components/places/Bookmarks.jsm

/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
 * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
 * You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */

"use strict";

/**
 * This module provides an asynchronous API for managing bookmarks.
 *
 * Bookmarks are organized in a tree structure, and include URLs, folders and
 * separators.  Multiple bookmarks for the same URL are allowed.
 *
 * Note that if you are handling bookmarks operations in the UI, you should
 * not use this API directly, but rather use PlacesTransactions.jsm, so that
 * any operation is undo/redo-able.
 *
 * Each bookmark-item is represented by an object having the following
 * properties:
 *
 *  - guid (string)
 *      The globally unique identifier of the item.
 *  - parentGuid (string)
 *      The globally unique identifier of the folder containing the item.
 *      This will be an empty string for the Places root folder.
 *  - index (number)
 *      The 0-based position of the item in the parent folder.
 *  - dateAdded (Date)
 *      The time at which the item was added.
 *  - lastModified (Date)
 *      The time at which the item was last modified.
 *  - type (number)
 *      The item's type, either TYPE_BOOKMARK, TYPE_FOLDER or TYPE_SEPARATOR.
 *
 *  The following properties are only valid for URLs or folders.
 *
 *  - title (string)
 *      The item's title, if any.  Empty titles and null titles are considered
 *      the same. Titles longer than DB_TITLE_LENGTH_MAX will be truncated.
 *
 *  The following properties are only valid for URLs:
 *
 *  - url (URL, href or nsIURI)
 *      The item's URL.  Note that while input objects can contains either
 *      an URL object, an href string, or an nsIURI, output objects will always
 *      contain an URL object.
 *      An URL cannot be longer than DB_URL_LENGTH_MAX, methods will throw if a
 *      longer value is provided.
 *
 * Each successful operation notifies through the nsINavBookmarksObserver
 * interface.  To listen to such notifications you must register using
 * nsINavBookmarksService addObserver and removeObserver methods.
 * Note that bookmark addition or order changes won't notify bookmark-moved for
 * items that have their indexes changed.
 * Similarly, lastModified changes not done explicitly (like changing another
 * property) won't fire an onItemChanged notification for the lastModified
 * property.
 * @see nsINavBookmarkObserver
 */

var EXPORTED_SYMBOLS = ["Bookmarks"];

const { XPCOMUtils } = ChromeUtils.import(
  "resource://gre/modules/XPCOMUtils.jsm"
);

XPCOMUtils.defineLazyGlobalGetters(this, ["URL"]);

ChromeUtils.defineModuleGetter(
  this,
  "NetUtil",
  "resource://gre/modules/NetUtil.jsm"
);
ChromeUtils.defineModuleGetter(
  this,
  "PlacesUtils",
  "resource://gre/modules/PlacesUtils.jsm"
);
ChromeUtils.defineModuleGetter(
  this,
  "PlacesSyncUtils",
  "resource://gre/modules/PlacesSyncUtils.jsm"
);

// This is an helper to temporarily cover the need to know the tags folder
// itemId until bug 424160 is fixed.  This exists so that startup paths won't
// pay the price to initialize the bookmarks service just to fetch this value.
// If the method is already initing the bookmarks service for other reasons
// (most of the writing methods will invoke getObservers() already) it can
// directly use the PlacesUtils.tagsFolderId property.
var gTagsFolderId;
async function promiseTagsFolderId() {
  if (gTagsFolderId) {
    return gTagsFolderId;
  }
  let db = await PlacesUtils.promiseDBConnection();
  let rows = await db.execute(
    "SELECT id FROM moz_bookmarks WHERE guid = :guid",
    { guid: Bookmarks.tagsGuid }
  );
  return (gTagsFolderId = rows[0].getResultByName("id"));
}

const MATCH_ANYWHERE_UNMODIFIED =
  Ci.mozIPlacesAutoComplete.MATCH_ANYWHERE_UNMODIFIED;
const BEHAVIOR_BOOKMARK = Ci.mozIPlacesAutoComplete.BEHAVIOR_BOOKMARK;

var Bookmarks = Object.freeze({
  /**
   * Item's type constants.
   * These should stay consistent with nsINavBookmarksService.idl
   */
  TYPE_BOOKMARK: 1,
  TYPE_FOLDER: 2,
  TYPE_SEPARATOR: 3,

  /**
   * Sync status constants, stored for each item.
   */
  SYNC_STATUS: {
    UNKNOWN: Ci.nsINavBookmarksService.SYNC_STATUS_UNKNOWN,
    NEW: Ci.nsINavBookmarksService.SYNC_STATUS_NEW,
    NORMAL: Ci.nsINavBookmarksService.SYNC_STATUS_NORMAL,
  },

  /**
   * Default index used to append a bookmark-item at the end of a folder.
   * This should stay consistent with nsINavBookmarksService.idl
   */
  DEFAULT_INDEX: -1,

  /**
   * Maximum length of a tag.
   * Any tag above this length is rejected.
   */
  MAX_TAG_LENGTH: 100,

  /**
   * Bookmark change source constants, passed as optional properties and
   * forwarded to observers. See nsINavBookmarksService.idl for an explanation.
   */
  SOURCES: {
    DEFAULT: Ci.nsINavBookmarksService.SOURCE_DEFAULT,
    SYNC: Ci.nsINavBookmarksService.SOURCE_SYNC,
    IMPORT: Ci.nsINavBookmarksService.SOURCE_IMPORT,
    SYNC_REPARENT_REMOVED_FOLDER_CHILDREN:
      Ci.nsINavBookmarksService.SOURCE_SYNC_REPARENT_REMOVED_FOLDER_CHILDREN,
    RESTORE: Ci.nsINavBookmarksService.SOURCE_RESTORE,
    RESTORE_ON_STARTUP: Ci.nsINavBookmarksService.SOURCE_RESTORE_ON_STARTUP,
  },

  /**
   * Special GUIDs associated with bookmark roots.
   * It's guaranteed that the roots will always have these guids.
   */
  rootGuid: "root________",
  menuGuid: "menu________",
  toolbarGuid: "toolbar_____",
  unfiledGuid: "unfiled_____",
  mobileGuid: "mobile______",

  // With bug 424160, tags will stop being bookmarks, thus this root will
  // be removed.  Do not rely on this, rather use the tagging service API.
  tagsGuid: "tags________",

  /**
   * The GUIDs of the user content root folders that we support, for easy access
   * as a set.
   */
  userContentRoots: [
    "toolbar_____",
    "menu________",
    "unfiled_____",
    "mobile______",
  ],

  /**
   * GUIDs associated with virtual queries that are used for displaying bookmark
   * folders in the left pane.
   */
  virtualMenuGuid: "menu_______v",
  virtualToolbarGuid: "toolbar____v",
  virtualUnfiledGuid: "unfiled____v",
  virtualMobileGuid: "mobile_____v",

  /**
   * Checks if a guid is a virtual root.
   *
   * @param {String} guid The guid of the item to look for.
   * @returns {Boolean} true if guid is a virtual root, false otherwise.
   */
  isVirtualRootItem(guid) {
    return (
      guid == PlacesUtils.bookmarks.virtualMenuGuid ||
      guid == PlacesUtils.bookmarks.virtualToolbarGuid ||
      guid == PlacesUtils.bookmarks.virtualUnfiledGuid ||
      guid == PlacesUtils.bookmarks.virtualMobileGuid
    );
  },

  /**
   * Returns the title to use on the UI for a bookmark item. Root folders
   * in the database don't store fully localised versions of the title. To
   * get those this function should be called.
   *
   * Hence, this function should only be called if a root folder object is
   * likely to be displayed to the user.
   *
   * @param {Object} info An object representing a bookmark-item.
   * @returns {String} The correct string.
   * @throws {Error} If the guid in PlacesUtils.bookmarks.userContentRoots is
   *                 not supported.
   */
  getLocalizedTitle(info) {
    if (!PlacesUtils.bookmarks.userContentRoots.includes(info.guid)) {
      return info.title;
    }

    switch (info.guid) {
      case PlacesUtils.bookmarks.toolbarGuid:
        return PlacesUtils.getString("BookmarksToolbarFolderTitle");
      case PlacesUtils.bookmarks.menuGuid:
        return PlacesUtils.getString("BookmarksMenuFolderTitle");
      case PlacesUtils.bookmarks.unfiledGuid:
        return PlacesUtils.getString("OtherBookmarksFolderTitle");
      case PlacesUtils.bookmarks.mobileGuid:
        return PlacesUtils.getString("MobileBookmarksFolderTitle");
      default:
        throw new Error(
          `Unsupported guid ${info.guid} passed to getLocalizedTitle!`
        );
    }
  },

  /**
   * Inserts a bookmark-item into the bookmarks tree.
   *
   * For creating a bookmark, the following set of properties is required:
   *  - type
   *  - parentGuid
   *  - url, only for bookmarked URLs
   *
   * If an index is not specified, it defaults to appending.
   * It's also possible to pass a non-existent GUID to force creation of an
   * item with the given GUID, but unless you have a very sound reason, such as
   * an undo manager implementation or synchronization, don't do that.
   *
   * Note that any known properties that don't apply to the specific item type
   * cause an exception.
   *
   * @param info
   *        object representing a bookmark-item.
   *
   * @return {Promise} resolved when the creation is complete.
   * @resolves to an object representing the created bookmark.
   * @rejects if it's not possible to create the requested bookmark.
   * @throws if the arguments are invalid.
   */
  insert(info) {
    let now = new Date();
    let addedTime = (info && info.dateAdded) || now;
    let modTime = addedTime;
    if (addedTime > now) {
      modTime = now;
    }
    let insertInfo = validateBookmarkObject("Bookmarks.jsm: insert", info, {
      type: { defaultValue: this.TYPE_BOOKMARK },
      index: { defaultValue: this.DEFAULT_INDEX },
      url: {
        requiredIf: b => b.type == this.TYPE_BOOKMARK,
        validIf: b => b.type == this.TYPE_BOOKMARK,
      },
      parentGuid: {
        required: true,
        // Inserting into the root folder is not allowed.
        validIf: b => b.parentGuid != this.rootGuid,
      },
      title: {
        defaultValue: "",
        validIf: b =>
          b.type == this.TYPE_BOOKMARK ||
          b.type == this.TYPE_FOLDER ||
          b.title === "",
      },
      dateAdded: { defaultValue: addedTime },
      lastModified: {
        defaultValue: modTime,
        validIf: b =>
          b.lastModified >= now ||
          (b.dateAdded && b.lastModified >= b.dateAdded),
      },
      source: { defaultValue: this.SOURCES.DEFAULT },
    });

    return (async () => {
      // Ensure the parent exists.
      let parent = await fetchBookmark({ guid: insertInfo.parentGuid });
      if (!parent) {
        throw new Error("parentGuid must be valid");
      }

      // Set index in the appending case.
      if (
        insertInfo.index == this.DEFAULT_INDEX ||
        insertInfo.index > parent._childCount
      ) {
        insertInfo.index = parent._childCount;
      }

      let item = await insertBookmark(insertInfo, parent);

      // We need the itemId to notify, though once the switch to guids is
      // complete we may stop using it.
      let itemId = await PlacesUtils.promiseItemId(item.guid);

      // Pass tagging information for the observers to skip over these notifications when needed.
      let isTagging = parent._parentId == PlacesUtils.tagsFolderId;
      let isTagsFolder = parent._id == PlacesUtils.tagsFolderId;
      let url = "";
      if (item.type == Bookmarks.TYPE_BOOKMARK) {
        url = item.url.href;
      }

      const notifications = [
        new PlacesBookmarkAddition({
          id: itemId,
          url,
          itemType: item.type,
          parentId: parent._id,
          index: item.index,
          title: item.title,
          dateAdded: item.dateAdded,
          guid: item.guid,
          parentGuid: item.parentGuid,
          source: item.source,
          isTagging: isTagging || isTagsFolder,
        }),
      ];

      // If it's a tag, notify bookmark-tags-changed event to all bookmarks for this URL.
      if (isTagging) {
        const tags = PlacesUtils.tagging.getTagsForURI(NetUtil.newURI(url));

        for (let entry of await fetchBookmarksByURL(item, {
          concurrent: true,
        })) {
          notifications.push(
            new PlacesBookmarkTags({
              id: entry._id,
              itemType: entry.type,
              url,
              guid: entry.guid,
              parentGuid: entry.parentGuid,
              tags,
              lastModified: entry.lastModified,
              source: item.source,
              isTagging: false,
            })
          );
        }
      }

      PlacesObservers.notifyListeners(notifications);

      // Remove non-enumerable properties.
      delete item.source;
      return Object.assign({}, item);
    })();
  },

  /**
   * Inserts a bookmark-tree into the existing bookmarks tree.
   *
   * All the specified folders and bookmarks will be inserted as new, even
   * if duplicates. There's no merge support at this time.
   *
   * The input should be of the form:
   * {
   *   guid: "<some-existing-guid-to-use-as-parent>",
   *   source: "<some valid source>", (optional)
   *   children: [
   *     ... valid bookmark objects.
   *   ]
   * }
   *
   * Children will be appended to any existing children of the parent
   * that is specified. The source specified on the root of the tree
   * will be used for all the items inserted. Any indices or custom parentGuids
   * set on children will be ignored and overwritten.
   *
   * @param {Object} tree
   *        object representing a tree of bookmark items to insert.
   * @param {Object} options [optional]
   *        object with properties representing options.  Current options are:
   *         - fixupOrSkipInvalidEntries: makes the insert more lenient to
   *           mistakes in the input tree.  Properties of an entry that are
   *           fixable will be corrected, otherwise the entry will be skipped.
   *           This is particularly convenient for import/restore operations,
   *           but should not be abused for common inserts, since it may hide
   *           bugs in the calling code.
   *
   * @return {Promise} resolved when the creation is complete.
   * @resolves to an array of objects representing the created bookmark(s).
   * @rejects if it's not possible to create the requested bookmark.
   * @throws if the arguments are invalid.
   */
  insertTree(tree, options) {
    if (!tree || typeof tree != "object") {
      throw new Error("Should be provided a valid tree object.");
    }
    if (!Array.isArray(tree.children) || !tree.children.length) {
      throw new Error("Should have a non-zero number of children to insert.");
    }
    if (!PlacesUtils.isValidGuid(tree.guid)) {
      throw new Error(
        `The parent guid is not valid (${tree.guid} ${tree.title}).`
      );
    }
    if (tree.guid == this.rootGuid) {
      throw new Error("Can't insert into the root.");
    }
    if (tree.guid == this.tagsGuid) {
      throw new Error("Can't use insertTree to insert tags.");
    }
    if (
      tree.hasOwnProperty("source") &&
      !Object.values(this.SOURCES).includes(tree.source)
    ) {
      throw new Error("Can't use source value " + tree.source);
    }
    if (options && typeof options != "object") {
      throw new Error("Options should be a valid object");
    }
    let fixupOrSkipInvalidEntries =
      options && !!options.fixupOrSkipInvalidEntries;

