  i::Handle<i::Object> init_value = WasmRefToV8(isolate, ref);
  int result = i::WasmTableObject::Grow(
      isolate, table, static_cast<uint32_t>(delta), init_value);
  return result >= 0;
}

// Memory Instances

template <>
struct implement<Memory> {
  using type = RefImpl<Memory, i::WasmMemoryObject>;
};

Memory::~Memory() = default;

auto Memory::copy() const -> own<Memory> { return impl(this)->copy(); }

auto Memory::make(Store* store_abs, const MemoryType* type) -> own<Memory> {
  StoreImpl* store = impl(store_abs);
  i::Isolate* isolate = store->i_isolate();
  i::HandleScope scope(isolate);

  const Limits& limits = type->limits();
  uint32_t minimum = limits.min;
  // The max_mem_pages limit is only spec'ed for JS embeddings, so we'll
  // directly use the maximum pages limit here.
  if (minimum > i::wasm::kSpecMaxMemoryPages) return nullptr;
  uint32_t maximum = limits.max;
  if (maximum != Limits(0).max) {
    if (maximum < minimum) return nullptr;
    if (maximum > i::wasm::kSpecMaxMemoryPages) return nullptr;
  }
  // TODO(wasm+): Support shared memory.
  i::SharedFlag shared = i::SharedFlag::kNotShared;
  i::Handle<i::WasmMemoryObject> memory_obj;
  if (!i::WasmMemoryObject::New(isolate, minimum, maximum, shared)
           .ToHandle(&memory_obj)) {
    return own<Memory>();
  }
  return implement<Memory>::type::make(store, memory_obj);
}

auto Memory::type() const -> own<MemoryType> {
  i::Handle<i::WasmMemoryObject> memory = impl(this)->v8_object();
  uint32_t min = static_cast<uint32_t>(memory->array_buffer().byte_length() /
                                       i::wasm::kWasmPageSize);
  uint32_t max =
      memory->has_maximum_pages() ? memory->maximum_pages() : 0xFFFFFFFFu;
  return MemoryType::make(Limits(min, max));
}

auto Memory::data() const -> byte_t* {
  return reinterpret_cast<byte_t*>(
      impl(this)->v8_object()->array_buffer().backing_store());
}

auto Memory::data_size() const -> size_t {
  return impl(this)->v8_object()->array_buffer().byte_length();
}

auto Memory::size() const -> pages_t {
  return static_cast<pages_t>(
      impl(this)->v8_object()->array_buffer().byte_length() /
      i::wasm::kWasmPageSize);
}

auto Memory::grow(pages_t delta) -> bool {
  i::Handle<i::WasmMemoryObject> memory = impl(this)->v8_object();
  i::Isolate* isolate = memory->GetIsolate();
  i::HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
  int32_t old = i::WasmMemoryObject::Grow(isolate, memory, delta);
  return old != -1;
}

// Module Instances

template <>
struct implement<Instance> {
  using type = RefImpl<Instance, i::WasmInstanceObject>;
};

Instance::~Instance() = default;

auto Instance::copy() const -> own<Instance> { return impl(this)->copy(); }

own<Instance> Instance::make(Store* store_abs, const Module* module_abs,
                             const Extern* const imports[], own<Trap>* trap) {
  StoreImpl* store = impl(store_abs);
  const implement<Module>::type* module = impl(module_abs);
  i::Isolate* isolate = store->i_isolate();
  i::HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);

  DCHECK_EQ(module->v8_object()->GetIsolate(), isolate);

  if (trap) *trap = nullptr;
  ownvec<ImportType> import_types = module_abs->imports();
  i::Handle<i::JSObject> imports_obj =
      isolate->factory()->NewJSObject(isolate->object_function());
  for (size_t i = 0; i < import_types.size(); ++i) {
    ImportType* type = import_types[i].get();
    i::Handle<i::String> module_str = VecToString(isolate, type->module());
    i::Handle<i::String> name_str = VecToString(isolate, type->name());

    i::Handle<i::JSObject> module_obj;
    i::LookupIterator module_it(isolate, imports_obj, module_str,
                                i::LookupIterator::OWN_SKIP_INTERCEPTOR);
    if (i::JSObject::HasProperty(&module_it).ToChecked()) {
      module_obj = i::Handle<i::JSObject>::cast(
          i::Object::GetProperty(&module_it).ToHandleChecked());
    } else {
      module_obj = isolate->factory()->NewJSObject(isolate->object_function());
      ignore(
          i::Object::SetProperty(isolate, imports_obj, module_str, module_obj));
    }
    ignore(i::Object::SetProperty(isolate, module_obj, name_str,
                                  impl(imports[i])->v8_object()));
  }
  i::wasm::ErrorThrower thrower(isolate, "instantiation");
  i::MaybeHandle<i::WasmInstanceObject> instance_obj =
      isolate->wasm_engine()->SyncInstantiate(
          isolate, &thrower, module->v8_object(), imports_obj,
          i::MaybeHandle<i::JSArrayBuffer>());
  if (trap) {
    if (thrower.error()) {
      *trap = implement<Trap>::type::make(
          store, GetProperException(isolate, thrower.Reify()));
      DCHECK(!thrower.error());                   // Reify() called Reset().
      DCHECK(!isolate->has_pending_exception());  // Hasn't been thrown yet.
      return own<Instance>();
    } else if (isolate->has_pending_exception()) {
      i::Handle<i::Object> maybe_exception(isolate->pending_exception(),
                                           isolate);
      *trap = implement<Trap>::type::make(
          store, GetProperException(isolate, maybe_exception));
      isolate->clear_pending_exception();
      return own<Instance>();
    }
  } else if (instance_obj.is_null()) {
    // If no {trap} output is specified, silently swallow all errors.
    thrower.Reset();
    isolate->clear_pending_exception();
    return own<Instance>();
  }
  return implement<Instance>::type::make(store, instance_obj.ToHandleChecked());
}

namespace {

own<Instance> GetInstance(StoreImpl* store,
                          i::Handle<i::WasmInstanceObject> instance) {
  return implement<Instance>::type::make(store, instance);
}

