1# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE 2# Copyright (C) YEAR Stellarium's team 3# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. 4# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. 5# 6# Translators: 7# 杨 先生 <865194108@qq.com>, 2020 8# Celestial Phineas <hanghang0713@hotmail.com>, 2021 9# 殳玮 孙 <itun@qq.com>, 2021 10# Roy Luo <1598359376@qq.com>, 2021 11# 深圳的涂山威威, 2021 12# 13#, fuzzy 14msgid "" 15msgstr "" 16"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" 17"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: stellarium@googlegroups.com\n" 18"POT-Creation-Date: 2021-12-16 17:32+0700\n" 19"PO-Revision-Date: 2020-01-06 16:35+0000\n" 20"Last-Translator: 深圳的涂山威威, 2021\n" 21"Language-Team: Chinese (China) (https://www.transifex.com/stellarium/teams/80998/zh_CN/)\n" 22"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" 23"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" 24"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" 25"Language: zh_CN\n" 26"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n" 27 28#. type: Content of: <h1> 29#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:1 30msgid "Al-Sufi (\"Book of Fixed Stars\")" 31msgstr "苏菲 (恒星之书)" 32 33#. type: Content of: <p> 34#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:2 35msgid "" 36"The Book of Fixed Stars was written shortly before 964 AD. Dr. Paul " 37"Kunitzsch described it as \"the most outstanding among the works of the " 38"prominent astronomer Abu 'l-Ḥusayn 'Abd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi (born in" 39" Rayy, 903; died 986), referred to as al-Sufi. In it, al-Şūfī treats the 48 " 40"classical constellations, which were established and transmitted in " 41"Ptolemy's Almagest. The description of each constellation comprises the " 42"following four sections: first, a general discussion of the constellation " 43"and its individual stars; this section also includes alŞūfi's criticism of " 44"the Ptolemaic tradition and notices of his own observations. Second, a " 45"record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling under that constellation," 46" and the exact identification of the respective stars with the corresponding" 47" Ptolemaic stars. Third, two drawings of the constellation, one as it is " 48"seen on a celestial globe, and the other one as it is seen in the sky. " 49"Fourth, a table of the stars making up that constellation, giving a verbal " 50"description of each star's location and its longitude, latitude, and " 51"magnitude. This table closely follows the arrangement of Ptolemy's star " 52"catalogue in the Almagest.\" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. In " 53"addition to the four sections of each constellation mentioned by dr. " 54"Kunitzsch, Al-Sufi would identify stars within the 6 magnitudes that were " 55"neglected by Ptolemy, but he did not catalogue them and was faithful to " 56"Ptolemy star catalog." 57msgstr "" 58"《恒星之书》（The Book of Fixed Stars）为著名天文学家阿卜杜勒-拉赫曼·苏菲（Abu 'l-Ḥusayn 'Abd al-" 59"Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi, 903-986年），简称为苏菲（Al-Sufi）于公元 964 年之前不久所写。 Paul " 60"Kunitzsch 博士将其描述为苏菲著作中最杰出的。 苏菲在书中论述了托勒密的《天文学大成》中所建立的 48 " 61"个经典星座，将每个星座的描述成以下四个部分：第一，对星座及其所含恒星的一般讨论；这部分也包括苏菲对托勒密传统的评论和他自己观察所注意到的事项。第二，记录该星座内的传统阿拉伯星名，以及与托勒密恒星进行准确配对。第三，星座的两幅图，一幅是在天球外看的角度，另一幅是在天球内看的角度，亦即我们在地球上仰望星空时的角度。第四，组成该星座的星表，对每颗星星的位置进行口头描述以及它的经度、纬度和星等大小。这张表的顺序与托勒密在《天文学大成》中的星表排列联系紧密。" 62" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>。除了 Kunitzsch " 63"博士提到的每个星座的四个部分外，苏菲另外标识了被托勒密忽略的 6 等星内的恒星，但他并没有对它们进行分类，而是忠于托勒密的星表。" 64 65#. type: Content of: <p> 66#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:3 67msgid "" 68"An important aspect of the general discussion section is Al-Sufi method of " 69"facilitating the star identification. He describes each individual star in " 70"more than way: By the star position related to the constellation figure, by " 71"its magnitude, by the asterism it forms with other stars like triangle or " 72"arc shapes, sometimes by the star position related to the Milky way, and by " 73"the angular distance from a close by star. I have counted more than 700 " 74"angular distances measured by al-Sufi in his book. The units he uses for " 75"angular distances are cubits, spear length, man-height, span, and finger. " 76"Al-Sufi explicitly said in his book that a cubit is equal to two degrees and" 77" 20 minutes <sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. For the other units," 78" Schjellerup concluded some values, but tracking the 700 measurements, I " 79"came up with different values. The following table summarizes the units and " 80"relationship to the cubit value from Schjellerup<sup><a " 81"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup> and from my research." 82msgstr "" 83"一般讨论部分的一个重要方面是苏菲对恒星识别采用的方法。 " 84"他以多种方式描述每颗恒星：通过与星座图相关的恒星位置，通过其大小，通过它与其他恒星形成的星群，如三角形或弧形，有时通过与银河系相关的恒星位置，以及通过与附近恒星的角距离。我计算过苏菲在他的书中所测量的角距离有" 85" 700 多个。 他用于角距离的单位是手肘长、矛长、人的高度、跨度和手指宽。 苏菲在他的书中明确指出，一个肘长等于2 度 20 分 <sup><a " 86"href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>。 对于其他单位，Schjellerup 得出了一些数值，但在追踪探询 700 " 87"个测量值，我得出了不同的值。 下表总结了从 Schjellerup <sup><a href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup>" 88" 和从我的研究中所得的单位和相对于手肘长大小的关系。" 89 90#. type: Content of: <h2> 91#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:5 92msgid "Angular distance units used by Al-Sufi" 93msgstr "苏菲使用的角距离单位" 94 95#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 96#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:10 97msgid "<b>Schjellerup</b>" 98msgstr "<b>Schjellerup</b>" 99 100#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 101#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:11 102msgid "<b>Khalid</b>" 103msgstr "<b>Khalid</b>" 104 105#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 106#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:14 107msgid "<b>unit</b>" 108msgstr "<b>单位</b>" 109 110#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 111#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:15 112#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:17 113msgid "<b>cubits</b>" 114msgstr "<b>手肘长</b>" 115 116#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 117#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:16 118#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:18 119msgid "<b>Angular Value</b>" 120msgstr "<b>角距离</b>" 121 122#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 123#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:21 124msgid "spear" 125msgstr "矛长" 126 127#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 128#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:22 129#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:24 130msgid "6 cubits" 131msgstr "6 手肘长" 132 133#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 134#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:28 135msgid "Man-Height" 136msgstr "人高" 137 138#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 139#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:31 140msgid "3 cubits" 141msgstr "3 手肘长" 142 143#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 144#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:35 145msgid "cubit" 146msgstr "手肘长" 147 148#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 149#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:36 150#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:38 151msgid "1 cubit" 152msgstr "1 手肘长" 153 154#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 155#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:42 156msgid "span" 157msgstr "跨度" 158 159#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 160#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:43 161msgid "1/3 of a cubit" 162msgstr "手肘长的 1/3" 163 164#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 165#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:45 166msgid "1/2 of a cubit" 167msgstr "手肘长的 1/2" 168 169#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 170#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:49 171msgid "finger" 172msgstr "手指宽" 173 174#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 175#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:50 176msgid "1/32 of a cubit" 177msgstr "手肘长的 1/32" 178 179#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 180#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:52 181msgid "1/16 of a cubit" 182msgstr "手肘长的 1/16" 183 184#. type: Content of: <p> 185#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:57 186msgid "" 187"Another important aspect of Al-Sufi book is his record of the indigenous " 188"Arabic star names falling under each constellation, and the exact " 189"identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic " 190"stars. This means that we are looking at two layers of stars knowledge at " 191"the same time: the Ptolemaic one and the indigenous Arab one." 192msgstr "" 193"苏菲的书中另一个重要方面是他记录了每个星座下的传统阿拉伯星名，以及与托勒密恒星进行准确配对。 这意味着我们同时看到托勒密的和传统阿拉伯两套恒星知识。" 194 195#. type: Content of: <h2> 196#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:59 197msgid "The Sky Culture" 198msgstr "星空文化" 199 200#. type: Content of: <p> 201#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:60 202msgid "" 203"This sky culture is a result of a research done on several manuscripts of " 204"the book, oldest of which is the <a " 205"href=\"https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535\"" 206" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Marsh " 207"144 dated 1009 AD</a>." 208msgstr "" 209"这个星空文化是是对该书的几份手稿进行研究的结果，其中最古老的是 <a " 210"href=\"https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535\"" 211" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Marsh 144 女士，公元 1009 " 212"年纪录，牛津博德利图书馆</a>。" 213 214#. type: Content of: <p> 215#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:61 216msgid "" 217"First, the manuscripts of the Book of Fixed Stars were critically edited, " 218"and the text was produced. Second, each member star of the 48 constellations" 219" was identified according to Al-Sufi description, and new tables were built " 220"including modern star designations from the Hipparcos, Bright stars, and " 221"Bayer catalogues. Third, Arab indigenous star names were collected and " 222"identified as mapped by Al-Sufi to the Ptolemaic ones. All the previous " 223"steps were included in a book published digitally of the Book of Fixed Stars" 224" plus explanations and commentary by Khalid Al-Ajaji<sup><a " 225"href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>." 226msgstr "" 227"首先，对《恒星之书》手稿进行校勘，编辑成文本。 其次，这是根据苏菲的描述来确定 48 个星座的每个成员星，并建立新的星表，并包括来自 " 228"Hipparcos、Bright Stars和 Bayer 星表的现代恒星名称。 第三，收集和辨识苏菲确定的映射到托勒密星表的阿拉伯传统星名。 " 229"前面的所有步骤都包含在以数字形式出版的《恒星之书》和 Khalid Al-Ajaji 的解释和评论中<sup><a " 230"href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>。" 