    // Serialize the tree into an array of items to insert into the db.
    let insertInfos = [];
    let urlsThatMightNeedPlaces = [];

    // We want to use the same 'last added' time for all the entries
    // we import (so they won't differ by a few ms based on where
    // they are in the tree, and so we don't needlessly construct
    // multiple dates).
    let fallbackLastAdded = new Date();

    const { TYPE_BOOKMARK, TYPE_FOLDER, SOURCES } = this;

    // Reuse the 'source' property for all the entries.
    let source = tree.source || SOURCES.DEFAULT;

    // This is recursive.
    function appendInsertionInfoForInfoArray(infos, indexToUse, parentGuid) {
      // We want to keep the index of items that will be inserted into the root
      // NULL, and then use a subquery to select the right index, to avoid
      // races where other consumers might add items between when we determine
      // the index and when we insert. However, the validator does not allow
      // NULL values in in the index, so we fake it while validating and then
      // correct later. Keep track of whether we're doing this:
      let shouldUseNullIndices = false;
      if (indexToUse === null) {
        shouldUseNullIndices = true;
        indexToUse = 0;
      }

      // When a folder gets an item added, its last modified date is updated
      // to be equal to the date we added the item (if that date is newer).
      // Because we're inserting a tree, we keep track of this date for the
      // loop, updating it for inserted items as well as from any subfolders
      // we insert.
      let lastAddedForParent = new Date(0);
      for (let info of infos) {
        // Ensure to use the same date for dateAdded and lastModified, even if
        // dateAdded may be imposed by the caller.
        let time = (info && info.dateAdded) || fallbackLastAdded;
        let insertInfo = {
          guid: { defaultValue: PlacesUtils.history.makeGuid() },
          type: { defaultValue: TYPE_BOOKMARK },
          url: {
            requiredIf: b => b.type == TYPE_BOOKMARK,
            validIf: b => b.type == TYPE_BOOKMARK,
          },
          parentGuid: { replaceWith: parentGuid }, // Set the correct parent guid.
          title: {
            defaultValue: "",
            validIf: b =>
              b.type == TYPE_BOOKMARK ||
              b.type == TYPE_FOLDER ||
              b.title === "",
          },
          dateAdded: {
            defaultValue: time,
            validIf: b => !b.lastModified || b.dateAdded <= b.lastModified,
          },
          lastModified: {
            defaultValue: time,
            validIf: b =>
              (!b.dateAdded && b.lastModified >= time) ||
              (b.dateAdded && b.lastModified >= b.dateAdded),
          },
          index: { replaceWith: indexToUse++ },
          source: { replaceWith: source },
          keyword: { validIf: b => b.type == TYPE_BOOKMARK },
          charset: { validIf: b => b.type == TYPE_BOOKMARK },
          postData: { validIf: b => b.type == TYPE_BOOKMARK },
          tags: { validIf: b => b.type == TYPE_BOOKMARK },
          children: {
            validIf: b => b.type == TYPE_FOLDER && Array.isArray(b.children),
          },
        };
        if (fixupOrSkipInvalidEntries) {
          insertInfo.guid.fixup = b =>
            (b.guid = PlacesUtils.history.makeGuid());
          insertInfo.dateAdded.fixup = insertInfo.lastModified.fixup = b =>
            (b.lastModified = b.dateAdded = fallbackLastAdded);
        }
        try {
          insertInfo = validateBookmarkObject(
            "Bookmarks.jsm: insertTree",
            info,
            insertInfo
          );
        } catch (ex) {
          if (fixupOrSkipInvalidEntries) {
            indexToUse--;
            continue;
          } else {
            throw ex;
          }
        }

        if (shouldUseNullIndices) {
          insertInfo.index = null;
        }
        // Store the URL if this is a bookmark, so we can ensure we create an
        // entry in moz_places for it.
        if (insertInfo.type == Bookmarks.TYPE_BOOKMARK) {
          urlsThatMightNeedPlaces.push(insertInfo.url);
        }

        insertInfos.push(insertInfo);
        // Process any children. We have to use info.children here rather than
        // insertInfo.children because validateBookmarkObject doesn't copy over
        // the children ref, as the default bookmark validators object doesn't
        // know about children.
        if (info.children) {
          // start children of this item off at index 0.
          let childrenLastAdded = appendInsertionInfoForInfoArray(
            info.children,
            0,
            insertInfo.guid
          );
          if (childrenLastAdded > insertInfo.lastModified) {
            insertInfo.lastModified = childrenLastAdded;
          }
          if (childrenLastAdded > lastAddedForParent) {
            lastAddedForParent = childrenLastAdded;
          }
        }

        // Ensure we track what time to update the parent to.
        if (insertInfo.dateAdded > lastAddedForParent) {
          lastAddedForParent = insertInfo.dateAdded;
        }
      }
      return lastAddedForParent;
    }

    // We want to validate synchronously, but we can't know the index at which
    // we're inserting into the parent. We just use NULL instead,
    // and the SQL query with which we insert will update it as necessary.
    let lastAddedForParent = appendInsertionInfoForInfoArray(
      tree.children,
      null,
      tree.guid
    );

    // appendInsertionInfoForInfoArray will remove invalid items and may leave
    // us with nothing to insert, if so, just return early.
    if (!insertInfos.length) {
      return [];
    }

    return (async function() {
      let treeParent = await fetchBookmark({ guid: tree.guid });
      if (!treeParent) {
        throw new Error("The parent you specified doesn't exist.");
      }

      if (treeParent._parentId == PlacesUtils.tagsFolderId) {
        throw new Error("Can't use insertTree to insert tags.");
      }

      await insertBookmarkTree(
        insertInfos,
        source,
        treeParent,
        urlsThatMightNeedPlaces,
        lastAddedForParent
      );

      // Now update the indices of root items in the objects we return.
      // These may be wrong if someone else modified the table between
      // when we fetched the parent and inserted our items, but the actual
      // inserts will have been correct, and we don't want to query the DB
      // again if we don't have to. bug 1347230 covers improving this.
      let rootIndex = treeParent._childCount;
      for (let insertInfo of insertInfos) {
        if (insertInfo.parentGuid == tree.guid) {
          insertInfo.index += rootIndex++;
        }
      }
      // We need the itemIds to notify, though once the switch to guids is
      // complete we may stop using them.
      let itemIdMap = await PlacesUtils.promiseManyItemIds(
        insertInfos.map(info => info.guid)
      );

      let notifications = [];
      for (let i = 0; i < insertInfos.length; i++) {
        let item = insertInfos[i];
        let itemId = itemIdMap.get(item.guid);
        // For sub-folders, we need to make sure their children have the correct parent ids.
        let parentId;
        if (item.parentGuid === treeParent.guid) {
          // This is a direct child of the tree parent, so we can use the
          // existing parent's id.
          parentId = treeParent._id;
        } else {
          // This is a parent folder that's been updated, so we need to
          // use the new item id.
          parentId = itemIdMap.get(item.parentGuid);
        }

        let url = "";
        if (item.type == Bookmarks.TYPE_BOOKMARK) {
          url = item.url instanceof URL ? item.url.href : item.url;
        }

        notifications.push(
          new PlacesBookmarkAddition({
            id: itemId,
            url,
            itemType: item.type,
            parentId,
            index: item.index,
            title: item.title,
            dateAdded: item.dateAdded,
            guid: item.guid,
            parentGuid: item.parentGuid,
            source: item.source,
            isTagging: false,
          })
        );

        try {
          await handleBookmarkItemSpecialData(itemId, item);
        } catch (ex) {
          // This is not critical, regardless the bookmark has been created
          // and we should continue notifying the next ones.
          Cu.reportError(
            `An error occured while handling special bookmark data: ${ex}`
          );
        }

        // Remove non-enumerable properties.
        delete item.source;

        insertInfos[i] = Object.assign({}, item);
      }

      if (notifications.length) {
        PlacesObservers.notifyListeners(notifications);
      }

      return insertInfos;
    })();
  },

  /**
   * Updates a bookmark-item.
   *
   * Only set the properties which should be changed (undefined properties
   * won't be taken into account).
   * Moreover, the item's type or dateAdded cannot be changed, since they are
   * immutable after creation.  Trying to change them will reject.
   *
   * Note that any known properties that don't apply to the specific item type
   * cause an exception.
   *
   * @param info
   *        object representing a bookmark-item, as defined above.
   *
   * @return {Promise} resolved when the update is complete.
   * @resolves to an object representing the updated bookmark.
   * @rejects if it's not possible to update the given bookmark.
   * @throws if the arguments are invalid.
   */
  update(info) {
    // The info object is first validated here to ensure it's consistent, then
    // it's compared to the existing item to remove any properties that don't
    // need to be updated.
    let updateInfo = validateBookmarkObject("Bookmarks.jsm: update", info, {
      guid: { required: true },
      index: {
        requiredIf: b => b.hasOwnProperty("parentGuid"),
        validIf: b => b.index >= 0 || b.index == this.DEFAULT_INDEX,
      },
      parentGuid: { validIf: b => b.parentGuid != this.rootGuid },
      source: { defaultValue: this.SOURCES.DEFAULT },
    });

    // There should be at last one more property in addition to guid and source.
    if (Object.keys(updateInfo).length < 3) {
      throw new Error("Not enough properties to update");
    }

    return (async () => {
      // Ensure the item exists.
      let item = await fetchBookmark(updateInfo);
      if (!item) {
        throw new Error("No bookmarks found for the provided GUID");
      }
      if (updateInfo.hasOwnProperty("type") && updateInfo.type != item.type) {
        throw new Error("The bookmark type cannot be changed");
      }

      // Remove any property that will stay the same.
      removeSameValueProperties(updateInfo, item);
      // Check if anything should still be updated.
      if (Object.keys(updateInfo).length < 3) {
        // Remove non-enumerable properties.
        return Object.assign({}, item);
      }
      const now = new Date();
      let lastModifiedDefault = now;
      // In the case where `dateAdded` is specified, but `lastModified` is not,
      // we only update `lastModified` if it is older than the new `dateAdded`.
      if (!("lastModified" in updateInfo) && "dateAdded" in updateInfo) {
        lastModifiedDefault = new Date(
          Math.max(item.lastModified, updateInfo.dateAdded)
        );
      }
      updateInfo = validateBookmarkObject("Bookmarks.jsm: update", updateInfo, {
        url: { validIf: () => item.type == this.TYPE_BOOKMARK },
        title: {
          validIf: () =>
            [this.TYPE_BOOKMARK, this.TYPE_FOLDER].includes(item.type),
        },
        lastModified: {
          defaultValue: lastModifiedDefault,
          validIf: b =>
            b.lastModified >= now ||
            b.lastModified >= (b.dateAdded || item.dateAdded),
        },
        dateAdded: { defaultValue: item.dateAdded },
      });

      return PlacesUtils.withConnectionWrapper(
        "Bookmarks.jsm: update",
        async db => {
          let parent;
          if (updateInfo.hasOwnProperty("parentGuid")) {
            if (PlacesUtils.isRootItem(item.guid)) {
              throw new Error("It's not possible to move Places root folders.");
            }
            if (item.type == this.TYPE_FOLDER) {
              // Make sure we are not moving a folder into itself or one of its
              // descendants.
              let rows = await db.executeCached(
                `WITH RECURSIVE
               descendants(did) AS (
                 VALUES(:id)
                 UNION ALL
                 SELECT id FROM moz_bookmarks
                 JOIN descendants ON parent = did
                 WHERE type = :type
               )
               SELECT guid FROM moz_bookmarks
               WHERE id IN descendants
              `,
                { id: item._id, type: this.TYPE_FOLDER }
              );
              if (
                rows
                  .map(r => r.getResultByName("guid"))
                  .includes(updateInfo.parentGuid)
              ) {
                throw new Error(
                  "Cannot insert a folder into itself or one of its descendants"
                );
              }
            }

            parent = await fetchBookmark({ guid: updateInfo.parentGuid });
            if (!parent) {
              throw new Error("No bookmarks found for the provided parentGuid");
            }
          }

          if (updateInfo.hasOwnProperty("index")) {
            if (PlacesUtils.isRootItem(item.guid)) {
              throw new Error("It's not possible to move Places root folders.");
            }
            // If at this point we don't have a parent yet, we are moving into
            // the same container.  Thus we know it exists.
            if (!parent) {
              parent = await fetchBookmark({ guid: item.parentGuid });
            }

            if (
              updateInfo.index >= parent._childCount ||
              updateInfo.index == this.DEFAULT_INDEX
            ) {
              updateInfo.index = parent._childCount;

              // Fix the index when moving within the same container.
              if (parent.guid == item.parentGuid) {
                updateInfo.index--;
              }
            }
          }

          let syncChangeDelta = PlacesSyncUtils.bookmarks.determineSyncChangeDelta(
            info.source
          );

          let updatedItem = await db.executeTransaction(async function() {
            let updatedItem = await updateBookmark(
              db,
              updateInfo,
              item,
              item.index,
              parent,
              syncChangeDelta
            );
            if (parent) {
              await setAncestorsLastModified(
                db,
                parent.guid,
                updatedItem.lastModified,
                syncChangeDelta
              );
            }
            return updatedItem;
          });

          if (
            item.type == this.TYPE_BOOKMARK &&
            item.url.href != updatedItem.url.href
          ) {
            // ...though we don't wait for the calculation.
            updateFrecency(db, [item.url, updatedItem.url]).catch(
              Cu.reportError
            );
          }

          const notifications = [];