}  // namespace

auto Instance::exports() const -> ownvec<Extern> {
  const implement<Instance>::type* instance = impl(this);
  StoreImpl* store = instance->store();
  i::Isolate* isolate = store->i_isolate();
  i::HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
  i::Handle<i::WasmInstanceObject> instance_obj = instance->v8_object();
  i::Handle<i::WasmModuleObject> module_obj(instance_obj->module_object(),
                                            isolate);
  i::Handle<i::JSObject> exports_obj(instance_obj->exports_object(), isolate);

  ownvec<ExportType> export_types = ExportsImpl(module_obj);
  ownvec<Extern> exports =
      ownvec<Extern>::make_uninitialized(export_types.size());
  if (!exports) return ownvec<Extern>::invalid();

  for (size_t i = 0; i < export_types.size(); ++i) {
    auto& name = export_types[i]->name();
    i::Handle<i::String> name_str = VecToString(isolate, name);
    i::Handle<i::Object> obj =
        i::Object::GetProperty(isolate, exports_obj, name_str)
            .ToHandleChecked();

    const ExternType* type = export_types[i]->type();
    switch (type->kind()) {
      case EXTERN_FUNC: {
        DCHECK(i::WasmExportedFunction::IsWasmExportedFunction(*obj));
        exports[i] = implement<Func>::type::make(
            store, i::Handle<i::WasmExportedFunction>::cast(obj));
      } break;
      case EXTERN_GLOBAL: {
        exports[i] = implement<Global>::type::make(
            store, i::Handle<i::WasmGlobalObject>::cast(obj));
      } break;
      case EXTERN_TABLE: {
        exports[i] = implement<Table>::type::make(
            store, i::Handle<i::WasmTableObject>::cast(obj));
      } break;
      case EXTERN_MEMORY: {
        exports[i] = implement<Memory>::type::make(
            store, i::Handle<i::WasmMemoryObject>::cast(obj));
      } break;
    }
  }

  return exports;
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

}  // namespace wasm

// BEGIN FILE wasm-c.cc

extern "C" {

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Auxiliaries

// Backing implementation

extern "C++" {

template <class T>
struct borrowed_vec {
  wasm::vec<T> it;
  explicit borrowed_vec(wasm::vec<T>&& v) : it(std::move(v)) {}
  borrowed_vec(borrowed_vec<T>&& that) : it(std::move(that.it)) {}
  ~borrowed_vec() { it.release(); }
};

}  // extern "C++"

#define WASM_DEFINE_OWN(name, Name)                                            \
  struct wasm_##name##_t : Name {};                                            \
                                                                               \
  void wasm_##name##_delete(wasm_##name##_t* x) { delete x; }                  \
                                                                               \
  extern "C++" inline auto hide_##name(Name* x)->wasm_##name##_t* {            \
    return static_cast<wasm_##name##_t*>(x);                                   \
  }                                                                            \
  extern "C++" inline auto hide_##name(const Name* x)                          \
      ->const wasm_##name##_t* {                                               \
    return static_cast<const wasm_##name##_t*>(x);                             \
  }                                                                            \
  extern "C++" inline auto reveal_##name(wasm_##name##_t* x)->Name* {          \
    return x;                                                                  \
  }                                                                            \
  extern "C++" inline auto reveal_##name(const wasm_##name##_t* x)             \
      ->const Name* {                                                          \
    return x;                                                                  \
  }                                                                            \
  extern "C++" inline auto get_##name(wasm::own<Name>& x)->wasm_##name##_t* {  \
    return hide_##name(x.get());                                               \
  }                                                                            \
  extern "C++" inline auto get_##name(const wasm::own<Name>& x)                \
      ->const wasm_##name##_t* {                                               \
    return hide_##name(x.get());                                               \
  }                                                                            \
  extern "C++" inline auto release_##name(wasm::own<Name>&& x)                 \
      ->wasm_##name##_t* {                                                     \
    return hide_##name(x.release());                                           \
  }                                                                            \
  extern "C++" inline auto adopt_##name(wasm_##name##_t* x)->wasm::own<Name> { \
    return make_own(x);                                                        \
  }