231 232#. type: Content of: <p> 233#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:62 234msgid "" 235"The sky culture stick figures of the constellations are the images in the " 236"Ulugh Beg manuscript of the Book of Fixed Stars, extracted, and adapted for " 237"Stellarium by Mr. Kutaibaa Akraa <sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup>." 238" The star names file includes the star number in the constellation as the " 239"primary star name and the description of the star in the tables as a " 240"secondary name. For example, Polaris primary name that is displayed with the" 241" star is: UMi1, UMi being Ursa Minor and 1 is the first star of this " 242"constellation. If the star is selected other secondary names are displayed, " 243"which will display \"The star on the end of the tail\" on the top of the " 244"screen. The constellation lines are constructed according to the " 245"constellation shapes with an attempt to include most of the member stars. " 246"For indigenous Arab star knowledge, individual star names were added to the " 247"star file as secondary names, while names of group of stars were defined " 248"through asterism names and asterism lines files." 249msgstr "" 250"本星空文化的图绘是取自 《Ulugh Beg manuscript of the Book of Fixed Stars <sup><a " 251"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup>》中的图像，并被 Kutaibaa Akraa 先生在 Stellarium 采用。" 252" 恒星名称使用星座内的恒星编号当作主恒星名，星表内的恒星描述当作次恒星名。例如，北极星的的主恒星名为：UMi1，UMi 指的是小熊座 Ursa " 253"Minor ，1 是该星座的第一号星。 如果在菜单中选择了“使用附加的恒星名”，则会显示次恒星名，它将在屏幕上端显示 「尾巴末端的星星」。 " 254"星座连线文件是试图包括大多数成员恒星来构据星座的形状。 " 255"对于传统阿拉伯星空知识，个别星名被添加到恒星文件中作为次恒星名，而成群星星的名称则通过星群名和星连线文件加以定义。" 256 257#. type: Content of: <p> 258#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:63 259msgid "" 260"The translation of star descriptions from Arabic into English was extracted " 261"from Ernie Wright website<sup><a href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> which " 262"was transcribed from Toomer's translation of the Almagest<sup><a " 263"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>. The translation was modified in a few " 264"places to agree with Al-Sufi wording." 265msgstr "" 266"从阿拉伯语到英语的恒星描述翻译是摘自 Ernie Wright 网站 <sup><a " 267"href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup>，该网站是从 Toomer 对《天文学大成》的翻译<sup><a " 268"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>中转录的。 " 269"翻译词汇在几个地方以符合苏菲的措辞进行了修改。中文翻译则译自英文，这势必与原来的阿拉伯文意思无法完全吻合。" 270 271#. type: Content of: <p> 272#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:64 273msgid "" 274"The single source of the sky culture is the Book of Fixed Stars and the " 275"objective is to give a faithful representation of the book content." 276msgstr "此星空文化的单一来源是《恒星之书》，目的是忠实地再现书中的内容。" 277 278#. type: Content of: <h2> 279#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:66 280#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:522 281#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:464 282#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:496 283#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:299 284#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:288 285msgid "Fair Use" 286msgstr "合理使用" 287 288#. type: Content of: <p> 289#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:67 290msgid "" 291"This sky culture is provided for free under CC BY-ND 4.0 International " 292"Public License (share-alike, do not change it without consulting the " 293"contributors, and cite the contributors). The author wishes that this work " 294"be cited according to the common rules." 295msgstr "" 296"此星空术语是依据 星空文化执行CC BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence许可证 (相同方式分享, " 297"在没有咨询贡献者之前不要改变它，并引用贡献者)。 作者希望根据通用的规则来引用本作品。" 298 299#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 300#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:69 301#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:45 302#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:32 303#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:61 304#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:475 305#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:23 306#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:48 307#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:17 308#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:302 309#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:291 310#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:12 311#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:10 312#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:17 313#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:9 314#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:63 315#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:11 316#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:85 317#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:23 318msgid "Author" 319msgstr "作者" 320 321#. type: Content of: <p> 322#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:70 323msgid "" 324"This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji: " 325"turath.alfalak@gmail.com" 326msgstr "" 327"本星空术语是由 Khalid Al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com 所编译并加入 Stellarium 中。" 328 329#. type: Content of: <h3> 330#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:72 331#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:151 332#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:77 333#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2960 334#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:57 335msgid "Notes" 336msgstr "注释" 337 338#. type: Content of: <p> 339#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:73 340msgid "" 341"[1] The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-" 342"Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton [England]: " 343"Variorum Reprints, 1989." 344msgstr "" 345"[1] The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-" 346"Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton [England]: " 347"Variorum Reprints, 1989." 348 349#. type: Content of: <p> 350#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:74 351msgid "[2] See Al-Sufi description in his book of the 14th star in Auriga." 352msgstr "[2] 参见苏菲在他的书中对御夫座第14号星的描述" 353 354#. type: Content of: <p> 355#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:75 356msgid "" 357"[3] DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par " 358"H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27." 359msgstr "" 360"[3] DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par " 361"H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27." 362 363#. type: Content of: <p> 364#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:76 365msgid "" 366"[4] <a " 367"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\"" 368" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Book of Fixed Stars: Critical " 369"edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji</a>." 370msgstr "" 371"[4] <a " 372"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\"" 373" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Book of Fixed Stars: Critical " 374"edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji</a>." 375 376#. type: Content of: <p> 377#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:77 378msgid "" 379"[5] <a href=\"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN\" " 380"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Oulough Beg copy of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān " 381"ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque " 382"nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036</a>." 383msgstr "" 384"[5] <a href=\"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN\" " 385"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Oulough Beg copy of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān " 386"ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque " 387"nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036</a>." 388 389#. type: Content of: <p> 390#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:78 391msgid "" 392"[6] <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" " 393"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization " 394"of the Almagest Catalog</a>." 395msgstr "" 396"[6] <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" " 397"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization " 398"of the Almagest Catalog</a>." 399 400#. type: Content of: <p> 401#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:79 402msgid "" 403"[7] Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., " 404"1998." 405msgstr "" 406"[7] Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., " 407"1998." 408 409#. type: Content of: <h2> 410#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:1 411msgid "Anutan" 412msgstr "阿努塔" 413 414#. type: Content of: <p> 415#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:2 416msgid "" 417"Anuta is a tiny volcanic island which, though located within the Solomon " 418"Islands of Melanesia, is populated by Polynesians. Stars provide the " 419"Anutans' most important tool for long range navigation. Major guiding stars " 420"and constellations are known as 'kaavenga'. Star paths that are followed " 421"from one island to the next (even if they have not risen, or already set) " 422"are called 'kau panogna porau'. Unnamed stars which are not used as major " 423"navigational aids are called 'petuu vare' (foolish, common, or " 424"undistinguished)." 425msgstr "" 426"阿努塔是一个很小的火山岛，尽管位於美拉尼西亚说了嘛群岛，居民却是波利尼西亚人。 星星是阿努塔人进行远程航海的重要导航工具。 主要的导航星和星座被称为“ " 427"kaavenga”。 从一个岛到下一个岛（即使它们尚未升起或已经西落）遵循的导航星称为“ kau panogna porau”。 " 428"未用作主要导航星的未命名恒星稱為“ petuu vare”（愚蠢，普通或平庸）。" 