          // For lastModified, we only care about the original input, since we
          // should not notify implicit lastModified changes.
          if (
            (info.hasOwnProperty("lastModified") &&
              updateInfo.hasOwnProperty("lastModified") &&
              item.lastModified != updatedItem.lastModified) ||
            (info.hasOwnProperty("dateAdded") &&
              updateInfo.hasOwnProperty("dateAdded") &&
              item.dateAdded != updatedItem.dateAdded)
          ) {
            let isTagging = updatedItem.parentGuid == Bookmarks.tagsGuid;
            if (!isTagging) {
              if (!parent) {
                parent = await fetchBookmark({ guid: updatedItem.parentGuid });
              }
              isTagging = parent.parentGuid === Bookmarks.tagsGuid;
            }

            notifications.push(
              new PlacesBookmarkTime({
                id: updatedItem._id,
                itemType: updatedItem.type,
                url: updatedItem.url?.href,
                guid: updatedItem.guid,
                parentGuid: updatedItem.parentGuid,
                dateAdded: updatedItem.dateAdded,
                lastModified: updatedItem.lastModified,
                source: updatedItem.source,
                isTagging,
              })
            );
          }

          if (updateInfo.hasOwnProperty("title")) {
            let isTagging = updatedItem.parentGuid == Bookmarks.tagsGuid;
            if (!isTagging) {
              if (!parent) {
                parent = await fetchBookmark({ guid: updatedItem.parentGuid });
              }
              isTagging = parent.parentGuid === Bookmarks.tagsGuid;
            }

            notifications.push(
              new PlacesBookmarkTitle({
                id: updatedItem._id,
                itemType: updatedItem.type,
                url: updatedItem.url?.href,
                guid: updatedItem.guid,
                parentGuid: updatedItem.parentGuid,
                title: updatedItem.title,
                lastModified: updatedItem.lastModified,
                source: updatedItem.source,
                isTagging,
              })
            );

            // If we're updating a tag, we must notify all the tagged bookmarks
            // about the change.
            if (isTagging) {
              for (let entry of await fetchBookmarksByTags(
                { tags: [updatedItem.title] },
                { concurrent: true }
              )) {
                const tags = PlacesUtils.tagging.getTagsForURI(
                  NetUtil.newURI(entry.url)
                );
                notifications.push(
                  new PlacesBookmarkTags({
                    id: entry._id,
                    itemType: entry.type,
                    url: entry.url,
                    guid: entry.guid,
                    parentGuid: entry.parentGuid,
                    tags,
                    lastModified: entry.lastModified,
                    source: updatedItem.source,
                    isTagging: false,
                  })
                );
              }
            }
          }
          if (updateInfo.hasOwnProperty("url")) {
            await PlacesUtils.keywords.reassign(
              item.url,
              updatedItem.url,
              updatedItem.source
            );

            let isTagging = updatedItem.parentGuid == Bookmarks.tagsGuid;
            if (!isTagging) {
              if (!parent) {
                parent = await fetchBookmark({ guid: updatedItem.parentGuid });
              }
              isTagging = parent.parentGuid === Bookmarks.tagsGuid;
            }

            notifications.push(
              new PlacesBookmarkUrl({
                id: updatedItem._id,
                itemType: updatedItem.type,
                url: updatedItem.url.href,
                guid: updatedItem.guid,
                parentGuid: updatedItem.parentGuid,
                source: updatedItem.source,
                isTagging,
                lastModified: updatedItem.lastModified,
              })
            );
          }
          // If the item was moved, notify bookmark-moved.
          if (
            item.parentGuid != updatedItem.parentGuid ||
            item.index != updatedItem.index
          ) {
            notifications.push(
              new PlacesBookmarkMoved({
                id: updatedItem._id,
                itemType: updatedItem.type,
                url: updatedItem.url && updatedItem.url.href,
                guid: updatedItem.guid,
                parentGuid: updatedItem.parentGuid,
                source: updatedItem.source,
                index: updatedItem.index,
                oldParentGuid: item.parentGuid,
                oldIndex: item.index,
                isTagging:
                  updatedItem.parentGuid === Bookmarks.tagsGuid ||
                  parent.parentGuid === Bookmarks.tagsGuid,
              })
            );
          }

          if (notifications.length) {
            PlacesObservers.notifyListeners(notifications);
          }

          // Remove non-enumerable properties.
          delete updatedItem.source;
          return Object.assign({}, updatedItem);
        }
      );
    })();
  },

  /**
   * Moves multiple bookmark-items to a specific folder.
   *
   * If you are only updating/moving a single bookmark, use update() instead.
   *
   * @param {Array} guids
   *        An array of GUIDs representing the bookmarks to move.
   * @param {String} parentGuid
   *        Optional, the parent GUID to move the bookmarks to.
   * @param {Integer} index
   *        The index to move the bookmarks to. If this is -1, the bookmarks
   *        will be appended to the folder.
   * @param {Integer} source
   *        One of the Bookmarks.SOURCES.* options, representing the source of
   *        this change.
   *
   * @return {Promise} resolved when the move is complete.
   * @resolves to an array of objects representing the moved bookmarks.
   * @rejects if it's not possible to move the given bookmark(s).
   * @throws if the arguments are invalid.
   */
  moveToFolder(guids, parentGuid, index, source) {
    if (!Array.isArray(guids) || guids.length < 1) {
      throw new Error("guids should be an array of at least one item");
    }
    if (!guids.every(guid => PlacesUtils.isValidGuid(guid))) {
      throw new Error("Expected only valid GUIDs to be passed.");
    }
    if (parentGuid && !PlacesUtils.isValidGuid(parentGuid)) {
      throw new Error("parentGuid should be a valid GUID");
    }
    if (parentGuid == PlacesUtils.bookmarks.rootGuid) {
      throw new Error("Cannot move bookmarks into root.");
    }
    if (typeof index != "number" || index < this.DEFAULT_INDEX) {
      throw new Error(
        `index should be a number greater than ${this.DEFAULT_INDEX}`
      );
    }

    if (!source) {
      source = this.SOURCES.DEFAULT;
    }

    return (async () => {
      let updateInfos = [];
      let syncChangeDelta = PlacesSyncUtils.bookmarks.determineSyncChangeDelta(
        source
      );

      await PlacesUtils.withConnectionWrapper(
        "Bookmarks.jsm: moveToFolder",
        async db => {
          const lastModified = new Date();

          let targetParentGuid = parentGuid || undefined;

          for (let guid of guids) {
            // Ensure the item exists.
            let existingItem = await fetchBookmark({ guid }, { db });
            if (!existingItem) {
              throw new Error("No bookmarks found for the provided GUID");
            }

            if (parentGuid) {
              // We're moving to a different folder.
              if (existingItem.type == this.TYPE_FOLDER) {
                // Make sure we are not moving a folder into itself or one of its
                // descendants.
                let rows = await db.executeCached(
                  `WITH RECURSIVE
                 descendants(did) AS (
                   VALUES(:id)
                   UNION ALL
                   SELECT id FROM moz_bookmarks
                   JOIN descendants ON parent = did
                   WHERE type = :type
                 )
                 SELECT guid FROM moz_bookmarks
                 WHERE id IN descendants
                `,
                  { id: existingItem._id, type: this.TYPE_FOLDER }
                );
                if (
                  rows.map(r => r.getResultByName("guid")).includes(parentGuid)
                ) {
                  throw new Error(
                    "Cannot insert a folder into itself or one of its descendants"
                  );
                }
              }
            } else if (!targetParentGuid) {
              targetParentGuid = existingItem.parentGuid;
            } else if (existingItem.parentGuid != targetParentGuid) {
              throw new Error(
                "All bookmarks should be in the same folder if no parent is specified"
              );
            }

            updateInfos.push({ existingItem, currIndex: existingItem.index });
          }

          let newParent = await fetchBookmark(
            { guid: targetParentGuid },
            { db }
          );

          if (newParent._grandParentId == PlacesUtils.tagsFolderId) {
            throw new Error("Can't move to a tags folder");
          }

          let newParentChildCount = newParent._childCount;

          await db.executeTransaction(async () => {
            // Now that we have all the existing items, we can do the actual updates.
            for (let i = 0; i < updateInfos.length; i++) {
              let info = updateInfos[i];
              if (index != this.DEFAULT_INDEX) {
                // If we're dropping on the same folder, then we may need to adjust
                // the index to insert at the correct place.
                if (info.existingItem.parentGuid == newParent.guid) {
                  if (index > info.existingItem.index) {
                    // If we're dragging down, we need to go one lower to insert at
                    // the real point as moving the element changes the index of
                    // everything below by 1.
                    index--;
                  } else if (index == info.existingItem.index) {
                    // This isn't moving so we skip it, but copy the data so we have
                    // an easy way for the notifications to check.
                    info.updatedItem = { ...info.existingItem };
                    continue;
                  }
                }
              }

              // Never let the index go higher than the max count of the folder.
              if (index == this.DEFAULT_INDEX || index >= newParentChildCount) {
                index = newParentChildCount;

                // If this is moving within the same folder, then we need to drop the
                // index by one to compensate for "removing" it, then re-inserting.
                if (info.existingItem.parentGuid == newParent.guid) {
                  index--;
                }
              }

              info.updatedItem = await updateBookmark(
                db,
                { lastModified, index },
                info.existingItem,
                info.currIndex,
                newParent,
                syncChangeDelta
              );
              info.newParent = newParent;

              // For items moving within the same folder, we have to keep track
              // of their indexes. Otherwise we run the risk of not correctly
              // updating the indexes of other items in the folder.
              // This section simulates the database write in moveBookmark, which
              // allows us to avoid re-reading the database.
              if (info.existingItem.parentGuid == newParent.guid) {
                let sign = index < info.currIndex ? 1 : -1;
                for (let j = 0; j < updateInfos.length; j++) {
                  if (j == i) {
                    continue;
                  }
                  if (
                    updateInfos[j].currIndex >=
                      Math.min(info.currIndex, index) &&
                    updateInfos[j].currIndex <= Math.max(info.currIndex, index)
                  ) {
                    updateInfos[j].currIndex += sign;
                  }
                }
              }
              info.currIndex = index;

              // We only bump the parent count if we're moving from a different folder.
              if (info.existingItem.parentGuid != newParent.guid) {
                newParentChildCount++;
              }
              index++;
            }

            await setAncestorsLastModified(
              db,
              newParent.guid,
              lastModified,
              syncChangeDelta
            );
          });
        }
      );

      const notifications = [];

      // Updates complete, time to notify everyone.
      for (let { updatedItem, existingItem, newParent } of updateInfos) {
        // If the item was moved, notify bookmark-moved.
        // We use the updatedItem.index here, rather than currIndex, as the views
        // need to know where we inserted the item as opposed to where it ended
        // up.
        if (
          existingItem.parentGuid != updatedItem.parentGuid ||
          existingItem.index != updatedItem.index
        ) {
          notifications.push(
            new PlacesBookmarkMoved({
              id: updatedItem._id,
              itemType: updatedItem.type,
              url: existingItem.url,
              guid: updatedItem.guid,
              parentGuid: updatedItem.parentGuid,
              source,
              index: updatedItem.index,
              oldParentGuid: existingItem.parentGuid,
              oldIndex: existingItem.index,
              isTagging:
                updatedItem.parentGuid === Bookmarks.tagsGuid ||
                newParent.parentGuid === Bookmarks.tagsGuid,
            })
          );
        }
        // Remove non-enumerable properties.
        delete updatedItem.source;
      }

      if (notifications.length) {
        PlacesObservers.notifyListeners(notifications);
      }

      return updateInfos.map(updateInfo =>
        Object.assign({}, updateInfo.updatedItem)
      );
    })();
  },

  /**
   * Removes one or more bookmark-items.
   *
   * @param guidOrInfo This may be:
   *        - The globally unique identifier of the item to remove
   *        - an object representing the item, as defined above
   *        - an array of objects representing the items to be removed
   * @param {Object} [options={}]
   *        Additional options that can be passed to the function.
   *        Currently supports the following properties:
   *         - preventRemovalOfNonEmptyFolders: Causes an exception to be
   *           thrown when attempting to remove a folder that is not empty.
   *         - source: The change source, forwarded to all bookmark observers.
   *           Defaults to nsINavBookmarksService::SOURCE_DEFAULT.
   *
   * @return {Promise}
   * @resolves when the removal is complete
   * @rejects if the provided guid doesn't match any existing bookmark.
   * @throws if the arguments are invalid.
   */
  remove(guidOrInfo, options = {}) {
    let infos = guidOrInfo;
    if (!infos) {
      throw new Error("Input should be a valid object");
    }
    if (!Array.isArray(guidOrInfo)) {
      if (typeof guidOrInfo != "object") {
        infos = [{ guid: guidOrInfo }];
      } else {
        infos = [guidOrInfo];
      }
    }

    if (!("source" in options)) {
      options.source = Bookmarks.SOURCES.DEFAULT;
    }

    let removeInfos = [];
    for (let info of infos) {
      // Disallow removing the root folders.
      if (
        [
          Bookmarks.rootGuid,
          Bookmarks.menuGuid,
          Bookmarks.toolbarGuid,
          Bookmarks.unfiledGuid,
          Bookmarks.tagsGuid,
          Bookmarks.mobileGuid,
        ].includes(info.guid)
      ) {
        throw new Error("It's not possible to remove Places root folders.");
      }

      // Even if we ignore any other unneeded property, we still validate any
      // known property to reduce likelihood of hidden bugs.
      let removeInfo = validateBookmarkObject("Bookmarks.jsm: remove", info);
      removeInfos.push(removeInfo);
    }

    return (async function() {
      let removeItems = [];
      for (let info of removeInfos) {
        // We must be able to remove a bookmark even if it has an invalid url.
        // In that case the item won't have a url property.
        let item = await fetchBookmark(info, { ignoreInvalidURLs: true });
        if (!item) {
          throw new Error("No bookmarks found for the provided GUID.");
        }

        removeItems.push(item);
      }

      await removeBookmarks(removeItems, options);