// Vectors

#define WASM_DEFINE_VEC_BASE(name, Name, vec, ptr_or_none)                     \
  static_assert(sizeof(wasm_##name##_vec_t) == sizeof(vec<Name>),              \
                "C/C++ incompatibility");                                      \
  static_assert(                                                               \
      sizeof(wasm_##name##_t ptr_or_none) == sizeof(vec<Name>::elem_type),     \
      "C/C++ incompatibility");                                                \
  extern "C++" inline auto hide_##name##_vec(vec<Name>& v)                     \
      ->wasm_##name##_vec_t* {                                                 \
    return reinterpret_cast<wasm_##name##_vec_t*>(&v);                         \
  }                                                                            \
  extern "C++" inline auto hide_##name##_vec(const vec<Name>& v)               \
      ->const wasm_##name##_vec_t* {                                           \
    return reinterpret_cast<const wasm_##name##_vec_t*>(&v);                   \
  }                                                                            \
  extern "C++" inline auto hide_##name##_vec(vec<Name>::elem_type* v)          \
      ->wasm_##name##_t ptr_or_none* {                                         \
    return reinterpret_cast<wasm_##name##_t ptr_or_none*>(v);                  \
  }                                                                            \
  extern "C++" inline auto hide_##name##_vec(const vec<Name>::elem_type* v)    \
      ->wasm_##name##_t ptr_or_none const* {                                   \
    return reinterpret_cast<wasm_##name##_t ptr_or_none const*>(v);            \
  }                                                                            \
  extern "C++" inline auto reveal_##name##_vec(wasm_##name##_t ptr_or_none* v) \
      ->vec<Name>::elem_type* {                                                \
    return reinterpret_cast<vec<Name>::elem_type*>(v);                         \
  }                                                                            \
  extern "C++" inline auto reveal_##name##_vec(                                \
      wasm_##name##_t ptr_or_none const* v)                                    \
      ->const vec<Name>::elem_type* {                                          \
    return reinterpret_cast<const vec<Name>::elem_type*>(v);                   \
  }                                                                            \
  extern "C++" inline auto get_##name##_vec(vec<Name>& v)                      \
      ->wasm_##name##_vec_t {                                                  \
    wasm_##name##_vec_t v2 = {v.size(), hide_##name##_vec(v.get())};           \
    return v2;                                                                 \
  }                                                                            \
  extern "C++" inline auto get_##name##_vec(const vec<Name>& v)                \
      ->const wasm_##name##_vec_t {                                            \
    wasm_##name##_vec_t v2 = {                                                 \
        v.size(),                                                              \
        const_cast<wasm_##name##_t ptr_or_none*>(hide_##name##_vec(v.get()))}; \
    return v2;                                                                 \
  }                                                                            \
  extern "C++" inline auto release_##name##_vec(vec<Name>&& v)                 \
      ->wasm_##name##_vec_t {                                                  \
    wasm_##name##_vec_t v2 = {v.size(), hide_##name##_vec(v.release())};       \
    return v2;                                                                 \
  }                                                                            \
  extern "C++" inline auto adopt_##name##_vec(wasm_##name##_vec_t* v)          \
      ->vec<Name> {                                                            \
    return vec<Name>::adopt(v->size, reveal_##name##_vec(v->data));            \
  }                                                                            \
  extern "C++" inline auto borrow_##name##_vec(const wasm_##name##_vec_t* v)   \
      ->borrowed_vec<vec<Name>::elem_type> {                                   \
    return borrowed_vec<vec<Name>::elem_type>(                                 \
        vec<Name>::adopt(v->size, reveal_##name##_vec(v->data)));              \
  }                                                                            \
                                                                               \
  void wasm_##name##_vec_new_uninitialized(wasm_##name##_vec_t* out,           \
                                           size_t size) {                      \
    *out = release_##name##_vec(vec<Name>::make_uninitialized(size));          \
  }                                                                            \
  void wasm_##name##_vec_new_empty(wasm_##name##_vec_t* out) {                 \
    wasm_##name##_vec_new_uninitialized(out, 0);                               \
  }                                                                            \
                                                                               \
  void wasm_##name##_vec_delete(wasm_##name##_vec_t* v) {                      \
    adopt_##name##_vec(v);                                                     \
  }

// Vectors with no ownership management of elements
#define WASM_DEFINE_VEC_PLAIN(name, Name)                           \
  WASM_DEFINE_VEC_BASE(name, Name,                                  \
                       wasm::vec, ) /* NOLINT(whitespace/parens) */ \
                                                                    \
  void wasm_##name##_vec_new(wasm_##name##_vec_t* out, size_t size, \
                             const wasm_##name##_t data[]) {        \
    auto v2 = wasm::vec<Name>::make_uninitialized(size);            \
    if (v2.size() != 0) {                                           \
      memcpy(v2.get(), data, size * sizeof(wasm_##name##_t));       \
    }                                                               \
    *out = release_##name##_vec(std::move(v2));                     \
  }                                                                 \
                                                                    \
  void wasm_##name##_vec_copy(wasm_##name##_vec_t* out,             \
                              wasm_##name##_vec_t* v) {             \
    wasm_##name##_vec_new(out, v->size, v->data);                   \
  }

// Vectors that own their elements
#define WASM_DEFINE_VEC_OWN(name, Name)                             \
  WASM_DEFINE_VEC_BASE(name, Name, wasm::ownvec, *)                 \
                                                                    \
  void wasm_##name##_vec_new(wasm_##name##_vec_t* out, size_t size, \
                             wasm_##name##_t* const data[]) {       \
    auto v2 = wasm::ownvec<Name>::make_uninitialized(size);         \
    for (size_t i = 0; i < v2.size(); ++i) {                        \
      v2[i] = adopt_##name(data[i]);                                \
    }                                                               \
    *out = release_##name##_vec(std::move(v2));                     \
  }                                                                 \
                                                                    \
  void wasm_##name##_vec_copy(wasm_##name##_vec_t* out,             \
                              wasm_##name##_vec_t* v) {             \
    auto v2 = wasm::ownvec<Name>::make_uninitialized(v->size);      \
    for (size_t i = 0; i < v2.size(); ++i) {                        \
      v2[i] = adopt_##name(wasm_##name##_copy(v->data[i]));         \
    }                                                               \
    *out = release_##name##_vec(std::move(v2));                     \
  }

extern "C++" {
template <class T>
inline auto is_empty(T* p) -> bool {
  return !p;
}
}

// Byte vectors

using byte = byte_t;
WASM_DEFINE_VEC_PLAIN(byte, byte)

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Runtime Environment

// Configuration

WASM_DEFINE_OWN(config, wasm::Config)

wasm_config_t* wasm_config_new() {
  return release_config(wasm::Config::make());
}

// Engine

WASM_DEFINE_OWN(engine, wasm::Engine)

wasm_engine_t* wasm_engine_new() {
  return release_engine(wasm::Engine::make());
}

wasm_engine_t* wasm_engine_new_with_config(wasm_config_t* config) {
  return release_engine(wasm::Engine::make(adopt_config(config)));
}

// Stores

WASM_DEFINE_OWN(store, wasm::Store)

wasm_store_t* wasm_store_new(wasm_engine_t* engine) {
  return release_store(wasm::Store::make(engine));
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Type Representations