429 430#. type: Content of: <h3> 431#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:9 432#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:43 433msgid "Nomenclature" 434msgstr "命名" 435 436#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 437#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11 438msgid "Anutan name" 439msgstr "阿努塔名称" 440 441#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 442#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11 443msgid "English translation" 444msgstr "翻译" 445 446#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 447#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11 448msgid "Western skylore" 449msgstr "西方天文术语" 450 451#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 452#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12 453msgid "Te Tino A Manu" 454msgstr "Te Tino A Manu" 455 456#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 457#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12 458msgid "The Bird's Body" 459msgstr "鸟身" 460 461#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 462#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12 463#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:191 464#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:36 465#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:61 466msgid "Sirius" 467msgstr "天狼" 468 469#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 470#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13 471msgid "Te Kapakau Tonga" 472msgstr "Te Kapakau Tonga" 473 474#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 475#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13 476msgid "The East Wing" 477msgstr "东部的翅膀" 478 479#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 480#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13 481#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:428 482#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:372 483#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:186 484#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:60 485msgid "Canopus" 486msgstr "老人" 487 488#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 489#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14 490msgid "Te Kapakau Pakatokerau" 491msgstr "Te Kapakau Pakatokerau" 492 493#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 494#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14 495msgid "The North Wing" 496msgstr "北方的翅膀" 497 498#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 499#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14 500msgid "Procyon" 501msgstr "南河三" 502 503#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 504#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15 505msgid "Te Kaokao O Manu" 506msgstr "Te Kaokao O Manu" 507 508#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 509#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15 510msgid "The Bird's Armpit" 511msgstr "鸟的腋窝" 512 513#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 514#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15 515msgid "Group of four small starts just east of Manu's Body" 516msgstr "四个小星星的组合，就在鸟身体的东方。" 517 518#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 519#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16 520msgid "Te Kope" 521msgstr "Te Kope" 522 523#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 524#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16 525msgid "The Bamboo" 526msgstr "竹子" 527 528#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 529#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16 530msgid "Grus" 531msgstr "天鹤座" 532 533#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 534#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17 535msgid "Ara Toru" 536msgstr "Ara Toru" 537 538#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 539#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17 540msgid "Path of Three" 541msgstr "三星之路" 542 543#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 544#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17 545#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:66 546msgid "Orion's belt" 547msgstr "猎户的腰带" 548 549#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 550#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18 551msgid "Te Angaanga" 552msgstr "Te Angaanga" 553 554#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 555#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18 556msgid "The Tongs" 557msgstr "夹钳" 558 559#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 560#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18 561msgid "Taurus's forehead" 562msgstr "金牛的额头" 563 564#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 565#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19 566msgid "Matariki" 567msgstr "Matariki" 568 569#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 570#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19 571msgid "Small Face, or Small Eyes" 572msgstr "小脸，或小眼" 573 574#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 575#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19 576#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:306 577#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:251 578#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:96 579#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:129 580#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:41 581#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:13 582#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:66 583msgid "Pleiades" 584msgstr "昴星团" 585 586#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 587#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20 588msgid "Kaavei" 589msgstr "Kaavei" 590 591#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 592#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20 593msgid "Octopus Tentacle" 594msgstr "章鱼的触手" 595 596#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 597#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20 598msgid "Aries" 599msgstr "白羊座" 600 601#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 602#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21 603msgid "Taki Roto" 604msgstr "Taki Roto" 605 606#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 607#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21 608msgid "Middle Precursor" 609msgstr "中导" 610 611#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 612#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21 613msgid "Corner of Great Square (one large star)" 614msgstr "秋季四边形的一角 (壁宿一)" 615 616#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 617#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22 618msgid "Taki Mua" 619msgstr "Taki Mua" 620 621#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 622#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22 623msgid "Forward Precursor" 624msgstr "前导" 625 626#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 627#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22 628msgid "Pegasus's front legs and Shoulder" 629msgstr "飞马的前腿和肩膀" 630 631#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 632#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23 633msgid "Toki" 634msgstr "Toki" 635 636#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 637#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23 638msgid "Adze" 639msgstr "锛斧" 640 641#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 642#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23 643#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:131 644msgid "Delphinus" 645msgstr "海豚座" 646 647#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 648#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24 649msgid "Te Aamonga" 650msgstr "Te Angaanga" 651 652#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 653#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24 654msgid "The Carrying Stick" 655msgstr "手杖" 656 657#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 658#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24 659msgid "Three stars in Aquila in a straight line" 660msgstr "天鹰座直线上的三颗星，即中国河鼓三星" 661 662#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 663#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25 664msgid "Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu" 665msgstr "Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu" 666 667#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 668#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25 669msgid "Sammara Squirrelfish" 670msgstr "莎姆新东洋金鳞鱼" 671 672#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 673#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25 674msgid "Four large stars in Sagittarius" 675msgstr "人马座的四个亮星" 676 677#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 678#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26 679msgid "Te Rua Tangata" 680msgstr "To Rua Tangata" 681 682#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 683#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26 684msgid "Double Man" 685msgstr "两个人" 686 687#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 688#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26 689#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:21 690msgid "Alpha and Beta Centauri" 691msgstr "南门二和马腹一" 692 693#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 694#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27 695#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29 696msgid "Te Rakau Tapu" 697msgstr "Te Rakau Tapu" 698 699#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 700#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27 701#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29 702msgid "The Net, or The Sacred Timber" 703msgstr "网兜，或者神木" 704 705#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 706#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27 707#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29 708#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:68 709msgid "Southern Cross" 710msgstr "南十字" 711 712#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 713#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28 714msgid "Taro" 715msgstr "Taro" 716 717#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 718#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28 719msgid "Taro plant" 720msgstr "芋艿" 721 722#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 723#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28 724msgid "" 725"Scorpius, Antares is Te Kau (the stem). Five star around Antares is Ona Rau " 726"(its leaves)" 727msgstr "天蝎座，心宿二是Te Kau(茎)。心宿二周围的五星是Ona Rau(它的叶子)" 728 729#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 730#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30 731msgid "Te Tukaniva" 732msgstr "Te Tukaniva" 733 734#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 735#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30 736#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:41 737#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:82 738msgid "—" 739msgstr "—" 740 741#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 742#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30 743msgid "Milky way" 744msgstr "银河" 745 746#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 747#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31 748msgid "Te Aro Rere" 749msgstr "Te Ao Rere" 750 751#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 752#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31 753msgid "The Running Cloud" 754msgstr "流动的云" 755 756#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 757#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31 758msgid "Large Magellanic Cloud" 759msgstr "大麦哲伦云" 760 761#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 762#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32 763msgid "Te Ao Toka" 764msgstr "Te Ao Toka" 765 766#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 767#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32 768msgid "The Restrained Cloud (?)" 769msgstr "拘束的云 (?)" 