      // Notify bookmark-removed to listeners.
      let notifications = [];

      for (let item of removeItems) {
        let isUntagging = item._grandParentId == PlacesUtils.tagsFolderId;
        let url = "";
        if (item.type == Bookmarks.TYPE_BOOKMARK) {
          url = item.hasOwnProperty("url") ? item.url.href : null;
        }

        notifications.push(
          new PlacesBookmarkRemoved({
            id: item._id,
            url,
            itemType: item.type,
            parentId: item._parentId,
            index: item.index,
            guid: item.guid,
            parentGuid: item.parentGuid,
            source: options.source,
            isTagging: isUntagging,
            isDescendantRemoval: false,
          })
        );

        if (isUntagging) {
          const tags = PlacesUtils.tagging.getTagsForURI(NetUtil.newURI(url));
          for (let entry of await fetchBookmarksByURL(item, {
            concurrent: true,
          })) {
            notifications.push(
              new PlacesBookmarkTags({
                id: entry._id,
                itemType: entry.type,
                url,
                guid: entry.guid,
                parentGuid: entry.parentGuid,
                tags,
                lastModified: entry.lastModified,
                source: options.source,
                isTagging: false,
              })
            );
          }
        }
      }

      PlacesObservers.notifyListeners(notifications);
    })();
  },

  /**
   * Removes ALL bookmarks, resetting the bookmarks storage to an empty tree.
   *
   * Note that roots are preserved, only their children will be removed.
   *
   * @param {Object} [options={}]
   *        Additional options. Currently supports the following properties:
   *         - source: The change source, forwarded to all bookmark observers.
   *           Defaults to nsINavBookmarksService::SOURCE_DEFAULT.
   *
   * @return {Promise} resolved when the removal is complete.
   * @resolves once the removal is complete.
   */
  eraseEverything(options = {}) {
    if (!options.source) {
      options.source = Bookmarks.SOURCES.DEFAULT;
    }

    return PlacesUtils.withConnectionWrapper(
      "Bookmarks.jsm: eraseEverything",
      async function(db) {
        let urls;

        await db.executeTransaction(async function() {
          urls = await removeFoldersContents(
            db,
            Bookmarks.userContentRoots,
            options
          );
          const time = PlacesUtils.toPRTime(new Date());
          const syncChangeDelta = PlacesSyncUtils.bookmarks.determineSyncChangeDelta(
            options.source
          );
          for (let folderGuid of Bookmarks.userContentRoots) {
            await db.executeCached(
              `UPDATE moz_bookmarks SET lastModified = :time,
                                        syncChangeCounter = syncChangeCounter + :syncChangeDelta
               WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM moz_bookmarks WHERE guid = :folderGuid )
              `,
              { folderGuid, time, syncChangeDelta }
            );
          }

          await PlacesSyncUtils.bookmarks.resetSyncMetadata(db, options.source);
        });

        // We don't wait for the frecency calculation.
        if (urls && urls.length) {
          await PlacesUtils.keywords.eraseEverything();
          updateFrecency(db, urls).catch(Cu.reportError);
        }
      }
    );
  },

  /**
   * Returns a list of recently bookmarked items.
   * Only includes actual bookmarks. Excludes folders, separators and queries.
   *
   * @param {integer} numberOfItems
   *        The maximum number of bookmark items to return.
   *
   * @return {Promise} resolved when the listing is complete.
   * @resolves to an array of recent bookmark-items.
   * @rejects if an error happens while querying.
   */
  getRecent(numberOfItems) {
    if (numberOfItems === undefined) {
      throw new Error("numberOfItems argument is required");
    }
    if (!typeof numberOfItems === "number" || numberOfItems % 1 !== 0) {
      throw new Error("numberOfItems argument must be an integer");
    }
    if (numberOfItems <= 0) {
      throw new Error("numberOfItems argument must be greater than zero");
    }

    return fetchRecentBookmarks(numberOfItems);
  },

  /**
   * Fetches information about a bookmark-item.
   *
   * REMARK: any successful call to this method resolves to a single
   *         bookmark-item (or null), even when multiple bookmarks may exist
   *         (e.g. fetching by url).  If you wish to retrieve all of the
   *         bookmarks for a given match, use the callback instead.
   *
   * Input can be either a guid or an object with one, and only one, of these
   * filtering properties set:
   *  - guid
   *      retrieves the item with the specified guid.
   *  - parentGuid and index
   *      retrieves the item by its position.
   *  - url
   *      retrieves the most recent bookmark having the given URL.
   *      To retrieve ALL of the bookmarks for that URL, you must pass in an
   *      onResult callback, that will be invoked once for each found bookmark.
   *  - guidPrefix
   *      retrieves the most recent item with the specified guid prefix.
   *      To retrieve ALL of the bookmarks for that guid prefix, you must pass
   *      in an onResult callback, that will be invoked once for each bookmark.
   *  - tags
   *      Retrieves the most recent item with all the specified tags.
   *      The tags are matched in a case-insensitive way.
   *      To retrieve ALL of the bookmarks having these tags, pass in an
   *      onResult callback, that will be invoked once for each bookmark.
   *      Note, there can be multiple bookmarks for the same url, if you need
   *      unique tagged urls you can filter duplicates by accumulating in a Set.
   *
   * @param guidOrInfo
   *        The globally unique identifier of the item to fetch, or an
   *        object representing it, as defined above.
   * @param onResult [optional]
   *        Callback invoked for each found bookmark.
   * @param options [optional]
   *        an optional object whose properties describe options for the fetch:
   *         - concurrent: fetches concurrently to any writes, returning results
   *                       faster. On the negative side, it may return stale
   *                       information missing the currently ongoing write.
   *         - includePath: additionally fetches the path for the bookmarks.
   *                        This is a potentially expensive operation.  When
   *                        set to true, the path property is set on results
   *                        containing an array of {title, guid} objects
   *                        ordered from root to leaf.
   *
   * @return {Promise} resolved when the fetch is complete.
   * @resolves to an object representing the found item, as described above, or
   *           an array of such objects.  if no item is found, the returned
   *           promise is resolved to null.
   * @rejects if an error happens while fetching.
   * @throws if the arguments are invalid.
   *
   * @note Any unknown property in the info object is ignored.  Known properties
   *       may be overwritten.
   */
  fetch(guidOrInfo, onResult = null, options = {}) {
    if (onResult && typeof onResult != "function") {
      throw new Error("onResult callback must be a valid function");
    }
    let info = guidOrInfo;
    if (!info) {
      throw new Error("Input should be a valid object");
    }
    if (typeof info != "object") {
      info = { guid: guidOrInfo };
    } else if (Object.keys(info).length == 1) {
      // Just a faster code path.
      if (
        !["url", "guid", "parentGuid", "index", "guidPrefix", "tags"].includes(
          Object.keys(info)[0]
        )
      ) {
        throw new Error(`Unexpected number of conditions provided: 0`);
      }
    } else {
      // Only one condition at a time can be provided.
      let conditionsCount = [
        v => v.hasOwnProperty("guid"),
        v => v.hasOwnProperty("parentGuid") && v.hasOwnProperty("index"),
        v => v.hasOwnProperty("url"),
        v => v.hasOwnProperty("guidPrefix"),
        v => v.hasOwnProperty("tags"),
      ].reduce((old, fn) => (old + fn(info)) | 0, 0);
      if (conditionsCount != 1) {
        throw new Error(
          `Unexpected number of conditions provided: ${conditionsCount}`
        );
      }
    }

    // Create a new options object with just the support properties, because
    // we may augment it and hand it down to other methods.
    options = {
      concurrent: !!options.concurrent,
      includePath: !!options.includePath,
    };

    let behavior = {};
    if (info.hasOwnProperty("parentGuid") || info.hasOwnProperty("index")) {
      behavior = {
        parentGuid: { requiredIf: b => b.hasOwnProperty("index") },
        index: {
          validIf: b =>
            (typeof b.index == "number" && b.index >= 0) ||
            b.index == this.DEFAULT_INDEX,
        },
      };
    }

    // Even if we ignore any other unneeded property, we still validate any
    // known property to reduce likelihood of hidden bugs.
    let fetchInfo = validateBookmarkObject(
      "Bookmarks.jsm: fetch",
      info,
      behavior
    );

    return (async function() {
      let results;
      if (fetchInfo.hasOwnProperty("url")) {
        results = await fetchBookmarksByURL(fetchInfo, options);
      } else if (fetchInfo.hasOwnProperty("guid")) {
        results = await fetchBookmark(fetchInfo, options);
      } else if (fetchInfo.hasOwnProperty("parentGuid")) {
        if (fetchInfo.hasOwnProperty("index")) {
          results = await fetchBookmarkByPosition(fetchInfo, options);
        } else {
          results = await fetchBookmarksByParentGUID(fetchInfo, options);
        }
      } else if (fetchInfo.hasOwnProperty("guidPrefix")) {
        results = await fetchBookmarksByGUIDPrefix(fetchInfo, options);
      } else if (fetchInfo.hasOwnProperty("tags")) {
        results = await fetchBookmarksByTags(fetchInfo, options);
      }

      if (!results) {
        return null;
      }

      if (!Array.isArray(results)) {
        results = [results];
      }
      // Remove non-enumerable properties.
      results = results.map(r => Object.assign({}, r));

      if (options.includePath) {
        for (let result of results) {
          let folderPath = await retrieveFullBookmarkPath(result.parentGuid);
          if (folderPath) {
            result.path = folderPath;
          }
        }
      }

      // Ideally this should handle an incremental behavior and thus be invoked
      // while we fetch.  Though, the likelihood of 2 or more bookmarks for the
      // same match is very low, so it's not worth the added code complication.
      if (onResult) {
        for (let result of results) {
          try {
            onResult(result);
          } catch (ex) {
            Cu.reportError(ex);
          }
        }
      }

      return results[0];
    })();
  },

  /**
   * Retrieves an object representation of a bookmark-item, along with all of
   * its descendants, if any.
   *
   * Each node in the tree is an object that extends the item representation
   * described above with some additional properties:
   *
   *  - [deprecated] id (number)
   *      the item's id.  Defined only if aOptions.includeItemIds is set.
   *  - annos (array)
   *      the item's annotations.  This is not set if there are no annotations
   *      set for the item.
   *
   * The root object of the tree also has the following properties set:
   *  - itemsCount (number, not enumerable)
   *      the number of items, including the root item itself, which are
   *      represented in the resolved object.
   *
   * Bookmarked URLs may also have the following properties:
   *  - tags (string)
   *      csv string of the bookmark's tags, if any.
   *  - charset (string)
   *      the last known charset of the bookmark, if any.
   *  - iconurl (URL)
   *      the bookmark's favicon URL, if any.
   *
   * Folders may also have the following properties:
   *  - children (array)
   *      the folder's children information, each of them having the same set of
   *      properties as above.
   *
   * @param [optional] guid
   *        the topmost item to be queried.  If it's not passed, the Places
   *        root folder is queried: that is, you get a representation of the
   *        entire bookmarks hierarchy.
   * @param [optional] options
   *        Options for customizing the query behavior, in the form of an
   *        object with any of the following properties:
   *         - excludeItemsCallback: a function for excluding items, along with
   *           their descendants.  Given an item object (that has everything set
   *           apart its potential children data), it should return true if the
   *           item should be excluded.  Once an item is excluded, the function
   *           isn't called for any of its descendants.  This isn't called for
   *           the root item.
   *           WARNING: since the function may be called for each item, using
   *           this option can slow down the process significantly if the
   *           callback does anything that's not relatively trivial.  It is
   *           highly recommended to avoid any synchronous I/O or DB queries.
   *         - includeItemIds: opt-in to include the deprecated id property.
   *           Use it if you must. It'll be removed once the switch to guids is
   *           complete.
   *
   * @return {Promise} resolved when the fetch is complete.
   * @resolves to an object that represents either a single item or a
   *           bookmarks tree.  if guid points to a non-existent item, the
   *           returned promise is resolved to null.
   * @rejects if an error happens while fetching.
   * @throws if the arguments are invalid.
   */
  // TODO must implement these methods yet:
  // PlacesUtils.promiseBookmarksTree()
  fetchTree(guid = "", options = {}) {
    throw new Error("Not yet implemented");
  },

  /**
   * Fetch all the existing tags, sorted alphabetically.
   * @return {Promise} resolves to an array of objects representing tags, when
   *         fetching is complete.
   *         Each object looks like {
   *           name: the name of the tag,
   *           count: number of bookmarks with this tag
   *         }
   */
  async fetchTags() {
    // TODO: Once the tagging API is implemented in Bookmarks.jsm, we can cache
    // the list of tags, instead of querying every time.
    let db = await PlacesUtils.promiseDBConnection();
    let rows = await db.executeCached(
      `
      SELECT b.title AS name, count(*) AS count
      FROM moz_bookmarks b
      JOIN moz_bookmarks p ON b.parent = p.id
      JOIN moz_bookmarks c ON c.parent = b.id
      WHERE p.guid = :tagsGuid
      GROUP BY name
      ORDER BY name COLLATE nocase ASC
    `,
      { tagsGuid: this.tagsGuid }
    );
    return rows.map(r => ({
      name: r.getResultByName("name"),
      count: r.getResultByName("count"),
    }));
  },