// Type attributes

extern "C++" inline auto hide_mutability(wasm::Mutability mutability)
    -> wasm_mutability_t {
  return static_cast<wasm_mutability_t>(mutability);
}

extern "C++" inline auto reveal_mutability(wasm_mutability_t mutability)
    -> wasm::Mutability {
  return static_cast<wasm::Mutability>(mutability);
}

extern "C++" inline auto hide_limits(const wasm::Limits& limits)
    -> const wasm_limits_t* {
  return reinterpret_cast<const wasm_limits_t*>(&limits);
}

extern "C++" inline auto reveal_limits(wasm_limits_t limits) -> wasm::Limits {
  return wasm::Limits(limits.min, limits.max);
}

extern "C++" inline auto hide_valkind(wasm::ValKind kind) -> wasm_valkind_t {
  return static_cast<wasm_valkind_t>(kind);
}

extern "C++" inline auto reveal_valkind(wasm_valkind_t kind) -> wasm::ValKind {
  return static_cast<wasm::ValKind>(kind);
}

extern "C++" inline auto hide_externkind(wasm::ExternKind kind)
    -> wasm_externkind_t {
  return static_cast<wasm_externkind_t>(kind);
}

extern "C++" inline auto reveal_externkind(wasm_externkind_t kind)
    -> wasm::ExternKind {
  return static_cast<wasm::ExternKind>(kind);
}

// Generic

#define WASM_DEFINE_TYPE(name, Name)                        \
  WASM_DEFINE_OWN(name, Name)                               \
  WASM_DEFINE_VEC_OWN(name, Name)                           \
                                                            \
  wasm_##name##_t* wasm_##name##_copy(wasm_##name##_t* t) { \
    return release_##name(t->copy());                       \
  }

// Value Types

WASM_DEFINE_TYPE(valtype, wasm::ValType)

wasm_valtype_t* wasm_valtype_new(wasm_valkind_t k) {
  return release_valtype(wasm::ValType::make(reveal_valkind(k)));
}

wasm_valkind_t wasm_valtype_kind(const wasm_valtype_t* t) {
  return hide_valkind(t->kind());
}

// Function Types

WASM_DEFINE_TYPE(functype, wasm::FuncType)

wasm_functype_t* wasm_functype_new(wasm_valtype_vec_t* params,
                                   wasm_valtype_vec_t* results) {
  return release_functype(wasm::FuncType::make(adopt_valtype_vec(params),
                                               adopt_valtype_vec(results)));
}

const wasm_valtype_vec_t* wasm_functype_params(const wasm_functype_t* ft) {
  return hide_valtype_vec(ft->params());
}

const wasm_valtype_vec_t* wasm_functype_results(const wasm_functype_t* ft) {
  return hide_valtype_vec(ft->results());
}

// Global Types

WASM_DEFINE_TYPE(globaltype, wasm::GlobalType)

wasm_globaltype_t* wasm_globaltype_new(wasm_valtype_t* content,
                                       wasm_mutability_t mutability) {
  return release_globaltype(wasm::GlobalType::make(
      adopt_valtype(content), reveal_mutability(mutability)));
}

const wasm_valtype_t* wasm_globaltype_content(const wasm_globaltype_t* gt) {
  return hide_valtype(gt->content());
}

wasm_mutability_t wasm_globaltype_mutability(const wasm_globaltype_t* gt) {
  return hide_mutability(gt->mutability());
}

// Table Types

WASM_DEFINE_TYPE(tabletype, wasm::TableType)

wasm_tabletype_t* wasm_tabletype_new(wasm_valtype_t* element,
                                     const wasm_limits_t* limits) {
  return release_tabletype(
      wasm::TableType::make(adopt_valtype(element), reveal_limits(*limits)));
}

const wasm_valtype_t* wasm_tabletype_element(const wasm_tabletype_t* tt) {
  return hide_valtype(tt->element());
}

const wasm_limits_t* wasm_tabletype_limits(const wasm_tabletype_t* tt) {
  return hide_limits(tt->limits());
}

// Memory Types

WASM_DEFINE_TYPE(memorytype, wasm::MemoryType)

wasm_memorytype_t* wasm_memorytype_new(const wasm_limits_t* limits) {
  return release_memorytype(wasm::MemoryType::make(reveal_limits(*limits)));
}

const wasm_limits_t* wasm_memorytype_limits(const wasm_memorytype_t* mt) {
  return hide_limits(mt->limits());
}

// Extern Types

WASM_DEFINE_TYPE(externtype, wasm::ExternType)

wasm_externkind_t wasm_externtype_kind(const wasm_externtype_t* et) {
  return hide_externkind(et->kind());
}

wasm_externtype_t* wasm_functype_as_externtype(wasm_functype_t* ft) {
  return hide_externtype(static_cast<wasm::ExternType*>(ft));
}
wasm_externtype_t* wasm_globaltype_as_externtype(wasm_globaltype_t* gt) {
  return hide_externtype(static_cast<wasm::ExternType*>(gt));
}
wasm_externtype_t* wasm_tabletype_as_externtype(wasm_tabletype_t* tt) {
  return hide_externtype(static_cast<wasm::ExternType*>(tt));
}
wasm_externtype_t* wasm_memorytype_as_externtype(wasm_memorytype_t* mt) {
  return hide_externtype(static_cast<wasm::ExternType*>(mt));
}