770 771#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 772#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32 773msgid "Small Magellanic Cloud" 774msgstr "小麦哲伦云" 775 776#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 777#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33 778msgid "Te Petuu Ao" 779msgstr "Te Petuu Ao" 780 781#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 782#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33 783msgid "The Morning Star" 784msgstr "晨星" 785 786#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 787#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33 788#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80 789#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81 790#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82 791#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83 792#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:377 793#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:36 794#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:26 795#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:58 796msgid "Venus" 797msgstr "金星" 798 799#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 800#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34 801msgid "Tiuriuri" 802msgstr "Tiuriuri" 803 804#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 805#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34 806msgid "The Morning Star(?)" 807msgstr "晨星(?)" 808 809#. type: Content of: <table><tr> 810#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34 811msgid "Venus(?)" 812msgstr "金星(?)" 813 814#. type: Content of: <h3> 815#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:37 816#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:486 817#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:293 818#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:275 819#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:35 820#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:381 821#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:30 822msgid "References" 823msgstr "参考文献" 824 825#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 826#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:39 827msgid "" 828"Feinberg, Richard. (1998). \"Polynesian seafaring and navigation: ocean " 829"travel in Anutan culture and society\" The Kent State University Press, " 830"Kent, Ohio: ISBN 0-87338-352-4." 831msgstr "" 832"Feinberg, Richard. (1998). \"Polynesian seafaring and navigation: ocean " 833"travel in Anutan culture and society\" The Kent State University Press, " 834"Kent, Ohio: ISBN 0-87338-352-4." 835 836#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 837#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:41 838msgid "" 839"Rensch, K.H. (1994). \"Fish Names of Western Polynesia: Futuna, Niue, Samoa," 840" Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uvea, Outliers\" Archipelago Press, the University " 841"of California : ISBN 9780959378771." 842msgstr "" 843"Rensch, K.H. (1994). \"Fish Names of Western Polynesia: Futuna, Niue, Samoa," 844" Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uvea, Outliers\" Archipelago Press, the University " 845"of California : ISBN 9780959378771." 846 847#. type: Content of: <p> 848#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:46 849msgid "" 850"This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by <i>Dan Smale</i>, " 851"d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz" 852msgstr "此星空文化作者：<i>Dan Smale</i>, d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz" 853 854#. type: Content of: <h1> 855#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:1 856msgid "Arabian Peninsula" 857msgstr "阿拉伯半岛" 858 859#. type: Content of: <h4> 860#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:2 861#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:2 862#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:2 863#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:3 864msgid "Introduction" 865msgstr "介绍" 866 867#. type: Content of: <p> 868#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:3 869msgid "" 870"The oral folk tradition of star names and asterisms in the Arabian " 871"Peninsula, mostly scattered in poetry and proverbs." 872msgstr "在阿拉伯半岛，口耳相传的关于恒星名字和星群的传统，大多出现在诗歌和谚语中" 873 874#. type: Content of: <h2> 875#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:4 876#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:4 877#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:4 878msgid "Description" 879msgstr "说明" 880 881#. type: Content of: <p> 882#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:6 883msgid "" 884"The Arabian Peninsula is a region covering the south western corner of Asia," 885" bordered by Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea on the south, Gulf of Oman and " 886"Persian Gulf on the East, The Red Sea on the west. The northern border is " 887"not well defined but according to ancient geographers, it is bordered by " 888"rivers, meaning The Euphrates river <sup><a " 889"href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup> <sup><a " 890"href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. This region is inhabited by Arabs and " 891"covers Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, " 892"Oman, Yemen, and parts of Syria and Iraq." 893msgstr "" 894 895#. type: Content of: <p> 896#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:9 897msgid "" 898"The Bedouins and farmers in the Arabian Peninsula relied heavily on stars " 899"for timing their nomadic trips, animal care, weather forecast and " 900"agricultural activities. We find frequent mention of stars in their proverbs" 901" and poetry. Fortunately, the oral poetry and proverbs have been documented " 902"and preserved in collections by different scholars. Surveying these " 903"collections along with oral traditions reveals the star knowledge of the " 904"people of this region." 905msgstr "" 906 907#. type: Content of: <p> 908#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:10 909msgid "" 910"The stars used for timing are the same as that of ancient Arabs, but the " 911"system is simplified by beginning the year cycle with the heliacal rising of" 912" al-Thurayyā, the Pleiades, in the beginning of summer, and then counting 13" 913" days for each lunar station, except for al-Ǧabhah that has 14 days. This " 914"will have 27 lunar stations x 13 days + 14 days (al-Ǧabhah) = 365-day cycle." 915" Other methods of timing were used like the monthly Pleiades-Moon " 916"conjunction or using other stars like the stars of the Big Dipper." 917msgstr "" 918 919#. type: Content of: <p> 920#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:11 921msgid "" 922"The sources show that star names and asterisms are few compared to that of " 923"ancient Arabs. Only the bright stars and prominent asterism were named and " 924"used. An important source of star knowledge that continued its influence up " 925"to the present is the poetry of al-Ḫalāwī, a poet who's time is not certain " 926"but estimated to be in the 17th century<sup><a " 927"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup>. Another important source is a poem by " 928"Moḥammad al-Qāḍī (~1809 -1886), where he described all the 28 lunar " 929"stations, citing them by the local names<sup><a " 930"href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>." 931msgstr "" 932 933#. type: Content of: <h4> 934#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:13 935msgid "Sources of Star Names and Asterisms" 936msgstr "" 937 938#. type: Content of: <p> 939#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:14 940msgid "" 941"The source of this sky culture is a compilation of star names from oral " 942"traditions and the following books:" 943msgstr "" 944 945#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 946#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:16 947msgid "" 948"Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, Al-Amthāl al-ʿāmiyah fi Naǧd, The folk " 949"proverbs in Najd, 4 volumes, Dar Al-Thulūthiyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2010." 950msgstr "" 951 952#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 953#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:18 954msgid "" 955"Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, Muʿǧam al-Uṣūl al-faṣīḥah lil-alfāẓ al-" 956"dariǧah, Lexicon of the classical root of the common dialect words, 13 " 957"volumes, King AbdulAzeez Library, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2009." 958msgstr "" 959 960#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 961#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:20 962msgid "" 963"Al-Azhār al-nadiyah min ashʿār al-badiyah, A collection of Bedouins poetry " 964"by the name: The moist flowers of Bedouin Poetry, 18 volumes, Al Ma'arif " 965"library, Tayef, Saudi Arabia." 966msgstr "" 967 968#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 969#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:22 970msgid "" 971"Min ādābinā al-shaʿbiyah fi al-ǧazīrah al-ʿarabiyah, A collection of poetry " 972"by Mandeel al-Fuhaid, Our local literature of the Arab peninsula, 10 " 973"volumes, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia." 974msgstr "" 975 976#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 977#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:24 978msgid "" 979"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Al-Amthāl al-shaʿbiyah al-sāʾirah fi manṭiqat " 980"Ḥāʾil, The local common proverbs of the Ḥayel region, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, " 981"2007." 982msgstr "" 983 984#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 985#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:26 986msgid "" 987"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Durar min al-shiʿr al-shaʿbī, The best of folk " 988"poetry, 3 volume Poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1999." 989msgstr "" 990 991#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 992#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:28 993msgid "" 994"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Shuʿarāʾ al-ǧabal al-shaʿbiyūn, The Poets of the" 995" mountain, 5 volume Poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013." 996msgstr "" 997 998#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 999#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:30 1000msgid "" 1001"Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm, Explanation " 1002"of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013." 1003msgstr "" 1004 1005#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 1006#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:32 1007msgid "" 1008"Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah, Explanation of al-" 1009"Ḫalāwī astronomy poems, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018." 