  /**
   * Reorders contents of a folder based on a provided array of GUIDs.
   *
   * @param parentGuid
   *        The globally unique identifier of the folder whose contents should
   *        be reordered.
   * @param orderedChildrenGuids
   *        Ordered array of the children's GUIDs.  If this list contains
   *        non-existing entries they will be ignored.  If the list is
   *        incomplete, and the current child list is already in order with
   *        respect to orderedChildrenGuids, no change is made. Otherwise, the
   *        new items are appended but maintain their current order relative to
   *        eachother.
   * @param {Object} [options={}]
   *        Additional options. Currently supports the following properties:
   *         - lastModified: The last modified time to use for the folder and
               reordered children. Defaults to the current time.
   *         - source: The change source, forwarded to all bookmark observers.
   *           Defaults to nsINavBookmarksService::SOURCE_DEFAULT.
   *
   * @return {Promise} resolved when reordering is complete.
   * @rejects if an error happens while reordering.
   * @throws if the arguments are invalid.
   */
  reorder(parentGuid, orderedChildrenGuids, options = {}) {
    let info = { guid: parentGuid };
    info = validateBookmarkObject("Bookmarks.jsm: reorder", info, {
      guid: { required: true },
    });

    if (!Array.isArray(orderedChildrenGuids) || !orderedChildrenGuids.length) {
      throw new Error("Must provide a sorted array of children GUIDs.");
    }
    try {
      orderedChildrenGuids.forEach(PlacesUtils.BOOKMARK_VALIDATORS.guid);
    } catch (ex) {
      throw new Error("Invalid GUID found in the sorted children array.");
    }

    options.source =
      "source" in options
        ? PlacesUtils.BOOKMARK_VALIDATORS.source(options.source)
        : Bookmarks.SOURCES.DEFAULT;
    options.lastModified =
      "lastModified" in options
        ? PlacesUtils.BOOKMARK_VALIDATORS.lastModified(options.lastModified)
        : new Date();

    return (async () => {
      let parent = await fetchBookmark(info);
      if (!parent || parent.type != this.TYPE_FOLDER) {
        throw new Error("No folder found for the provided GUID.");
      }

      let sortedChildren = await reorderChildren(
        parent,
        orderedChildrenGuids,
        options
      );

      const notifications = [];

      // Note that child.index is the old index.
      for (let i = 0; i < sortedChildren.length; ++i) {
        let child = sortedChildren[i];
        notifications.push(
          new PlacesBookmarkMoved({
            id: child._id,
            itemType: child.type,
            url: child.url && child.url.href,
            guid: child.guid,
            parentGuid: child.parentGuid,
            source: options.source,
            index: i,
            oldParentGuid: child.parentGuid,
            oldIndex: child.index,
            isTagging:
              child.parentGuid === Bookmarks.tagsGuid ||
              parent.parentGuid === Bookmarks.tagsGuid,
          })
        );
      }

      if (notifications.length) {
        PlacesObservers.notifyListeners(notifications);
      }
    })();
  },

  /**
   * Searches a list of bookmark-items by a search term, url or title.
   *
   * IMPORTANT:
   * This is intended as an interim API for the web-extensions implementation.
   * It will be removed as soon as we have a new querying API.
   *
   * Note also that this used to exclude separators but no longer does so.
   *
   * If you just want to search bookmarks by URL, use .fetch() instead.
   *
   * @param query
   *        Either a string to use as search term, or an object
   *        containing any of these keys: query, title or url with the
   *        corresponding string to match as value.
   *        The url property can be either a string or an nsIURI.
   *
   * @return {Promise} resolved when the search is complete.
   * @resolves to an array of found bookmark-items.
   * @rejects if an error happens while searching.
   * @throws if the arguments are invalid.
   *
   * @note Any unknown property in the query object is ignored.
   *       Known properties may be overwritten.
   */
  search(query) {
    if (!query) {
      throw new Error("Query object is required");
    }
    if (typeof query === "string") {
      query = { query };
    }
    if (typeof query !== "object") {
      throw new Error("Query must be an object or a string");
    }
    if (query.query && typeof query.query !== "string") {
      throw new Error("Query option must be a string");
    }
    if (query.title && typeof query.title !== "string") {
      throw new Error("Title option must be a string");
    }

    if (query.url) {
      if (typeof query.url === "string" || query.url instanceof URL) {
        query.url = new URL(query.url).href;
      } else if (query.url instanceof Ci.nsIURI) {
        query.url = query.url.spec;
      } else {
        throw new Error("Url option must be a string or a URL object");
      }
    }

    return queryBookmarks(query);
  },
});

// Globals.

// Update implementation.

/**
 * Updates a single bookmark in the database. This should be called from within
 * a transaction.
 *
 * @param {Object} db The pre-existing database connection.
 * @param {Object} info A bookmark-item structure with new properties.
 * @param {Object} item A bookmark-item structure representing the existing bookmark.
 * @param {Integer} oldIndex The index of the item in the old parent.
 * @param {Object} newParent The new parent folder (note: this may be the same as)
 *                           the existing folder.
 * @param {Integer} syncChangeDelta The change delta to be applied.
 */
async function updateBookmark(
  db,
  info,
  item,
  oldIndex,
  newParent,
  syncChangeDelta
) {
  let tuples = new Map();
  tuples.set("lastModified", {
    value: PlacesUtils.toPRTime(info.lastModified),
  });
  if (info.hasOwnProperty("title")) {
    tuples.set("title", {
      value: info.title,
      fragment: `title = NULLIF(:title, '')`,
    });
  }
  if (info.hasOwnProperty("dateAdded")) {
    tuples.set("dateAdded", { value: PlacesUtils.toPRTime(info.dateAdded) });
  }

  if (info.hasOwnProperty("url")) {
    // Ensure a page exists in moz_places for this URL.
    await maybeInsertPlace(db, info.url);
    // Update tuples for the update query.
    tuples.set("url", {
      value: info.url.href,
      fragment:
        "fk = (SELECT id FROM moz_places WHERE url_hash = hash(:url) AND url = :url)",
    });
  }

  let newIndex = info.hasOwnProperty("index") ? info.index : item.index;
  if (newParent) {
    // For simplicity, update the index regardless.
    tuples.set("position", { value: newIndex });

    // For moving within the same parent, we've already updated the indexes.
    if (newParent.guid == item.parentGuid) {
      // Moving inside the original container.
      // When moving "up", add 1 to each index in the interval.
      // Otherwise when moving down, we subtract 1.
      // Only the parent needs a sync change, which is handled in
      // `setAncestorsLastModified`.
      await db.executeCached(
        `UPDATE moz_bookmarks
           SET position = CASE WHEN :newIndex < :currIndex
             THEN position + 1
             ELSE position - 1
           END
           WHERE parent = :newParentId
             AND position BETWEEN :lowIndex AND :highIndex
          `,
        {
          newIndex,
          currIndex: oldIndex,
          newParentId: newParent._id,
          lowIndex: Math.min(oldIndex, newIndex),
          highIndex: Math.max(oldIndex, newIndex),
        }
      );
    } else {
      // Moving across different containers. In this case, both parents and
      // the child need sync changes. `setAncestorsLastModified`, below and in
      // `update` and `moveToFolder`, handles the parents. The `needsSyncChange`
      // check below handles the child.
      tuples.set("parent", { value: newParent._id });
      await db.executeCached(
        `UPDATE moz_bookmarks SET position = position - 1
         WHERE parent = :oldParentId
           AND position >= :oldIndex
        `,
        { oldParentId: item._parentId, oldIndex }
      );
      await db.executeCached(
        `UPDATE moz_bookmarks SET position = position + 1
         WHERE parent = :newParentId
           AND position >= :newIndex
        `,
        { newParentId: newParent._id, newIndex }
      );

      await setAncestorsLastModified(
        db,
        item.parentGuid,
        info.lastModified,
        syncChangeDelta
      );
    }
  }

  if (syncChangeDelta) {
    // Sync stores child indices in the parent's record, so we only bump the
    // item's counter if we're updating at least one more property in
    // addition to the index, last modified time, and dateAdded.
    let sizeThreshold = 1;
    if (newIndex != oldIndex) {
      ++sizeThreshold;
    }
    if (tuples.has("dateAdded")) {
      ++sizeThreshold;
    }
    let needsSyncChange = tuples.size > sizeThreshold;
    if (needsSyncChange) {
      tuples.set("syncChangeDelta", {
        value: syncChangeDelta,
        fragment: "syncChangeCounter = syncChangeCounter + :syncChangeDelta",
      });
    }
  }

  let isTagging = item._grandParentId == PlacesUtils.tagsFolderId;
  if (isTagging) {
    // If we're updating a tag entry, bump the sync change counter for
    // bookmarks with the tagged URL.
    await PlacesSyncUtils.bookmarks.addSyncChangesForBookmarksWithURL(
      db,
      item.url,
      syncChangeDelta
    );
    if (info.hasOwnProperty("url")) {
      // Changing the URL of a tag entry is equivalent to untagging the
      // old URL and tagging the new one, so we bump the change counter
      // for the new URL here.
      await PlacesSyncUtils.bookmarks.addSyncChangesForBookmarksWithURL(
        db,
        info.url,
        syncChangeDelta
      );
    }
  }

  let isChangingTagFolder = item._parentId == PlacesUtils.tagsFolderId;
  if (isChangingTagFolder && syncChangeDelta) {
    // If we're updating a tag folder (for example, changing a tag's title),
    // bump the change counter for all tagged bookmarks.
    await db.executeCached(
      `
      UPDATE moz_bookmarks SET
        syncChangeCounter = syncChangeCounter + :syncChangeDelta
      WHERE type = :type AND
            fk = (SELECT fk FROM moz_bookmarks WHERE parent = :parent)
      `,
      { syncChangeDelta, type: Bookmarks.TYPE_BOOKMARK, parent: item._id }
    );
  }

  await db.executeCached(
    `UPDATE moz_bookmarks
     SET ${Array.from(tuples.keys())
       .map(v => tuples.get(v).fragment || `${v} = :${v}`)
       .join(", ")}
     WHERE guid = :guid
    `,
    Object.assign(
      { guid: item.guid },
      [...tuples.entries()].reduce((p, c) => {
        p[c[0]] = c[1].value;
        return p;
      }, {})
    )
  );

  if (newParent) {
    if (newParent.guid == item.parentGuid) {
      // Mark all affected separators as changed
      // Also bumps the change counter if the item itself is a separator
      const startIndex = Math.min(newIndex, oldIndex);
      await adjustSeparatorsSyncCounter(
        db,
        newParent._id,
        startIndex,
        syncChangeDelta
      );
    } else {
      // Mark all affected separators as changed
      await adjustSeparatorsSyncCounter(
        db,
        item._parentId,
        oldIndex,
        syncChangeDelta
      );
      await adjustSeparatorsSyncCounter(
        db,
        newParent._id,
        newIndex,
        syncChangeDelta
      );
    }
    // Remove the Sync orphan annotation from reparented items. We don't
    // notify annotation observers about this because this is a temporary,
    // internal anno that's only used by Sync.
    await db.executeCached(
      `DELETE FROM moz_items_annos
       WHERE anno_attribute_id = (SELECT id FROM moz_anno_attributes
                                  WHERE name = :orphanAnno) AND
             item_id = :id`,
      { orphanAnno: PlacesSyncUtils.bookmarks.SYNC_PARENT_ANNO, id: item._id }
    );
  }

  // If the parent changed, update related non-enumerable properties.
  let additionalParentInfo = {};
  if (newParent) {
    additionalParentInfo.parentGuid = newParent.guid;
    Object.defineProperty(additionalParentInfo, "_parentId", {
      value: newParent._id,
      enumerable: false,
    });
    Object.defineProperty(additionalParentInfo, "_grandParentId", {
      value: newParent._parentId,
      enumerable: false,
    });
  }

  return mergeIntoNewObject(item, info, additionalParentInfo);
}

// Insert implementation.

function insertBookmark(item, parent) {
  return PlacesUtils.withConnectionWrapper(
    "Bookmarks.jsm: insertBookmark",
    async function(db) {
      // If a guid was not provided, generate one, so we won't need to fetch the
      // bookmark just after having created it.
      let hasExistingGuid = item.hasOwnProperty("guid");
      if (!hasExistingGuid) {
        item.guid = PlacesUtils.history.makeGuid();
      }

      let isTagging = parent._parentId == PlacesUtils.tagsFolderId;

      await db.executeTransaction(async function transaction() {
        if (item.type == Bookmarks.TYPE_BOOKMARK) {
          // Ensure a page exists in moz_places for this URL.
          // The IGNORE conflict can trigger on `guid`.
          await maybeInsertPlace(db, item.url);
        }

        // Adjust indices.
        await db.executeCached(
          `UPDATE moz_bookmarks SET position = position + 1
         WHERE parent = :parent
         AND position >= :index
        `,
          { parent: parent._id, index: item.index }
        );

        let syncChangeDelta = PlacesSyncUtils.bookmarks.determineSyncChangeDelta(
          item.source
        );
        let syncStatus = PlacesSyncUtils.bookmarks.determineInitialSyncStatus(
          item.source
        );

        // Insert the bookmark into the database.
        await db.executeCached(
          `INSERT INTO moz_bookmarks (fk, type, parent, position, title,
                                    dateAdded, lastModified, guid,
                                    syncChangeCounter, syncStatus)
         VALUES (CASE WHEN :url ISNULL THEN NULL ELSE (SELECT id FROM moz_places WHERE url_hash = hash(:url) AND url = :url) END,
                 :type, :parent, :index, NULLIF(:title, ''), :date_added,
                 :last_modified, :guid, :syncChangeCounter, :syncStatus)
        `,
          {
            url: item.hasOwnProperty("url") ? item.url.href : null,
            type: item.type,
            parent: parent._id,
            index: item.index,
            title: item.title,
            date_added: PlacesUtils.toPRTime(item.dateAdded),
            last_modified: PlacesUtils.toPRTime(item.lastModified),
            guid: item.guid,
            syncChangeCounter: syncChangeDelta,
            syncStatus,
          }
        );

        // Mark all affected separators as changed
        await adjustSeparatorsSyncCounter(
          db,
          parent._id,
          item.index + 1,
          syncChangeDelta
        );

        if (hasExistingGuid) {
          // Remove stale tombstones if we're reinserting an item.
          await db.executeCached(
            `DELETE FROM moz_bookmarks_deleted WHERE guid = :guid`,
            { guid: item.guid }
          );
        }

        if (isTagging) {
          // New tag entry; bump the change counter for bookmarks with the
          // tagged URL.
          await PlacesSyncUtils.bookmarks.addSyncChangesForBookmarksWithURL(
            db,
            item.url,
            syncChangeDelta
          );
        }

        await setAncestorsLastModified(
          db,
          item.parentGuid,
          item.dateAdded,
          syncChangeDelta
        );
      });