const wasm_externtype_t* wasm_functype_as_externtype_const(
    const wasm_functype_t* ft) {
  return hide_externtype(static_cast<const wasm::ExternType*>(ft));
}
const wasm_externtype_t* wasm_globaltype_as_externtype_const(
    const wasm_globaltype_t* gt) {
  return hide_externtype(static_cast<const wasm::ExternType*>(gt));
}
const wasm_externtype_t* wasm_tabletype_as_externtype_const(
    const wasm_tabletype_t* tt) {
  return hide_externtype(static_cast<const wasm::ExternType*>(tt));
}
const wasm_externtype_t* wasm_memorytype_as_externtype_const(
    const wasm_memorytype_t* mt) {
  return hide_externtype(static_cast<const wasm::ExternType*>(mt));
}

wasm_functype_t* wasm_externtype_as_functype(wasm_externtype_t* et) {
  return et->kind() == wasm::EXTERN_FUNC
             ? hide_functype(
                   static_cast<wasm::FuncType*>(reveal_externtype(et)))
             : nullptr;
}
wasm_globaltype_t* wasm_externtype_as_globaltype(wasm_externtype_t* et) {
  return et->kind() == wasm::EXTERN_GLOBAL
             ? hide_globaltype(
                   static_cast<wasm::GlobalType*>(reveal_externtype(et)))
             : nullptr;
}
wasm_tabletype_t* wasm_externtype_as_tabletype(wasm_externtype_t* et) {
  return et->kind() == wasm::EXTERN_TABLE
             ? hide_tabletype(
                   static_cast<wasm::TableType*>(reveal_externtype(et)))
             : nullptr;
}
wasm_memorytype_t* wasm_externtype_as_memorytype(wasm_externtype_t* et) {
  return et->kind() == wasm::EXTERN_MEMORY
             ? hide_memorytype(
                   static_cast<wasm::MemoryType*>(reveal_externtype(et)))
             : nullptr;
}

const wasm_functype_t* wasm_externtype_as_functype_const(
    const wasm_externtype_t* et) {
  return et->kind() == wasm::EXTERN_FUNC
             ? hide_functype(
                   static_cast<const wasm::FuncType*>(reveal_externtype(et)))
             : nullptr;
}
const wasm_globaltype_t* wasm_externtype_as_globaltype_const(
    const wasm_externtype_t* et) {
  return et->kind() == wasm::EXTERN_GLOBAL
             ? hide_globaltype(
                   static_cast<const wasm::GlobalType*>(reveal_externtype(et)))
             : nullptr;
}
const wasm_tabletype_t* wasm_externtype_as_tabletype_const(
    const wasm_externtype_t* et) {
  return et->kind() == wasm::EXTERN_TABLE
             ? hide_tabletype(
                   static_cast<const wasm::TableType*>(reveal_externtype(et)))
             : nullptr;
}
const wasm_memorytype_t* wasm_externtype_as_memorytype_const(
    const wasm_externtype_t* et) {
  return et->kind() == wasm::EXTERN_MEMORY
             ? hide_memorytype(
                   static_cast<const wasm::MemoryType*>(reveal_externtype(et)))
             : nullptr;
}

// Import Types

WASM_DEFINE_TYPE(importtype, wasm::ImportType)

wasm_importtype_t* wasm_importtype_new(wasm_name_t* module, wasm_name_t* name,
                                       wasm_externtype_t* type) {
  return release_importtype(wasm::ImportType::make(
      adopt_byte_vec(module), adopt_byte_vec(name), adopt_externtype(type)));
}

const wasm_name_t* wasm_importtype_module(const wasm_importtype_t* it) {
  return hide_byte_vec(it->module());
}

const wasm_name_t* wasm_importtype_name(const wasm_importtype_t* it) {
  return hide_byte_vec(it->name());
}

const wasm_externtype_t* wasm_importtype_type(const wasm_importtype_t* it) {
  return hide_externtype(it->type());
}

// Export Types

WASM_DEFINE_TYPE(exporttype, wasm::ExportType)

wasm_exporttype_t* wasm_exporttype_new(wasm_name_t* name,
                                       wasm_externtype_t* type) {
  return release_exporttype(
      wasm::ExportType::make(adopt_byte_vec(name), adopt_externtype(type)));
}

const wasm_name_t* wasm_exporttype_name(const wasm_exporttype_t* et) {
  return hide_byte_vec(et->name());
}

const wasm_externtype_t* wasm_exporttype_type(const wasm_exporttype_t* et) {
  return hide_externtype(et->type());
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Runtime Values

// References

#define WASM_DEFINE_REF_BASE(name, Name)                             \
  WASM_DEFINE_OWN(name, Name)                                        \
                                                                     \
  wasm_##name##_t* wasm_##name##_copy(const wasm_##name##_t* t) {    \
    return release_##name(t->copy());                                \
  }                                                                  \
                                                                     \
  bool wasm_##name##_same(const wasm_##name##_t* t1,                 \
                          const wasm_##name##_t* t2) {               \
    return t1->same(t2);                                             \
  }                                                                  \
                                                                     \
  void* wasm_##name##_get_host_info(const wasm_##name##_t* r) {      \
    return r->get_host_info();                                       \
  }                                                                  \
  void wasm_##name##_set_host_info(wasm_##name##_t* r, void* info) { \
    r->set_host_info(info);                                          \
  }                                                                  \
  void wasm_##name##_set_host_info_with_finalizer(                   \
      wasm_##name##_t* r, void* info, void (*finalizer)(void*)) {    \
    r->set_host_info(info, finalizer);                               \
  }

#define WASM_DEFINE_REF(name, Name)                                        \
  WASM_DEFINE_REF_BASE(name, Name)                                         \
                                                                           \
  wasm_ref_t* wasm_##name##_as_ref(wasm_##name##_t* r) {                   \
    return hide_ref(static_cast<wasm::Ref*>(reveal_##name(r)));            \
  }                                                                        \
  wasm_##name##_t* wasm_ref_as_##name(wasm_ref_t* r) {                     \
    return hide_##name(static_cast<Name*>(reveal_ref(r)));                 \
  }                                                                        \
                                                                           \
  const wasm_ref_t* wasm_##name##_as_ref_const(const wasm_##name##_t* r) { \
    return hide_ref(static_cast<const wasm::Ref*>(reveal_##name(r)));      \
  }                                                                        \
  const wasm_##name##_t* wasm_ref_as_##name##_const(const wasm_ref_t* r) { \
    return hide_##name(static_cast<const Name*>(reveal_ref(r)));           \
  }