1010msgstr "" 1011 1012#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 1013#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:35 1014#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:24 1015#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:69 1016#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:8 1017#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:5 1018#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:4 1019#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:15 1020#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:4 1021#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:4 1022#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:4 1023msgid "Constellations" 1024msgstr "" 1025 1026#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1027#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 1028msgid "ID" 1029msgstr "" 1030 1031#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1032#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 1033msgid "<b>Arabic</b>" 1034msgstr "" 1035 1036#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1037#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 1038msgid "<b>Transliteration</b>" 1039msgstr "" 1040 1041#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1042#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 1043msgid "<b>Translation</b>" 1044msgstr "" 1045 1046#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1047#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 1048msgid "<b>Comment</b>" 1049msgstr "" 1050 1051#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1052#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38 1053msgid "<b>References</b>" 1054msgstr "" 1055 1056#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1057#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:39 1058msgid "<b>Constellations</b>" 1059msgstr "" 1060 1061#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1062#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40 1063msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain" 1064msgstr "" 1065 1066#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1067#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40 1068msgid "The Two Guards" 1069msgstr "" 1070 1071#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1072#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40 1073msgid "" 1074"The two stars: β UMi and γ UMi. They are used for directions. The Two Guards" 1075" comes from the legend that al-Jady (Polaris) killed the father of the seven" 1076" sisters who are carrying the bier of their father (The stars of the Big " 1077"Dipper) and circling al-Jady, vowing that they will not burry their father " 1078"until they get revenge. al-Jady asked these two for protection, and the name" 1079" is The Two Guards." 1080msgstr "" 1081 1082#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1083#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41 1084msgid "al-Diḫīlain" 1085msgstr "" 1086 1087#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1088#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41 1089msgid "The Two Refugees" 1090msgstr "" 1091 1092#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1093#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41 1094msgid "" 1095"The other name of the two stars: β UMi and γ Umi, The Two Refugees, comes " 1096"from another version of the legend that they are the ones who committed the " 1097"killing and they fled towards al-Jady for protection." 1098msgstr "" 1099 1100#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1101#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42 1102msgid "Āl Aba Bzay" 1103msgstr "" 1104 1105#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1106#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42 1107msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay" 1108msgstr "" 1109 1110#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1111#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42 1112msgid "The two stars: β UMi and γ UMi" 1113msgstr "" 1114 1115#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1116#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43 1117#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67 1118msgid "al-Naʿāyem" 1119msgstr "" 1120 1121#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1122#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43 1123msgid "Al-Nayem" 1124msgstr "" 1125 1126#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1127#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43 1128msgid "" 1129"Meaning is not known for certain. It could mean the camels. composed of the " 1130"seven stars of the Big Dipper." 1131msgstr "" 1132 1133#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1134#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44 1135msgid "al-Sibbaʿ" 1136msgstr "" 1137 1138#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1139#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44 1140msgid "The Seven" 1141msgstr "" 1142 1143#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1144#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44 1145msgid "The seven stars of the Big Dipper." 1146msgstr "" 1147 1148#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1149#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45 1150msgid "Banāt Naʿš" 1151msgstr "" 1152 1153#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1154#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45 1155msgid "Daughters Of Na'sh" 1156msgstr "" 1157 1158#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1159#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45 1160msgid "" 1161"The seven stars of the Big Dipper. Seven sisters carrying the bier of their " 1162"father who was killed by al-Ǧady (Polaris)." 1163msgstr "" 1164 1165#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1166#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46 1167msgid "al-Šdād" 1168msgstr "" 1169 1170#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1171#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46 1172msgid "The Saddle Of The Camel" 1173msgstr "" 1174 1175#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1176#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46 1177msgid "" 1178"The 5 bright stars of Cassiopeia. This name is used in the western areas " 1179"along the red sea of Saudi Arabia." 1180msgstr "" 1181 1182#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1183#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47 1184msgid "al-Miġzal" 1185msgstr "" 1186 1187#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1188#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47 1189msgid "The Wool Spindle" 1190msgstr "" 1191 1192#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1193#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47 1194msgid "" 1195"The Cross shaped stars of α Cyg (Deneb), ε Cyg (Gienah), γ Cyg (Sadr), δ " 1196"Cyg, and β1 Cyg (Albireo). The source is oral tradition from the town of " 1197"Zulfi in central Saudi Arabia." 1198msgstr "" 1199 1200#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1201#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48 1202msgid "al-Muqaddam" 1203msgstr "" 1204 1205#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1206#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48 1207msgid "The Front" 1208msgstr "" 1209 1210#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1211#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48 1212msgid "The front mouth of the bucket (24th mansion of the Moon)" 1213msgstr "" 1214 1215#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1216#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49 1217msgid "al-Muḫḫar" 1218msgstr "" 1219 1220#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1221#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49 1222msgid "The Rear" 1223msgstr "" 1224 1225#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1226#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49 1227msgid "The rear mouth of the bucket (25th mansion of the Moon)" 1228msgstr "" 1229 1230#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1231#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50 1232msgid "al-Rša" 1233msgstr "" 1234 1235#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1236#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50 1237msgid "The Bucket Rope" 1238msgstr "" 1239 1240#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1241#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50 1242msgid "" 1243"The rope used to pull the bucket from the well (26th mansion of the Moon)" 1244msgstr "" 1245 1246#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1247#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51 1248msgid "al-Šarṭain" 1249msgstr "" 1250 1251#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1252#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51 1253msgid "The Two Signs" 1254msgstr "" 1255 1256#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1257#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51 1258msgid "" 1259"The two signs, stars (Mesarthim and Sheratan) (27th mansion of the Moon)" 1260msgstr "" 1261 1262#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1263#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52 1264msgid "al-Bṭain" 1265msgstr "" 1266 1267#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1268#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52 1269msgid "The Little Abdomen" 1270msgstr "" 1271 1272#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1273#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52 1274msgid "The little abdomen of al-Ḥamal (28th mansion of the Moon)." 1275msgstr "" 1276 1277#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1278#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53 1279msgid "al-Thrayyā" 1280msgstr "" 1281 1282#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1283#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53 1284msgid "Al-Thurayya" 1285msgstr "" 1286 1287#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1288#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53 1289msgid "" 1290"al-Thurayyā is a proper name of the Pleiades (first mansion of the Moon)." 1291msgstr "" 1292 1293#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1294#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54 1295msgid "al-Dhraʿ" 1296msgstr "" 1297 1298#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1299#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54 1300msgid "The Arm" 1301msgstr "" 1302 1303#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1304#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54 1305msgid "" 1306"The two stars of Canis Minor, the arm of the lion (5th mansion of the Moon)." 