      // If not a tag recalculate frecency...
      if (item.type == Bookmarks.TYPE_BOOKMARK && !isTagging) {
        // ...though we don't wait for the calculation.
        updateFrecency(db, [item.url]).catch(Cu.reportError);
      }

      return item;
    }
  );
}

function insertBookmarkTree(items, source, parent, urls, lastAddedForParent) {
  return PlacesUtils.withConnectionWrapper(
    "Bookmarks.jsm: insertBookmarkTree",
    async function(db) {
      await db.executeTransaction(async function transaction() {
        await maybeInsertManyPlaces(db, urls);

        let syncChangeDelta = PlacesSyncUtils.bookmarks.determineSyncChangeDelta(
          source
        );
        let syncStatus = PlacesSyncUtils.bookmarks.determineInitialSyncStatus(
          source
        );

        let rootId = parent._id;

        items = items.map(item => ({
          url: item.url && item.url.href,
          type: item.type,
          parentGuid: item.parentGuid,
          index: item.index,
          title: item.title,
          date_added: PlacesUtils.toPRTime(item.dateAdded),
          last_modified: PlacesUtils.toPRTime(item.lastModified),
          guid: item.guid,
          syncChangeCounter: syncChangeDelta,
          syncStatus,
          rootId,
        }));
        await db.executeCached(
          `INSERT INTO moz_bookmarks (fk, type, parent, position, title,
                                    dateAdded, lastModified, guid,
                                    syncChangeCounter, syncStatus)
         VALUES (CASE WHEN :url ISNULL THEN NULL ELSE (SELECT id FROM moz_places WHERE url_hash = hash(:url) AND url = :url) END, :type,
         (SELECT id FROM moz_bookmarks WHERE guid = :parentGuid),
         IFNULL(:index, (SELECT count(*) FROM moz_bookmarks WHERE parent = :rootId)),
         NULLIF(:title, ''), :date_added, :last_modified, :guid,
         :syncChangeCounter, :syncStatus)`,
          items
        );

        // Remove stale tombstones for new items.
        for (let chunk of PlacesUtils.chunkArray(items, db.variableLimit)) {
          await db.executeCached(
            `DELETE FROM moz_bookmarks_deleted
             WHERE guid IN (${sqlBindPlaceholders(chunk)})`,
            chunk.map(item => item.guid)
          );
        }

        await setAncestorsLastModified(
          db,
          parent.guid,
          lastAddedForParent,
          syncChangeDelta
        );
      });

      // We don't wait for the frecency calculation.
      updateFrecency(db, urls).catch(Cu.reportError);

      return items;
    }
  );
}

/**
 * Handles special data on a bookmark, e.g. annotations, keywords, tags, charsets,
 * inserting the data into the appropriate place.
 *
 * @param {Integer} itemId The ID of the item within the bookmarks database.
 * @param {Object} item The bookmark item with possible special data to be inserted.
 */
async function handleBookmarkItemSpecialData(itemId, item) {
  if ("keyword" in item && item.keyword) {
    try {
      await PlacesUtils.keywords.insert({
        keyword: item.keyword,
        url: item.url,
        postData: item.postData,
        source: item.source,
      });
    } catch (ex) {
      Cu.reportError(
        `Failed to insert keyword "${item.keyword} for ${item.url}": ${ex}`
      );
    }
  }
  if ("tags" in item) {
    try {
      PlacesUtils.tagging.tagURI(
        NetUtil.newURI(item.url),
        item.tags,
        item.source
      );
    } catch (ex) {
      // Invalid tag child, skip it.
      Cu.reportError(
        `Unable to set tags "${item.tags.join(", ")}" for ${item.url}: ${ex}`
      );
    }
  }
  if ("charset" in item && item.charset) {
    try {
      // UTF-8 is the default. If we are passed the value then set it to null,
      // to ensure any charset is removed from the database.
      let charset = item.charset;
      if (item.charset.toLowerCase() == "utf-8") {
        charset = null;
      }

      await PlacesUtils.history.update({
        url: item.url,
        annotations: new Map([[PlacesUtils.CHARSET_ANNO, charset]]),
      });
    } catch (ex) {
      Cu.reportError(
        `Failed to set charset "${item.charset}" for ${item.url}: ${ex}`
      );
    }
  }
}

// Query implementation.

async function queryBookmarks(info) {
  let queryParams = {
    tags_folder: await promiseTagsFolderId(),
  };
  // We're searching for bookmarks, so exclude tags.
  let queryString = "WHERE b.parent <> :tags_folder";
  queryString += " AND p.parent <> :tags_folder";

  if (info.title) {
    queryString += " AND b.title = :title";
    queryParams.title = info.title;
  }

  if (info.url) {
    queryString += " AND h.url_hash = hash(:url) AND h.url = :url";
    queryParams.url = info.url;
  }

  if (info.query) {
    queryString +=
      " AND AUTOCOMPLETE_MATCH(:query, h.url, b.title, NULL, NULL, 1, 1, NULL, :matchBehavior, :searchBehavior, NULL) ";
    queryParams.query = info.query;
    queryParams.matchBehavior = MATCH_ANYWHERE_UNMODIFIED;
    queryParams.searchBehavior = BEHAVIOR_BOOKMARK;
  }

  return PlacesUtils.withConnectionWrapper(
    "Bookmarks.jsm: queryBookmarks",
    async function(db) {
      // _id, _childCount, _grandParentId and _parentId fields
      // are required to be in the result by the converting function
      // hence setting them to NULL
      let rows = await db.executeCached(
        `SELECT b.guid, IFNULL(p.guid, '') AS parentGuid, b.position AS 'index',
                b.dateAdded, b.lastModified, b.type,
                IFNULL(b.title, '') AS title, h.url AS url, b.parent, p.parent,
                NULL AS _id,
                NULL AS _childCount,
                NULL AS _grandParentId,
                NULL AS _parentId,
                NULL AS _syncStatus
         FROM moz_bookmarks b
         LEFT JOIN moz_bookmarks p ON p.id = b.parent
         LEFT JOIN moz_places h ON h.id = b.fk
         ${queryString}
        `,
        queryParams
      );

      return rowsToItemsArray(rows);
    }
  );
}

/**
 * Internal fetch implementation.
 * @param {object} info
 *        The bookmark item to remove.
 * @param {object} options
 *        An options object supporting the following properties:
 * @param {object} [options.concurrent]
 *        Whether to use the concurrent read-only connection.
 * @param {object} [options.db]
 *        A specific connection to be used.
 * @param {object} [options.ignoreInvalidURLs]
 *        Whether invalid URLs should be ignored or throw an exception.
 *
 */
async function fetchBookmark(info, options = {}) {
  let query = async function(db) {
    let rows = await db.executeCached(
      `SELECT b.guid, IFNULL(p.guid, '') AS parentGuid, b.position AS 'index',
              b.dateAdded, b.lastModified, b.type, IFNULL(b.title, '') AS title,
              h.url AS url, b.id AS _id, b.parent AS _parentId,
              (SELECT count(*) FROM moz_bookmarks WHERE parent = b.id) AS _childCount,
              p.parent AS _grandParentId, b.syncStatus AS _syncStatus
       FROM moz_bookmarks b
       LEFT JOIN moz_bookmarks p ON p.id = b.parent
       LEFT JOIN moz_places h ON h.id = b.fk
       WHERE b.guid = :guid
      `,
      { guid: info.guid }
    );

    return rows.length
      ? rowsToItemsArray(rows, !!options.ignoreInvalidURLs)[0]
      : null;
  };
  if (options.concurrent) {
    let db = await PlacesUtils.promiseDBConnection();
    return query(db);
  }
  if (options.db) {
    return query(options.db);
  }
  return PlacesUtils.withConnectionWrapper(
    "Bookmarks.jsm: fetchBookmark",
    query
  );
}

async function fetchBookmarkByPosition(info, options = {}) {
  let query = async function(db) {
    let index = info.index == Bookmarks.DEFAULT_INDEX ? null : info.index;
    let rows = await db.executeCached(
      `SELECT b.guid, IFNULL(p.guid, '') AS parentGuid, b.position AS 'index',
              b.dateAdded, b.lastModified, b.type, IFNULL(b.title, '') AS title,
              h.url AS url, b.id AS _id, b.parent AS _parentId,
              (SELECT count(*) FROM moz_bookmarks WHERE parent = b.id) AS _childCount,
              p.parent AS _grandParentId, b.syncStatus AS _syncStatus
       FROM moz_bookmarks b
       LEFT JOIN moz_bookmarks p ON p.id = b.parent
       LEFT JOIN moz_places h ON h.id = b.fk
       WHERE p.guid = :parentGuid
       AND b.position = IFNULL(:index, (SELECT count(*) - 1
                                        FROM moz_bookmarks
                                        WHERE parent = p.id))
      `,
      { parentGuid: info.parentGuid, index }
    );

    return rows.length ? rowsToItemsArray(rows)[0] : null;
  };
  if (options.concurrent) {
    let db = await PlacesUtils.promiseDBConnection();
    return query(db);
  }
  return PlacesUtils.withConnectionWrapper(
    "Bookmarks.jsm: fetchBookmarkByPosition",
    query
  );
}

async function fetchBookmarksByTags(info, options = {}) {
  let query = async function(db) {
    let rows = await db.executeCached(
      `SELECT b.guid, IFNULL(p.guid, '') AS parentGuid, b.position AS 'index',
              b.dateAdded, b.lastModified, b.type, IFNULL(b.title, '') AS title,
              h.url AS url, b.id AS _id, b.parent AS _parentId,
              NULL AS _childCount,
              p.parent AS _grandParentId, b.syncStatus AS _syncStatus
       FROM moz_bookmarks b
       JOIN moz_bookmarks p ON p.id = b.parent
       JOIN moz_bookmarks g ON g.id = p.parent
       JOIN moz_places h ON h.id = b.fk
       WHERE g.guid <> ? AND b.fk IN (
          SELECT b2.fk FROM moz_bookmarks b2
          JOIN moz_bookmarks p2 ON p2.id = b2.parent
          JOIN moz_bookmarks g2 ON g2.id = p2.parent
          WHERE g2.guid = ?
                AND lower(p2.title) IN (
                  ${new Array(info.tags.length).fill("?").join(",")}
                )
          GROUP BY b2.fk HAVING count(*) = ${info.tags.length}
       )
       ORDER BY b.lastModified DESC
      `,
      [Bookmarks.tagsGuid, Bookmarks.tagsGuid].concat(
        info.tags.map(t => t.toLowerCase())
      )
    );

    return rows.length ? rowsToItemsArray(rows) : null;
  };

  if (options.concurrent) {
    let db = await PlacesUtils.promiseDBConnection();
    return query(db);
  }
  return PlacesUtils.withConnectionWrapper(
    "Bookmarks.jsm: fetchBookmarksByTags",
    query
  );
}

async function fetchBookmarksByGUIDPrefix(info, options = {}) {
  let query = async function(db) {
    let rows = await db.executeCached(
      `SELECT b.guid, IFNULL(p.guid, '') AS parentGuid, b.position AS 'index',
              b.dateAdded, b.lastModified, b.type, IFNULL(b.title, '') AS title,
              h.url AS url, b.id AS _id, b.parent AS _parentId,
              NULL AS _childCount,
              p.parent AS _grandParentId, b.syncStatus AS _syncStatus
       FROM moz_bookmarks b
       LEFT JOIN moz_bookmarks p ON p.id = b.parent
       LEFT JOIN moz_places h ON h.id = b.fk
       WHERE b.guid LIKE :guidPrefix
       ORDER BY b.lastModified DESC
      `,
      { guidPrefix: info.guidPrefix + "%" }
    );

    return rows.length ? rowsToItemsArray(rows) : null;
  };

  if (options.concurrent) {
    let db = await PlacesUtils.promiseDBConnection();
    return query(db);
  }
  return PlacesUtils.withConnectionWrapper(
    "Bookmarks.jsm: fetchBookmarksByGUIDPrefix",
    query
  );
}

async function fetchBookmarksByURL(info, options = {}) {
  let query = async function(db) {
    let tagsFolderId = await promiseTagsFolderId();
    let rows = await db.executeCached(
      `/* do not warn (bug no): not worth to add an index */
      SELECT b.guid, IFNULL(p.guid, '') AS parentGuid, b.position AS 'index',
              b.dateAdded, b.lastModified, b.type, IFNULL(b.title, '') AS title,
              h.url AS url, b.id AS _id, b.parent AS _parentId,
              NULL AS _childCount, /* Unused for now */
              p.parent AS _grandParentId, b.syncStatus AS _syncStatus
      FROM moz_bookmarks b
      JOIN moz_bookmarks p ON p.id = b.parent
      JOIN moz_places h ON h.id = b.fk
      WHERE h.url_hash = hash(:url) AND h.url = :url
      AND _grandParentId <> :tagsFolderId
      ORDER BY b.lastModified DESC
      `,
      { url: info.url.href, tagsFolderId }
    );

    return rows.length ? rowsToItemsArray(rows) : null;
  };

  if (options.concurrent) {
    let db = await PlacesUtils.promiseDBConnection();
    return query(db);
  }
  return PlacesUtils.withConnectionWrapper(
    "Bookmarks.jsm: fetchBookmarksByURL",
    query
  );
}

async function fetchBookmarksByParentGUID(info, options = {}) {
  let query = async function(db) {
    let rows = await db.executeCached(
      `SELECT b.guid, IFNULL(p.guid, '') AS parentGuid, b.position AS 'index',
              b.dateAdded, b.lastModified, b.type, IFNULL(b.title, '') AS title,
              h.url AS url,
              NULL AS _id,
              NULL AS _parentId,
              NULL AS _childCount,
              NULL AS _grandParentId,
              NULL AS _syncStatus
       FROM moz_bookmarks b
       LEFT JOIN moz_bookmarks p ON p.id = b.parent
       LEFT JOIN moz_places h ON h.id = b.fk
       WHERE p.guid = :parentGuid
       ORDER BY b.position ASC
      `,
      { parentGuid: info.parentGuid }
    );

    return rows.length ? rowsToItemsArray(rows) : null;
  };

  if (options.concurrent) {
    let db = await PlacesUtils.promiseDBConnection();
    return query(db);
  }
  return PlacesUtils.withConnectionWrapper(
    "Bookmarks.jsm: fetchBookmarksByParentGUID",
    query
  );
}

function fetchRecentBookmarks(numberOfItems) {
  return PlacesUtils.withConnectionWrapper(
    "Bookmarks.jsm: fetchRecentBookmarks",
    async function(db) {
      let tagsFolderId = await promiseTagsFolderId();
      let rows = await db.executeCached(
        `SELECT b.guid, IFNULL(p.guid, '') AS parentGuid, b.position AS 'index',
                b.dateAdded, b.lastModified, b.type,
                IFNULL(b.title, '') AS title, h.url AS url, NULL AS _id,
                NULL AS _parentId, NULL AS _childCount, NULL AS _grandParentId,
                NULL AS _syncStatus
        FROM moz_bookmarks b
        JOIN moz_bookmarks p ON p.id = b.parent
        JOIN moz_places h ON h.id = b.fk
        WHERE p.parent <> :tagsFolderId
        AND b.type = :type
        AND url_hash NOT BETWEEN hash("place", "prefix_lo")
                              AND hash("place", "prefix_hi")
        ORDER BY b.dateAdded DESC, b.ROWID DESC
        LIMIT :numberOfItems
        `,
        {
          tagsFolderId,
          type: Bookmarks.TYPE_BOOKMARK,
          numberOfItems,
        }
      );

      return rows.length ? rowsToItemsArray(rows) : [];
    }
  );
}

async function fetchBookmarksByParent(db, info) {
  let rows = await db.executeCached(
    `SELECT b.guid, IFNULL(p.guid, '') AS parentGuid, b.position AS 'index',
            b.dateAdded, b.lastModified, b.type, IFNULL(b.title, '') AS title,
            h.url AS url, b.id AS _id, b.parent AS _parentId,
            (SELECT count(*) FROM moz_bookmarks WHERE parent = b.id) AS _childCount,
            p.parent AS _grandParentId, b.syncStatus AS _syncStatus
     FROM moz_bookmarks b
     LEFT JOIN moz_bookmarks p ON p.id = b.parent
     LEFT JOIN moz_places h ON h.id = b.fk
     WHERE p.guid = :parentGuid
     ORDER BY b.position ASC
    `,
    { parentGuid: info.parentGuid }
  );

  return rowsToItemsArray(rows);
}

// Remove implementation.