#define WASM_DEFINE_SHARABLE_REF(name, Name) \
  WASM_DEFINE_REF(name, Name)                \
  WASM_DEFINE_OWN(shared_##name, wasm::Shared<Name>)

WASM_DEFINE_REF_BASE(ref, wasm::Ref)

// Values

extern "C++" {

inline auto is_empty(wasm_val_t v) -> bool {
  return !is_ref(reveal_valkind(v.kind)) || !v.of.ref;
}

inline auto hide_val(wasm::Val v) -> wasm_val_t {
  wasm_val_t v2 = {hide_valkind(v.kind()), {}};
  switch (v.kind()) {
    case wasm::I32:
      v2.of.i32 = v.i32();
      break;
    case wasm::I64:
      v2.of.i64 = v.i64();
      break;
    case wasm::F32:
      v2.of.f32 = v.f32();
      break;
    case wasm::F64:
      v2.of.f64 = v.f64();
      break;
    case wasm::ANYREF:
    case wasm::FUNCREF:
      v2.of.ref = hide_ref(v.ref());
      break;
    default:
      UNREACHABLE();
  }
  return v2;
}

inline auto release_val(wasm::Val v) -> wasm_val_t {
  wasm_val_t v2 = {hide_valkind(v.kind()), {}};
  switch (v.kind()) {
    case wasm::I32:
      v2.of.i32 = v.i32();
      break;
    case wasm::I64:
      v2.of.i64 = v.i64();
      break;
    case wasm::F32:
      v2.of.f32 = v.f32();
      break;
    case wasm::F64:
      v2.of.f64 = v.f64();
      break;
    case wasm::ANYREF:
    case wasm::FUNCREF:
      v2.of.ref = release_ref(v.release_ref());
      break;
    default:
      UNREACHABLE();
  }
  return v2;
}

inline auto adopt_val(wasm_val_t v) -> wasm::Val {
  switch (reveal_valkind(v.kind)) {
    case wasm::I32:
      return wasm::Val(v.of.i32);
    case wasm::I64:
      return wasm::Val(v.of.i64);
    case wasm::F32:
      return wasm::Val(v.of.f32);
    case wasm::F64:
      return wasm::Val(v.of.f64);
    case wasm::ANYREF:
    case wasm::FUNCREF:
      return wasm::Val(adopt_ref(v.of.ref));
    default:
      UNREACHABLE();
  }
}

struct borrowed_val {
  wasm::Val it;
  explicit borrowed_val(wasm::Val&& v) : it(std::move(v)) {}
  borrowed_val(borrowed_val&& that) : it(std::move(that.it)) {}
  ~borrowed_val() {
    if (it.is_ref()) it.release_ref().release();
  }
};

inline auto borrow_val(const wasm_val_t* v) -> borrowed_val {
  wasm::Val v2;
  switch (reveal_valkind(v->kind)) {
    case wasm::I32:
      v2 = wasm::Val(v->of.i32);
      break;
    case wasm::I64:
      v2 = wasm::Val(v->of.i64);
      break;
    case wasm::F32:
      v2 = wasm::Val(v->of.f32);
      break;
    case wasm::F64:
      v2 = wasm::Val(v->of.f64);
      break;
    case wasm::ANYREF:
    case wasm::FUNCREF:
      v2 = wasm::Val(adopt_ref(v->of.ref));
      break;
    default:
      UNREACHABLE();
  }
  return borrowed_val(std::move(v2));
}

}  // extern "C++"

WASM_DEFINE_VEC_BASE(val, wasm::Val, wasm::vec, )

void wasm_val_vec_new(wasm_val_vec_t* out, size_t size,
                      wasm_val_t const data[]) {
  auto v2 = wasm::vec<wasm::Val>::make_uninitialized(size);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < v2.size(); ++i) {
    v2[i] = adopt_val(data[i]);
  }
  *out = release_val_vec(std::move(v2));
}

void wasm_val_vec_copy(wasm_val_vec_t* out, wasm_val_vec_t* v) {
  auto v2 = wasm::vec<wasm::Val>::make_uninitialized(v->size);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < v2.size(); ++i) {
    wasm_val_t val;
    wasm_val_copy(&v->data[i], &val);
    v2[i] = adopt_val(val);
  }
  *out = release_val_vec(std::move(v2));
}

void wasm_val_delete(wasm_val_t* v) {
  if (is_ref(reveal_valkind(v->kind))) {
    adopt_ref(v->of.ref);
  }
}

void wasm_val_copy(wasm_val_t* out, const wasm_val_t* v) {
  *out = *v;
  if (is_ref(reveal_valkind(v->kind))) {
    out->of.ref = v->of.ref ? release_ref(v->of.ref->copy()) : nullptr;
  }
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Runtime Objects

// Frames

WASM_DEFINE_OWN(frame, wasm::Frame)
WASM_DEFINE_VEC_OWN(frame, wasm::Frame)

wasm_frame_t* wasm_frame_copy(const wasm_frame_t* frame) {
  return release_frame(frame->copy());
}

wasm_instance_t* wasm_frame_instance(const wasm_frame_t* frame);
// Defined below along with wasm_instance_t.

uint32_t wasm_frame_func_index(const wasm_frame_t* frame) {
  return reveal_frame(frame)->func_index();
}

size_t wasm_frame_func_offset(const wasm_frame_t* frame) {
  return reveal_frame(frame)->func_offset();
}

size_t wasm_frame_module_offset(const wasm_frame_t* frame) {
  return reveal_frame(frame)->module_offset();
}