1307msgstr "" 1308 1309#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1310#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55 1311msgid "al-Klaibain" 1312msgstr "" 1313 1314#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1315#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55 1316msgid "The Two Little Dogs" 1317msgstr "" 1318 1319#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1320#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55 1321msgid "" 1322"An asterism of the two stars: δ CMa and ε CMa. Their heliacal rising is used" 1323" for timing (same time as the 6th mansion of the Moon). The name is common " 1324"in central Arabia." 1325msgstr "" 1326 1327#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1328#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56 1329msgid "al-Nathrah" 1330msgstr "" 1331 1332#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1333#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56 1334msgid "The Nostrils" 1335msgstr "" 1336 1337#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1338#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56 1339msgid "" 1340"M 44 and two adjacent stars representing the nose tip of the Arab lion (6th " 1341"mansion of the Moon)." 1342msgstr "" 1343 1344#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1345#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57 1346msgid "al-Ṭarf" 1347msgstr "" 1348 1349#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1350#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57 1351msgid "The Eyes" 1352msgstr "" 1353 1354#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1355#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57 1356msgid "Eyes of the lion (7th mansion of the Moon)." 1357msgstr "" 1358 1359#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1360#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58 1361msgid "al-Ǧabhah" 1362msgstr "" 1363 1364#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1365#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58 1366msgid "The Forehead" 1367msgstr "" 1368 1369#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1370#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58 1371msgid "Forehead of the lion (8th mansion of the Moon)." 1372msgstr "" 1373 1374#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1375#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59 1376msgid "al-Zubrah" 1377msgstr "" 1378 1379#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1380#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59 1381msgid "The Mane" 1382msgstr "" 1383 1384#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1385#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59 1386msgid "Mane of the lion (9th mansion of the Moon)." 1387msgstr "" 1388 1389#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1390#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60 1391msgid "al-ʿAwwā" 1392msgstr "" 1393 1394#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1395#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60 1396msgid "The Bend" 1397msgstr "" 1398 1399#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1400#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60 1401msgid "" 1402"an arc of 5 stars. The arabic al-ʿAwwā could mean also the Howlers, dogs " 1403"barking at the lion (11th mansion of the Moon)." 1404msgstr "" 1405 1406#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1407#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61 1408msgid "al-Ġafr" 1409msgstr "" 1410 1411#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1412#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61 1413msgid "The Cover" 1414msgstr "" 1415 1416#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1417#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61 1418msgid "Three star asterism (13th mansion of the Moon)" 1419msgstr "" 1420 1421#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1422#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62 1423msgid "al-Zubānā" 1424msgstr "" 1425 1426#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1427#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62 1428msgid "Claws Of The Scorpion" 1429msgstr "" 1430 1431#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1432#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62 1433msgid "The two bright stars of Libra (14th mansion of the Moon)." 1434msgstr "" 1435 1436#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1437#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63 1438msgid "al-Iklīl" 1439msgstr "" 1440 1441#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1442#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63 1443msgid "The Diadem" 1444msgstr "" 1445 1446#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1447#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63 1448msgid "" 1449"The arc of the three stars on the forehead of Scorpius (15th mansion of the " 1450"Moon)." 1451msgstr "" 1452 1453#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1454#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64 1455#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126 1456msgid "al-Šawlah" 1457msgstr "" 1458 1459#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1460#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64 1461#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126 1462msgid "Raised Tail Of The Scorpion" 1463msgstr "" 1464 1465#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1466#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64 1467msgid "The sting of Scorpius (17th mansion of the Moon)." 1468msgstr "" 1469 1470#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1471#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65 1472msgid "aal-ʿAqrab" 1473msgstr "" 1474 1475#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1476#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65 1477msgid "The Scorpion" 1478msgstr "" 1479 1480#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1481#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65 1482msgid "The scorpion image" 1483msgstr "" 1484 1485#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1486#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66 1487msgid "al-Baldah" 1488msgstr "" 1489 1490#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1491#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66 1492msgid "The Empty Place" 1493msgstr "" 1494 1495#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1496#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66 1497msgid "" 1498"An area with no bright stars in Sagittarius (19th mansion of the Moon)." 1499msgstr "" 1500 1501#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1502#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67 1503msgid "The Ostriches" 1504msgstr "" 1505 1506#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1507#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67 1508msgid "" 1509"Four stars in the milky way representing four ostriches drinking at the " 1510"river and another four away from the milky way representing four ostriches " 1511"returning from the river. A ninth star between and above the two groups is " 1512"included. All the stars are in the Sagittarius constellation (18th mansion " 1513"of the Moon)." 1514msgstr "" 1515 1516#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1517#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68 1518msgid "Saʿd al-Dhabiḥ" 1519msgstr "" 1520 1521#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1522#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68 1523msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Slaughterer" 1524msgstr "" 1525 1526#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1527#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68 1528msgid "" 1529"Ancient Arab asterism representing a man slaughtering a sheep (20th mansion " 1530"of the Moon)." 1531msgstr "" 1532 1533#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1534#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69 1535msgid "Saʿd bulaʿ" 1536msgstr "" 1537 1538#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1539#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69 1540msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Swallower" 1541msgstr "" 1542 1543#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1544#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69 1545msgid "" 1546"Ancient Arab asterism representing a man swallowing a bite (21th mansion of " 1547"the Moon)." 1548msgstr "" 1549 1550#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1551#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70 1552msgid "Saʿd al-suʿūd" 1553msgstr "" 1554 1555#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1556#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70 1557msgid "The Luckiest Of The Lucky Stars" 1558msgstr "" 1559 1560#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1561#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70 1562msgid "" 1563"Ancient Arab asterism three stars that rises in the morning in the spring " 1564"(22nd mansion of the Moon)." 1565msgstr "" 1566 1567#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1568#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71 1569msgid "Saʿd al-aḫbiyah" 1570msgstr "" 1571 1572#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1573#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71 1574msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Tents" 1575msgstr "" 1576 1577#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1578#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71 1579msgid "" 1580"Ancient Arab asterism of a triangle of three stars and a fourth star is " 1581"inside the triangle, a man inside a tent (23rd mansion of the Moon)." 1582msgstr "" 1583 1584#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1585#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72 1586#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127 1587msgid "al-Haqʿah" 1588msgstr "" 1589 1590#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1591#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72 1592#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127 1593msgid "The Circular Mark" 1594msgstr "" 1595 1596#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1597#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72 1598msgid "" 1599"Ancient Arab asterism of a small triangle of stars (head of Orion) " 1600"representing a mark on the side of the horse (third mansion of the Moon)." 