function removeBookmarks(items, options) {
  return PlacesUtils.withConnectionWrapper(
    "Bookmarks.jsm: removeBookmarks",
    async function(db) {
      let urls = [];

      await db.executeTransaction(async function transaction() {
        // We use a map for its de-duplication properties.
        let parents = new Map();
        let syncChangeDelta = PlacesSyncUtils.bookmarks.determineSyncChangeDelta(
          options.source
        );

        for (let item of items) {
          parents.set(item.parentGuid, item._parentId);

          // If it's a folder, remove its contents first.
          if (item.type == Bookmarks.TYPE_FOLDER) {
            if (
              options.preventRemovalOfNonEmptyFolders &&
              item._childCount > 0
            ) {
              throw new Error("Cannot remove a non-empty folder.");
            }
            urls = urls.concat(
              await removeFoldersContents(db, [item.guid], options)
            );
          }
        }

        for (let chunk of PlacesUtils.chunkArray(items, db.variableLimit)) {
          // We don't go through the annotations service for this cause otherwise
          // we'd get a pointless onItemChanged notification and it would also
          // set lastModified to an unexpected value.
          await removeAnnotationsForItems(db, chunk);

          // Remove the bookmarks.
          await db.executeCached(
            `DELETE FROM moz_bookmarks
             WHERE guid IN (${sqlBindPlaceholders(chunk)})`,
            chunk.map(item => item.guid)
          );
        }

        for (let [parentGuid, parentId] of parents.entries()) {
          // Now recalculate the positions.
          await db.executeCached(
            `WITH positions(id, pos, seq) AS (
            SELECT id, position AS pos,
                   (row_number() OVER (ORDER BY position)) - 1 AS seq
            FROM moz_bookmarks
            WHERE parent = :parentId
          )
          UPDATE moz_bookmarks
            SET position = (SELECT seq FROM positions WHERE positions.id = moz_bookmarks.id)
            WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM positions WHERE seq <> pos)
        `,
            { parentId }
          );

          // Mark this parent as changed.
          await setAncestorsLastModified(
            db,
            parentGuid,
            new Date(),
            syncChangeDelta
          );
        }

        for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
          const item = items[i];
          // For the notifications, we may need to adjust indexes if there are more
          // than one of the same item in the folder. This makes sure that we notify
          // the index of the item when it was removed, rather than the original index.
          for (let j = i + 1; j < items.length; j++) {
            if (
              items[j]._parentId == item._parentId &&
              items[j].index > item.index
            ) {
              items[j].index--;
            }
          }
          if (item._grandParentId == PlacesUtils.tagsFolderId) {
            // If we're removing a tag entry, increment the change counter for all
            // bookmarks with the tagged URL.
            await PlacesSyncUtils.bookmarks.addSyncChangesForBookmarksWithURL(
              db,
              item.url,
              syncChangeDelta
            );
          }

          await adjustSeparatorsSyncCounter(
            db,
            item._parentId,
            item.index,
            syncChangeDelta
          );
        }

        // Write tombstones for the removed items.
        await insertTombstones(db, items, syncChangeDelta);
      });

      // Update the frecencies outside of the transaction, excluding tags, so that
      // the updates can progress in the background.
      urls = urls.concat(
        items
          .filter(item => {
            let isUntagging = item._grandParentId == PlacesUtils.tagsFolderId;
            return !isUntagging && "url" in item;
          })
          .map(item => item.url)
      );

      if (urls.length) {
        await PlacesUtils.keywords.removeFromURLsIfNotBookmarked(urls);
        updateFrecency(db, urls).catch(Cu.reportError);
      }
    }
  );
}

// Reorder implementation.

function reorderChildren(parent, orderedChildrenGuids, options) {
  return PlacesUtils.withConnectionWrapper(
    "Bookmarks.jsm: reorderChildren",
    db =>
      db.executeTransaction(async function() {
        // Select all of the direct children for the given parent.
        let children = await fetchBookmarksByParent(db, {
          parentGuid: parent.guid,
        });
        if (!children.length) {
          return [];
        }

        // Maps of GUIDs to indices for fast lookups in the comparator function.
        let guidIndices = new Map();
        let currentIndices = new Map();
        for (let i = 0; i < orderedChildrenGuids.length; ++i) {
          let guid = orderedChildrenGuids[i];
          guidIndices.set(guid, i);
        }

        // If we got an incomplete list but everything we have is in the right
        // order, we do nothing.
        let needReorder = true;
        let requestedChildIndices = [];
        for (let i = 0; i < children.length; ++i) {
          // Take the opportunity to build currentIndices here, since we already
          // are iterating over the children array.
          currentIndices.set(children[i].guid, i);

          if (guidIndices.has(children[i].guid)) {
            let index = guidIndices.get(children[i].guid);
            requestedChildIndices.push(index);
          }
        }

        if (requestedChildIndices.length) {
          needReorder = false;
          for (let i = 1; i < requestedChildIndices.length; ++i) {
            if (requestedChildIndices[i - 1] > requestedChildIndices[i]) {
              needReorder = true;
              break;
            }
          }
        }

        if (needReorder) {
          // Reorder the children array according to the specified order, provided
          // GUIDs come first, others are appended in somehow random order.
          children.sort((a, b) => {
            // This works provided fetchBookmarksByParent returns sorted children.
            if (!guidIndices.has(a.guid) && !guidIndices.has(b.guid)) {
              return currentIndices.get(a.guid) < currentIndices.get(b.guid)
                ? -1
                : 1;
            }
            if (!guidIndices.has(a.guid)) {
              return 1;
            }
            if (!guidIndices.has(b.guid)) {
              return -1;
            }
            return guidIndices.get(a.guid) < guidIndices.get(b.guid) ? -1 : 1;
          });

          // Update the bookmarks position now.  If any unknown guid have been
          // inserted meanwhile, its position will be set to -position, and we'll
          // handle it later.
          // To do the update in a single step, we build a VALUES (guid, position)
          // table.  We then use count() in the sorting table to avoid skipping values
          // when no more existing GUIDs have been provided.
          let valuesTable = children
            .map((child, i) => `("${child.guid}", ${i})`)
            .join();
          await db.execute(
            `WITH sorting(g, p) AS (
             VALUES ${valuesTable}
           )
           UPDATE moz_bookmarks SET
             position = (
               SELECT CASE count(*) WHEN 0 THEN -position
                                           ELSE count(*) - 1
                      END
               FROM sorting a
               JOIN sorting b ON b.p <= a.p
               WHERE a.g = guid
             ),
             lastModified = :lastModified
           WHERE parent = :parentId
          `,
            {
              parentId: parent._id,
              lastModified: PlacesUtils.toPRTime(options.lastModified),
            }
          );

          let syncChangeDelta = PlacesSyncUtils.bookmarks.determineSyncChangeDelta(
            options.source
          );
          await setAncestorsLastModified(
            db,
            parent.guid,
            options.lastModified,
            syncChangeDelta
          );

          // Update position of items that could have been inserted in the meanwhile.
          // Since this can happen rarely and it's only done for schema coherence
          // resonds, we won't notify about these changes.
          await db.executeCached(
            `CREATE TEMP TRIGGER moz_bookmarks_reorder_trigger
             AFTER UPDATE OF position ON moz_bookmarks
             WHEN NEW.position = -1
           BEGIN
             UPDATE moz_bookmarks
             SET position = (SELECT MAX(position) FROM moz_bookmarks
                             WHERE parent = NEW.parent) +
                            (SELECT count(*) FROM moz_bookmarks
                             WHERE parent = NEW.parent
                               AND position BETWEEN OLD.position AND -1)
             WHERE guid = NEW.guid;
           END
          `
          );

          await db.executeCached(
            `UPDATE moz_bookmarks SET position = -1 WHERE position < 0`
          );

          await db.executeCached(`DROP TRIGGER moz_bookmarks_reorder_trigger`);
        }

        // Remove the Sync orphan annotation from the reordered children, so that
        // Sync doesn't try to reparent them once it sees the original parents. We
        // only do this for explicitly ordered children, to avoid removing orphan
        // annos set by Sync.
        let possibleOrphanIds = [];
        for (let child of children) {
          if (guidIndices.has(child.guid)) {
            possibleOrphanIds.push(child._id);
          }
        }
        await db.executeCached(
          `DELETE FROM moz_items_annos
         WHERE anno_attribute_id = (SELECT id FROM moz_anno_attributes
                                    WHERE name = :orphanAnno) AND
               item_id IN (${possibleOrphanIds.join(", ")})`,
          { orphanAnno: PlacesSyncUtils.bookmarks.SYNC_PARENT_ANNO }
        );

        return children;
      })
  );
}

// Helpers.

/**
 * Merges objects into a new object, included non-enumerable properties.
 *
 * @param sources
 *        source objects to merge.
 * @return a new object including all properties from the source objects.
 */
function mergeIntoNewObject(...sources) {
  let dest = {};
  for (let src of sources) {
    for (let prop of Object.getOwnPropertyNames(src)) {
      Object.defineProperty(
        dest,
        prop,
        Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(src, prop)
      );
    }
  }
  return dest;
}

/**
 * Remove properties that have the same value across two bookmark objects.
 *
 * @param dest
 *        destination bookmark object.
 * @param src
 *        source bookmark object.
 * @return a cleaned up bookmark object.
 * @note "guid" is never removed.
 */
function removeSameValueProperties(dest, src) {
  for (let prop in dest) {
    let remove = false;
    switch (prop) {
      case "lastModified":
      case "dateAdded":
        remove =
          src.hasOwnProperty(prop) &&
          dest[prop].getTime() == src[prop].getTime();
        break;
      case "url":
        remove = src.hasOwnProperty(prop) && dest[prop].href == src[prop].href;
        break;
      default:
        remove = dest[prop] == src[prop];
    }
    if (remove && prop != "guid") {
      delete dest[prop];
    }
  }
}

/**
 * Convert an array of mozIStorageRow objects to an array of bookmark objects.
 *
 * @param {Array} rows
 *        the array of mozIStorageRow objects.
 * @param {Boolean} ignoreInvalidURLs
 *        whether to ignore invalid urls (leaving the url property undefined)
 *        or throw.
 * @return an array of bookmark objects.
 */
function rowsToItemsArray(rows, ignoreInvalidURLs = false) {
  return rows.map(row => {
    let item = {};
    for (let prop of ["guid", "index", "type", "title"]) {
      item[prop] = row.getResultByName(prop);
    }
    for (let prop of ["dateAdded", "lastModified"]) {
      let value = row.getResultByName(prop);
      if (value) {
        item[prop] = PlacesUtils.toDate(value);
      }
    }
    let parentGuid = row.getResultByName("parentGuid");
    if (parentGuid) {
      item.parentGuid = parentGuid;
    }
    let url = row.getResultByName("url");
    if (url) {
      try {
        item.url = new URL(url);
      } catch (ex) {
        if (!ignoreInvalidURLs) {
          throw ex;
        }
      }
    }

    for (let prop of [
      "_id",
      "_parentId",
      "_childCount",
      "_grandParentId",
      "_syncStatus",
    ]) {
      let val = row.getResultByName(prop);
      if (val !== null) {
        // These properties should not be returned to the API consumer, thus
        // they are non-enumerable and removed through Object.assign just before
        // the object is returned.
        // Configurable is set to support mergeIntoNewObject overwrites.
        Object.defineProperty(item, prop, {
          value: val,
          enumerable: false,
          configurable: true,
        });
      }
    }

    return item;
  });
}

function validateBookmarkObject(name, input, behavior) {
  return PlacesUtils.validateItemProperties(
    name,
    PlacesUtils.BOOKMARK_VALIDATORS,
    input,
    behavior
  );
}

/**
 * Updates frecency for a list of URLs.
 *
 * @param db
 *        the Sqlite.jsm connection handle.
 * @param urls
 *        the array of URLs to update.
 */
var updateFrecency = async function(db, urls) {
  let hrefs = urls.map(url => url.href);
  // We just use the hashes, since updating a few additional urls won't hurt.
  for (let chunk of PlacesUtils.chunkArray(hrefs, db.variableLimit)) {
    await db.execute(
      `UPDATE moz_places
       SET hidden = (url_hash BETWEEN hash("place", "prefix_lo") AND hash("place", "prefix_hi")),
           frecency = CALCULATE_FRECENCY(id)
       WHERE url_hash IN (${sqlBindPlaceholders(chunk, "hash(", ")")})`,
      chunk
    );
  }