// Traps

WASM_DEFINE_REF(trap, wasm::Trap)

wasm_trap_t* wasm_trap_new(wasm_store_t* store, const wasm_message_t* message) {
  auto message_ = borrow_byte_vec(message);
  return release_trap(wasm::Trap::make(store, message_.it));
}

void wasm_trap_message(const wasm_trap_t* trap, wasm_message_t* out) {
  *out = release_byte_vec(reveal_trap(trap)->message());
}

wasm_frame_t* wasm_trap_origin(const wasm_trap_t* trap) {
  return release_frame(reveal_trap(trap)->origin());
}

void wasm_trap_trace(const wasm_trap_t* trap, wasm_frame_vec_t* out) {
  *out = release_frame_vec(reveal_trap(trap)->trace());
}

// Foreign Objects

WASM_DEFINE_REF(foreign, wasm::Foreign)

wasm_foreign_t* wasm_foreign_new(wasm_store_t* store) {
  return release_foreign(wasm::Foreign::make(store));
}

// Modules

WASM_DEFINE_SHARABLE_REF(module, wasm::Module)

bool wasm_module_validate(wasm_store_t* store, const wasm_byte_vec_t* binary) {
  auto binary_ = borrow_byte_vec(binary);
  return wasm::Module::validate(store, binary_.it);
}

wasm_module_t* wasm_module_new(wasm_store_t* store,
                               const wasm_byte_vec_t* binary) {
  auto binary_ = borrow_byte_vec(binary);
  return release_module(wasm::Module::make(store, binary_.it));
}

void wasm_module_imports(const wasm_module_t* module,
                         wasm_importtype_vec_t* out) {
  *out = release_importtype_vec(reveal_module(module)->imports());
}

void wasm_module_exports(const wasm_module_t* module,
                         wasm_exporttype_vec_t* out) {
  *out = release_exporttype_vec(reveal_module(module)->exports());
}

void wasm_module_serialize(const wasm_module_t* module, wasm_byte_vec_t* out) {
  *out = release_byte_vec(reveal_module(module)->serialize());
}

wasm_module_t* wasm_module_deserialize(wasm_store_t* store,
                                       const wasm_byte_vec_t* binary) {
  auto binary_ = borrow_byte_vec(binary);
  return release_module(wasm::Module::deserialize(store, binary_.it));
}

wasm_shared_module_t* wasm_module_share(const wasm_module_t* module) {
  return release_shared_module(reveal_module(module)->share());
}

wasm_module_t* wasm_module_obtain(wasm_store_t* store,
                                  const wasm_shared_module_t* shared) {
  return release_module(wasm::Module::obtain(store, shared));
}

// Function Instances

WASM_DEFINE_REF(func, wasm::Func)

extern "C++" {

auto wasm_callback(void* env, const wasm::Val args[], wasm::Val results[])
    -> wasm::own<wasm::Trap> {
  auto f = reinterpret_cast<wasm_func_callback_t>(env);
  return adopt_trap(f(hide_val_vec(args), hide_val_vec(results)));
}

struct wasm_callback_env_t {
  wasm_func_callback_with_env_t callback;
  void* env;
  void (*finalizer)(void*);
};

auto wasm_callback_with_env(void* env, const wasm::Val args[],
                            wasm::Val results[]) -> wasm::own<wasm::Trap> {
  auto t = static_cast<wasm_callback_env_t*>(env);
  return adopt_trap(
      t->callback(t->env, hide_val_vec(args), hide_val_vec(results)));
}

void wasm_callback_env_finalizer(void* env) {
  auto t = static_cast<wasm_callback_env_t*>(env);
  if (t->finalizer) t->finalizer(t->env);
  delete t;
}

}  // extern "C++"

wasm_func_t* wasm_func_new(wasm_store_t* store, const wasm_functype_t* type,
                           wasm_func_callback_t callback) {
  return release_func(wasm::Func::make(store, type, wasm_callback,
                                       reinterpret_cast<void*>(callback)));
}

wasm_func_t* wasm_func_new_with_env(wasm_store_t* store,
                                    const wasm_functype_t* type,
                                    wasm_func_callback_with_env_t callback,
                                    void* env, void (*finalizer)(void*)) {
  auto env2 = new wasm_callback_env_t{callback, env, finalizer};
  return release_func(wasm::Func::make(store, type, wasm_callback_with_env,
                                       env2, wasm_callback_env_finalizer));
}

wasm_functype_t* wasm_func_type(const wasm_func_t* func) {
  return release_functype(func->type());
}

size_t wasm_func_param_arity(const wasm_func_t* func) {
  return func->param_arity();
}

size_t wasm_func_result_arity(const wasm_func_t* func) {
  return func->result_arity();
}

wasm_trap_t* wasm_func_call(const wasm_func_t* func, const wasm_val_t args[],
                            wasm_val_t results[]) {
  return release_trap(
      func->call(reveal_val_vec(args), reveal_val_vec(results)));
}

// Global Instances

WASM_DEFINE_REF(global, wasm::Global)

wasm_global_t* wasm_global_new(wasm_store_t* store,
                               const wasm_globaltype_t* type,
                               const wasm_val_t* val) {
  auto val_ = borrow_val(val);
  return release_global(wasm::Global::make(store, type, val_.it));
}

wasm_globaltype_t* wasm_global_type(const wasm_global_t* global) {
  return release_globaltype(global->type());
}

void wasm_global_get(const wasm_global_t* global, wasm_val_t* out) {
  *out = release_val(global->get());
}

void wasm_global_set(wasm_global_t* global, const wasm_val_t* val) {
  auto val_ = borrow_val(val);
  global->set(val_.it);
}