1601msgstr "" 1602 1603#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1604#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73 1605msgid "al-Hanʿah" 1606msgstr "" 1607 1608#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1609#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73 1610msgid "Stoopness" 1611msgstr "" 1612 1613#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1614#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73 1615msgid "Ancient Arab asterism (4th mansion of the Moon)" 1616msgstr "" 1617 1618#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1619#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74 1620msgid "Ẓahr al-Ǧawzā" 1621msgstr "" 1622 1623#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1624#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74 1625msgid "Back Of Al-Jawza" 1626msgstr "" 1627 1628#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1629#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74 1630msgid "" 1631"The three stars at the belt of Orion. This name along with the star names of" 1632" Northern Horn of al-Jawza and Southern Horn of al-Jawza comes from the " 1633"western region of Saudi Arabia and used by the fishers of the red sea. The " 1634"source is oral tradition from the seaport Umluj of Saudi Arabia." 1635msgstr "" 1636 1637#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1638#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75 1639msgid "Zawābin al-Ǧawzā" 1640msgstr "" 1641 1642#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1643#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75 1644#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76 1645msgid "Claws Of Al-Jawza" 1646msgstr "" 1647 1648#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1649#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75 1650#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76 1651msgid "" 1652"Names of the stars: α, γ, β, and κ Ori, orally communicated from the Qasseem" 1653" region of Saudi Arabia." 1654msgstr "" 1655 1656#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1657#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76 1658msgid "al-Zibban" 1659msgstr "" 1660 1661#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1662#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77 1663msgid "Masǧid al-Thrayyā" 1664msgstr "" 1665 1666#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1667#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77 1668msgid "Mosque Of Al-Thurayya" 1669msgstr "" 1670 1671#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1672#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77 1673msgid "" 1674"A triangle of stars that rise before al-Thurayya (The Pleiades). It is " 1675"composed of the three stars: α Ari, α Tri, and β Tri. The source of this " 1676"name is oral tradition in the region of Wadi al-Dawasir in southwestern " 1677"Saudi Arabia." 1678msgstr "" 1679 1680#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1681#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78 1682msgid "al-Ǧawā" 1683msgstr "" 1684 1685#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1686#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78 1687msgid "Al-Jawza" 1688msgstr "" 1689 1690#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1691#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78 1692msgid "" 1693"Al-Jawza is a proper name for a woman. this constellation is a woman shape " 1694"for the Orion stars. It is the same as that of ancient Arabs. Some oral " 1695"traditions will give the name to only the three stars of Orion belt." 1696msgstr "" 1697 1698#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1699#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:79 1700msgid "<b>Planets</b>" 1701msgstr "" 1702 1703#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1704#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80 1705msgid "Naǧmat al-ṣibḥ" 1706msgstr "" 1707 1708#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1709#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80 1710msgid "Morning Star" 1711msgstr "" 1712 1713#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1714#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80 1715msgid "A name for Venus when it sets after the Sun." 1716msgstr "" 1717 1718#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1719#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81 1720msgid "Naǧmat al-ʿŠā" 1721msgstr "" 1722 1723#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1724#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81 1725msgid "Evening Star" 1726msgstr "" 1727 1728#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1729#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81 1730msgid "A name for Venus when it rises before the Sun." 1731msgstr "" 1732 1733#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1734#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82 1735msgid "al-Ǧuġmah, al-Ǧuġġāmah" 1736msgstr "" 1737 1738#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1739#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82 1740msgid "The Sip, The Sipper" 1741msgstr "" 1742 1743#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1744#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82 1745msgid "" 1746"Bedouins will tell the kids when they ask for milk to wait until Venus (The " 1747"sip, the sipper) sets. Another version is that they encourage the children " 1748"to drink their milk before Venus (The sipper) drinks it." 1749msgstr "" 1750 1751#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1752#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83 1753msgid "Naǧmat al-Hawdān" 1754msgstr "" 1755 1756#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1757#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83 1758msgid "The Star Of Al-Hawdan" 1759msgstr "" 1760 1761#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1762#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83 1763msgid "" 1764"Al-Hawdan is a tribe. Every evening they agree that when they see Venus in " 1765"the morning, they will start their nomadic trip looking for pasture for " 1766"their camels, but in they morning they decide to stay. Another version is " 1767"that they will take their camels to the pasture early when Venus rises " 1768"preceding others, and they will take back their camels late in the evening " 1769"when Venus sets." 1770msgstr "" 1771 1772#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1773#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:84 1774msgid "<b>Stars</b>" 1775msgstr "" 1776 1777#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1778#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85 1779msgid "al-Ǧady" 1780msgstr "" 1781 1782#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1783#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85 1784msgid "The Kid" 1785msgstr "" 1786 1787#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1788#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85 1789msgid "Same as the ancient Arab name." 1790msgstr "" 1791 1792#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1793#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86 1794msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 1" 1795msgstr "" 1796 1797#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1798#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86 1799msgid "The Two Guards 1" 1800msgstr "" 1801 1802#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1803#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86 1804#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87 1805#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88 1806#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89 1807#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90 1808#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91 1809msgid "See CON100" 1810msgstr "" 1811 1812#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1813#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87 1814msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 2" 1815msgstr "" 1816 1817#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1818#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87 1819msgid "The Two Guards 2" 1820msgstr "" 1821 1822#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1823#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88 1824msgid "al-Diḫīlain 1" 1825msgstr "" 1826 1827#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1828#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88 1829msgid "The Two Refugees 1" 1830msgstr "" 1831 1832#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1833#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89 1834msgid "al-Diḫīlain 2" 1835msgstr "" 1836 1837#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1838#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89 1839msgid "The Two Refugees 2" 1840msgstr "" 1841 1842#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1843#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90 1844msgid "Āl Aba Bzay 1" 1845msgstr "" 1846 1847#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1848#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90 1849msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay 1" 1850msgstr "" 1851 1852#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1853#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91 1854msgid "Āl Aba Bzay 2" 1855msgstr "" 1856 1857#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1858#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91 1859msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay 2" 1860msgstr "" 1861 1862#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1863#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92 1864msgid "al-Ḫilj 1" 1865msgstr "" 1866 1867#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1868#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92 1869msgid "Al-Khilj 1" 1870msgstr "" 1871 1872#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1873#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92 1874#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93 1875#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94 1876#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95 1877msgid "The first two stars of the Big Dipper to rise" 1878msgstr "" 1879 1880#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1881#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93 1882msgid "al-Ḫilj 2" 1883msgstr "" 1884 1885#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1886#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93 1887msgid "Al-Khilj 2" 1888msgstr "" 1889 1890#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1891#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94 1892msgid "al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 1" 1893msgstr "" 1894 1895#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1896#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94 1897msgid "The first Khilj 1" 1898msgstr "" 1899 1900#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1901#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95 1902msgid "al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 2" 1903msgstr "" 1904 1905#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1906#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95 1907msgid "The first