  // Trigger frecency updates for all affected origins.
  await db.executeCached(`DELETE FROM moz_updateoriginsupdate_temp`);

  PlacesObservers.notifyListeners([new PlacesRanking()]);
};

/**
 * Removes any orphan annotation entries.
 *
 * @param db
 *        the Sqlite.jsm connection handle.
 */
var removeOrphanAnnotations = async function(db) {
  await db.executeCached(
    `DELETE FROM moz_items_annos
     WHERE id IN (SELECT a.id from moz_items_annos a
                  LEFT JOIN moz_bookmarks b ON a.item_id = b.id
                  WHERE b.id ISNULL)
    `
  );
  await db.executeCached(
    `DELETE FROM moz_anno_attributes
     WHERE id IN (SELECT n.id from moz_anno_attributes n
                  LEFT JOIN moz_annos a1 ON a1.anno_attribute_id = n.id
                  LEFT JOIN moz_items_annos a2 ON a2.anno_attribute_id = n.id
                  WHERE a1.id ISNULL AND a2.id ISNULL)
    `
  );
};

/**
 * Removes annotations for a given item.
 *
 * @param db
 *        the Sqlite.jsm connection handle.
 * @param items
 *        The items for which to remove annotations.
 */
var removeAnnotationsForItems = async function(db, items) {
  // Remove the annotations.
  let itemIds = items.map(item => item._id);
  await db.executeCached(
    `DELETE FROM moz_items_annos
     WHERE item_id IN (${sqlBindPlaceholders(itemIds)})`,
    itemIds
  );
  await db.executeCached(
    `DELETE FROM moz_anno_attributes
     WHERE id IN (SELECT n.id from moz_anno_attributes n
                  LEFT JOIN moz_annos a1 ON a1.anno_attribute_id = n.id
                  LEFT JOIN moz_items_annos a2 ON a2.anno_attribute_id = n.id
                  WHERE a1.id ISNULL AND a2.id ISNULL)
    `
  );
};

/**
 * Updates lastModified for all the ancestors of a given folder GUID.
 *
 * @param db
 *        the Sqlite.jsm connection handle.
 * @param folderGuid
 *        the GUID of the folder whose ancestors should be updated.
 * @param time
 *        a Date object to use for the update.
 *
 * @note the folder itself is also updated.
 */
var setAncestorsLastModified = async function(
  db,
  folderGuid,
  time,
  syncChangeDelta
) {
  await db.executeCached(
    `WITH RECURSIVE
     ancestors(aid) AS (
       SELECT id FROM moz_bookmarks WHERE guid = :guid
       UNION ALL
       SELECT parent FROM moz_bookmarks
       JOIN ancestors ON id = aid
       WHERE type = :type
     )
     UPDATE moz_bookmarks SET lastModified = :time
     WHERE id IN ancestors
    `,
    {
      guid: folderGuid,
      type: Bookmarks.TYPE_FOLDER,
      time: PlacesUtils.toPRTime(time),
    }
  );

  if (syncChangeDelta) {
    // Flag the folder as having a change.
    await db.executeCached(
      `
      UPDATE moz_bookmarks SET
        syncChangeCounter = syncChangeCounter + :syncChangeDelta
      WHERE guid = :guid`,
      { guid: folderGuid, syncChangeDelta }
    );
  }
};

/**
 * Remove all descendants of one or more bookmark folders.
 *
 * @param {Object} db
 *        the Sqlite.jsm connection handle.
 * @param {Array} folderGuids
 *        array of folder guids.
 * @return {Array}
 *         An array of urls that will need to be updated for frecency. These
 *         are returned rather than updated immediately so that the caller
 *         can decide when they need to be updated - they do not need to
 *         stop this function from completing.
 */
var removeFoldersContents = async function(db, folderGuids, options) {
  let syncChangeDelta = PlacesSyncUtils.bookmarks.determineSyncChangeDelta(
    options.source
  );

  let itemsRemoved = [];
  for (let folderGuid of folderGuids) {
    let rows = await db.executeCached(
      `WITH RECURSIVE
       descendants(did) AS (
         SELECT b.id FROM moz_bookmarks b
         JOIN moz_bookmarks p ON b.parent = p.id
         WHERE p.guid = :folderGuid
         UNION ALL
         SELECT id FROM moz_bookmarks
         JOIN descendants ON parent = did
       )
       SELECT b.id AS _id, b.parent AS _parentId, b.position AS 'index',
              b.type, url, b.guid, p.guid AS parentGuid, b.dateAdded,
              b.lastModified, IFNULL(b.title, '') AS title,
              p.parent AS _grandParentId, NULL AS _childCount,
              b.syncStatus AS _syncStatus
       FROM descendants
       /* The usage of CROSS JOIN is not random, it tells the optimizer
          to retain the original rows order, so the hierarchy is respected */
       CROSS JOIN moz_bookmarks b ON did = b.id
       JOIN moz_bookmarks p ON p.id = b.parent
       LEFT JOIN moz_places h ON b.fk = h.id`,
      { folderGuid }
    );

    itemsRemoved = itemsRemoved.concat(rowsToItemsArray(rows, true));

    await db.executeCached(
      `WITH RECURSIVE
       descendants(did) AS (
         SELECT b.id FROM moz_bookmarks b
         JOIN moz_bookmarks p ON b.parent = p.id
         WHERE p.guid = :folderGuid
         UNION ALL
         SELECT id FROM moz_bookmarks
         JOIN descendants ON parent = did
       )
       DELETE FROM moz_bookmarks WHERE id IN descendants`,
      { folderGuid }
    );
  }

  // Write tombstones for removed items.
  await insertTombstones(db, itemsRemoved, syncChangeDelta);

  // Bump the change counter for all tagged bookmarks when removing tag
  // folders.
  await addSyncChangesForRemovedTagFolders(db, itemsRemoved, syncChangeDelta);

  // Cleanup orphans.
  await removeOrphanAnnotations(db);

  // TODO (Bug 1087576): this may leave orphan tags behind.

  // Send onItemRemoved notifications to listeners.
  // TODO (Bug 1087580): for the case of eraseEverything, this should send a
  // single clear bookmarks notification rather than notifying for each
  // bookmark.

  // Notify listeners in reverse order to serve children before parents.
  let { source = Bookmarks.SOURCES.DEFAULT } = options;
  let notifications = [];
  for (let item of itemsRemoved.reverse()) {
    let isUntagging = item._grandParentId == PlacesUtils.tagsFolderId;
    let url = "";
    if (item.type == Bookmarks.TYPE_BOOKMARK) {
      url = item.hasOwnProperty("url") ? item.url.href : null;
    }
    notifications.push(
      new PlacesBookmarkRemoved({
        id: item._id,
        url,
        parentId: item._parentId,
        index: item.index,
        itemType: item.type,
        guid: item.guid,
        parentGuid: item.parentGuid,
        source,
        isTagging: isUntagging,
        isDescendantRemoval: !PlacesUtils.bookmarks.userContentRoots.includes(
          item.parentGuid
        ),
      })
    );

    if (isUntagging) {
      const tags = PlacesUtils.tagging.getTagsForURI(NetUtil.newURI(url));
      for (let entry of await fetchBookmarksByURL(item, true)) {
        notifications.push(
          new PlacesBookmarkTags({
            id: entry._id,
            itemType: entry.type,
            url,
            guid: entry.guid,
            parentGuid: entry.parentGuid,
            tags,
            lastModified: entry.lastModified,
            source,
            isTagging: false,
          })
        );
      }
    }
  }

  if (notifications.length) {
    PlacesObservers.notifyListeners(notifications);
  }

  return itemsRemoved.filter(item => "url" in item).map(item => item.url);
};

/**
 * Tries to insert a new place if it doesn't exist yet.
 * @param url
 *        A valid URL object.
 * @return {Promise} resolved when the operation is complete.
 */
async function maybeInsertPlace(db, url) {
  // The IGNORE conflict can trigger on `guid`.
  await db.executeCached(
    `INSERT OR IGNORE INTO moz_places (url, url_hash, rev_host, hidden, frecency, guid)
     VALUES (:url, hash(:url), :rev_host, 0, :frecency,
             IFNULL((SELECT guid FROM moz_places WHERE url_hash = hash(:url) AND url = :url),
                    GENERATE_GUID()))
    `,
    {
      url: url.href,
      rev_host: PlacesUtils.getReversedHost(url),
      frecency: url.protocol == "place:" ? 0 : -1,
    }
  );
  await db.executeCached("DELETE FROM moz_updateoriginsinsert_temp");
}

/**
 * Tries to insert a new place if it doesn't exist yet.
 * @param db
 *        The database to use
 * @param urls
 *        An array with all the url objects to insert.
 * @return {Promise} resolved when the operation is complete.
 */
async function maybeInsertManyPlaces(db, urls) {
  await db.executeCached(
    `INSERT OR IGNORE INTO moz_places (url, url_hash, rev_host, hidden, frecency, guid) VALUES
     (:url, hash(:url), :rev_host, 0, :frecency,
     IFNULL((SELECT guid FROM moz_places WHERE url_hash = hash(:url) AND url = :url), :maybeguid))`,
    urls.map(url => ({
      url: url.href,
      rev_host: PlacesUtils.getReversedHost(url),
      frecency: url.protocol == "place:" ? 0 : -1,
      maybeguid: PlacesUtils.history.makeGuid(),
    }))
  );
  await db.executeCached("DELETE FROM moz_updateoriginsinsert_temp");
}

// Indicates whether we should write a tombstone for an item that has been
// uploaded to the server. We ignore "NEW" and "UNKNOWN" items: "NEW" items
// haven't been uploaded yet, and "UNKNOWN" items need a full reconciliation
// with the server.
function needsTombstone(item) {
  return item._syncStatus == Bookmarks.SYNC_STATUS.NORMAL;
}

// Inserts tombstones for removed synced items.
function insertTombstones(db, itemsRemoved, syncChangeDelta) {
  if (!syncChangeDelta) {
    return Promise.resolve();
  }
  let syncedItems = itemsRemoved.filter(needsTombstone);
  if (!syncedItems.length) {
    return Promise.resolve();
  }
  let dateRemoved = PlacesUtils.toPRTime(Date.now());
  let valuesTable = syncedItems
    .map(
      item => `(
    ${JSON.stringify(item.guid)},
    ${dateRemoved}
  )`
    )
    .join(",");
  return db.execute(`
    INSERT INTO moz_bookmarks_deleted (guid, dateRemoved)
    VALUES ${valuesTable}`);
}

// Bumps the change counter for all bookmarks with URLs referenced in removed
// tag folders.
var addSyncChangesForRemovedTagFolders = async function(
  db,
  itemsRemoved,
  syncChangeDelta
) {
  if (!syncChangeDelta) {
    return;
  }
  for (let item of itemsRemoved) {
    let isUntagging = item._grandParentId == PlacesUtils.tagsFolderId;
    if (isUntagging) {
      await PlacesSyncUtils.bookmarks.addSyncChangesForBookmarksWithURL(
        db,
        item.url,
        syncChangeDelta
      );
    }
  }
};

function adjustSeparatorsSyncCounter(
  db,
  parentId,
  startIndex,
  syncChangeDelta
) {
  if (!syncChangeDelta) {
    return Promise.resolve();
  }

  return db.executeCached(
    `
    UPDATE moz_bookmarks
    SET syncChangeCounter = syncChangeCounter + :delta
    WHERE parent = :parent AND position >= :start_index
      AND type = :item_type
    `,
    {
      delta: syncChangeDelta,
      parent: parentId,
      start_index: startIndex,
      item_type: Bookmarks.TYPE_SEPARATOR,
    }
  );
}

/**
 * Generates a list of "?" SQL bindings based on input array length.
 * @param {array} values an array of values.
 * @param {string} [prefix] a string to prefix to the placeholder.
 * @param {string} [suffix] a string to suffix to the placeholder.
 * @returns {string} placeholders is a string made of question marks and commas,
 *          one per value.
 */
function sqlBindPlaceholders(values, prefix = "", suffix = "") {
  return new Array(values.length).fill(prefix + "?" + suffix).join(",");
}

/**
 * Return the full path, from parent to root folder, of a bookmark.
 *
 * @param guid
 *        The globally unique identifier of the item to determine the full
 *        bookmark path for.
 * @param options [optional]
 *        an optional object whose properties describe options for the query:
 *         - concurrent:  Queries concurrently to any writes, returning results
 *                        faster. On the negative side, it may return stale
 *                        information missing the currently ongoing write.
 *         - db:          A specific connection to be used.
 * @return {Promise} resolved when the query is complete.
 * @resolves to an array of {guid, title} objects that represent the full path
 *           from parent to root for the passed in bookmark.
 * @rejects if an error happens while querying.
 */
async function retrieveFullBookmarkPath(guid, options = {}) {
  let query = async function(db) {
    let rows = await db.executeCached(
      `WITH RECURSIVE parents(guid, _id, _parent, title) AS
          (SELECT guid, id AS _id, parent AS _parent,
                  IFNULL(title, '') AS title
           FROM moz_bookmarks
           WHERE guid = :pguid
           UNION ALL
           SELECT b.guid, b.id AS _id, b.parent AS _parent,
                  IFNULL(b.title, '') AS title
           FROM moz_bookmarks b
           INNER JOIN parents ON b.id=parents._parent)
        SELECT * FROM parents WHERE guid != :rootGuid;
      `,
      { pguid: guid, rootGuid: PlacesUtils.bookmarks.rootGuid }
    );

    return rows.reverse().map(r => ({
      guid: r.getResultByName("guid"),
      title: r.getResultByName("title"),
    }));
  };

  if (options.concurrent) {
    let db = await PlacesUtils.promiseDBConnection();
    return query(db);
  }
  return PlacesUtils.withConnectionWrapper(
    "Bookmarks.jsm: retrieveFullBookmarkPath",
    query
  );
}