// Table Instances

WASM_DEFINE_REF(table, wasm::Table)

wasm_table_t* wasm_table_new(wasm_store_t* store, const wasm_tabletype_t* type,
                             wasm_ref_t* ref) {
  return release_table(wasm::Table::make(store, type, ref));
}

wasm_tabletype_t* wasm_table_type(const wasm_table_t* table) {
  return release_tabletype(table->type());
}

wasm_ref_t* wasm_table_get(const wasm_table_t* table, wasm_table_size_t index) {
  return release_ref(table->get(index));
}

bool wasm_table_set(wasm_table_t* table, wasm_table_size_t index,
                    wasm_ref_t* ref) {
  return table->set(index, ref);
}

wasm_table_size_t wasm_table_size(const wasm_table_t* table) {
  return table->size();
}

bool wasm_table_grow(wasm_table_t* table, wasm_table_size_t delta,
                     wasm_ref_t* ref) {
  return table->grow(delta, ref);
}

// Memory Instances

WASM_DEFINE_REF(memory, wasm::Memory)

wasm_memory_t* wasm_memory_new(wasm_store_t* store,
                               const wasm_memorytype_t* type) {
  return release_memory(wasm::Memory::make(store, type));
}

wasm_memorytype_t* wasm_memory_type(const wasm_memory_t* memory) {
  return release_memorytype(memory->type());
}

wasm_byte_t* wasm_memory_data(wasm_memory_t* memory) { return memory->data(); }

size_t wasm_memory_data_size(const wasm_memory_t* memory) {
  return memory->data_size();
}

wasm_memory_pages_t wasm_memory_size(const wasm_memory_t* memory) {
  return memory->size();
}

bool wasm_memory_grow(wasm_memory_t* memory, wasm_memory_pages_t delta) {
  return memory->grow(delta);
}

// Externals

WASM_DEFINE_REF(extern, wasm::Extern)
WASM_DEFINE_VEC_OWN(extern, wasm::Extern)

wasm_externkind_t wasm_extern_kind(const wasm_extern_t* external) {
  return hide_externkind(external->kind());
}
wasm_externtype_t* wasm_extern_type(const wasm_extern_t* external) {
  return release_externtype(external->type());
}

wasm_extern_t* wasm_func_as_extern(wasm_func_t* func) {
  return hide_extern(static_cast<wasm::Extern*>(reveal_func(func)));
}
wasm_extern_t* wasm_global_as_extern(wasm_global_t* global) {
  return hide_extern(static_cast<wasm::Extern*>(reveal_global(global)));
}
wasm_extern_t* wasm_table_as_extern(wasm_table_t* table) {
  return hide_extern(static_cast<wasm::Extern*>(reveal_table(table)));
}
wasm_extern_t* wasm_memory_as_extern(wasm_memory_t* memory) {
  return hide_extern(static_cast<wasm::Extern*>(reveal_memory(memory)));
}

const wasm_extern_t* wasm_func_as_extern_const(const wasm_func_t* func) {
  return hide_extern(static_cast<const wasm::Extern*>(reveal_func(func)));
}
const wasm_extern_t* wasm_global_as_extern_const(const wasm_global_t* global) {
  return hide_extern(static_cast<const wasm::Extern*>(reveal_global(global)));
}
const wasm_extern_t* wasm_table_as_extern_const(const wasm_table_t* table) {
  return hide_extern(static_cast<const wasm::Extern*>(reveal_table(table)));
}
const wasm_extern_t* wasm_memory_as_extern_const(const wasm_memory_t* memory) {
  return hide_extern(static_cast<const wasm::Extern*>(reveal_memory(memory)));
}

wasm_func_t* wasm_extern_as_func(wasm_extern_t* external) {
  return hide_func(external->func());
}
wasm_global_t* wasm_extern_as_global(wasm_extern_t* external) {
  return hide_global(external->global());
}
wasm_table_t* wasm_extern_as_table(wasm_extern_t* external) {
  return hide_table(external->table());
}
wasm_memory_t* wasm_extern_as_memory(wasm_extern_t* external) {
  return hide_memory(external->memory());
}

const wasm_func_t* wasm_extern_as_func_const(const wasm_extern_t* external) {
  return hide_func(external->func());
}
const wasm_global_t* wasm_extern_as_global_const(
    const wasm_extern_t* external) {
  return hide_global(external->global());
}
const wasm_table_t* wasm_extern_as_table_const(const wasm_extern_t* external) {
  return hide_table(external->table());
}
const wasm_memory_t* wasm_extern_as_memory_const(
    const wasm_extern_t* external) {
  return hide_memory(external->memory());
}

// Module Instances

WASM_DEFINE_REF(instance, wasm::Instance)

wasm_instance_t* wasm_instance_new(wasm_store_t* store,
                                   const wasm_module_t* module,
                                   const wasm_extern_t* const imports[],
                                   wasm_trap_t** trap) {
  wasm::own<wasm::Trap> error;
  wasm_instance_t* instance = release_instance(wasm::Instance::make(
      store, module, reinterpret_cast<const wasm::Extern* const*>(imports),
      &error));
  if (trap) *trap = hide_trap(error.release());
  return instance;
}

void wasm_instance_exports(const wasm_instance_t* instance,
                           wasm_extern_vec_t* out) {
  *out = release_extern_vec(instance->exports());
}

wasm_instance_t* wasm_frame_instance(const wasm_frame_t* frame) {
  return hide_instance(reveal_frame(frame)->instance());
}

#undef WASM_DEFINE_OWN
#undef WASM_DEFINE_VEC_BASE
#undef WASM_DEFINE_VEC_PLAIN
#undef WASM_DEFINE_VEC_OWN
#undef WASM_DEFINE_TYPE
#undef WASM_DEFINE_REF_BASE
#undef WASM_DEFINE_REF
#undef WASM_DEFINE_SHARABLE_REF

}  // extern "C"