Khilj 2" 1908msgstr "" 1909 1910#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1911#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96 1912msgid "al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 1" 1913msgstr "" 1914 1915#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1916#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96 1917msgid "The Latter Khilj 1" 1918msgstr "" 1919 1920#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1921#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96 1922#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97 1923#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98 1924#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99 1925msgid "The second two stars of the Big Dipper to rise" 1926msgstr "" 1927 1928#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1929#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97 1930msgid "al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 2" 1931msgstr "" 1932 1933#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1934#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97 1935msgid "The Latter Khilj 2" 1936msgstr "" 1937 1938#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1939#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98 1940msgid "al-Rubbaʿ 1" 1941msgstr "" 1942 1943#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1944#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98 1945msgid "The fourth ones 1" 1946msgstr "" 1947 1948#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1949#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99 1950msgid "al-Rubbaʿ 2" 1951msgstr "" 1952 1953#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1954#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99 1955msgid "The fourth ones 2" 1956msgstr "" 1957 1958#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1959#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100 1960msgid "al-Ḫamis" 1961msgstr "" 1962 1963#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1964#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100 1965msgid "The Fifth" 1966msgstr "" 1967 1968#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1969#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100 1970msgid "The star ε UMa, fifth to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper." 1971msgstr "" 1972 1973#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1974#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101 1975msgid "al-Satt" 1976msgstr "" 1977 1978#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1979#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101 1980msgid "The Sixth" 1981msgstr "" 1982 1983#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1984#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101 1985msgid "The star ζ UMa, sixth to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper." 1986msgstr "" 1987 1988#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1989#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102 1990msgid "al-Swaibiʿ" 1991msgstr "" 1992 1993#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1994#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102 1995msgid "The Seventh" 1996msgstr "" 1997 1998#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 1999#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102 2000msgid "The star η UMa, seventh to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper." 2001msgstr "" 2002 2003#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2004#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103 2005msgid "al-Reqīb" 2006msgstr "" 2007 2008#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2009#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103 2010msgid "The Watcher" 2011msgstr "" 2012 2013#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2014#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103 2015msgid "" 2016"The star α Boo. The source of this name is in the tradition of Ḥayel region." 2017msgstr "" 2018 2019#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2020#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104 2021msgid "al-Iḥaimir" 2022msgstr "" 2023 2024#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2025#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104 2026msgid "The Reddish One" 2027msgstr "" 2028 2029#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2030#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104 2031msgid "" 2032"The star α Boo. The source of this name is in the traditions of seafarers " 2033"and fishers of the west and east costs of the Arabian Peninsula." 2034msgstr "" 2035 2036#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2037#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105 2038msgid "al-Nasr al-Mkattaf" 2039msgstr "" 2040 2041#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2042#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105 2043msgid "The Closed Wings Eagle" 2044msgstr "" 2045 2046#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2047#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105 2048msgid "" 2049"The star α Lyr (Vega), named because the two stars: ζ Lyr and ε Lyr forms " 2050"the closed wings. Source is Ḥayel region." 2051msgstr "" 2052 2053#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2054#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106 2055msgid "al-Mbarī" 2056msgstr "" 2057 2058#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2059#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106 2060msgid "The Parallel One" 2061msgstr "" 2062 2063#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2064#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106 2065msgid "The star Capella, parallels al-Thurayya (The Pleiades)" 2066msgstr "" 2067 2068#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2069#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107 2070msgid "al-Ǧinīb" 2071msgstr "" 2072 2073#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2074#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107 2075msgid "The Sided One" 2076msgstr "" 2077 2078#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2079#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107 2080msgid "The star Capella, on the far side of al-Thurayya (The Pleiades)" 2081msgstr "" 2082 2083#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2084#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108 2085msgid "al-Nasr al-Basiṭ" 2086msgstr "" 2087 2088#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2089#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108 2090msgid "The Spread Wings Eagle" 2091msgstr "" 2092 2093#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2094#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108 2095msgid "" 2096"The star α Aql (Altair), named because the two stars: γ Aql and β Aql forms " 2097"the spread wings. Source is Ḥayel region." 2098msgstr "" 2099 2100#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2101#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109 2102msgid "aal-Kanūn" 2103msgstr "" 2104 2105#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2106#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109 2107msgid "Al-Kanoon" 2108msgstr "" 2109 2110#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2111#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109 2112msgid "" 2113"Another name of The Spread wings Eagle mentioned in the poetry of al-Ḫalāwī." 2114msgstr "" 2115 2116#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2117#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110 2118msgid "al-Mwaḫḫar 2" 2119msgstr "" 2120 2121#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2122#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110 2123msgid "The Rear Bucket Mouth 2" 2124msgstr "" 2125 2126#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2127#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110 2128#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111 2129msgid "See CON2504" 2130msgstr "" 2131 2132#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2133#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111 2134msgid "al-Mwaḫḫar 1" 2135msgstr "" 2136 2137#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2138#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111 2139msgid "The Rear Bucket Mouth 1" 2140msgstr "" 2141 2142#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2143#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112 2144msgid "al-Mqaddam 2" 2145msgstr "" 2146 2147#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2148#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112 2149msgid "The Front Bucket Mouth 2" 2150msgstr "" 2151 2152#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2153#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112 2154#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113 2155msgid "See CON2502" 2156msgstr "" 2157 2158#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2159#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113 2160msgid "al-Mqaddam 1" 2161msgstr "" 2162 2163#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2164#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113 2165msgid "The Front Bucket Mouth 1" 2166msgstr "" 2167 2168#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2169#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114 2170msgid "al-Twaibiʿ" 2171msgstr "" 2172 2173#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2174#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114 2175msgid "The Follower" 2176msgstr "" 2177 2178#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2179#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114 2180#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115 2181msgid "The star Aldebran, (second mansion of the Moon)" 2182msgstr "" 2183 2184#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2185#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115 2186msgid "al-Twailī" 2187msgstr "" 2188 2189#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2190#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115 2191msgid "The Latter" 2192msgstr "" 2193 2194#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2195#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116 2196msgid "al-Mǧaidiḥ" 2197msgstr "" 2198 2199#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2200#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116 2201msgid "Al-Mjaidih" 2202msgstr "" 2203 2204#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2205#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116 2206msgid "" 2207"The star Aldebran, (second mansion of the Moon), Name is used in al-Ṭayef " 2208"region, western Saudi Arabia." 2209msgstr "" 2210 2211#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2212#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117 2213msgid "al-Aẓfār 1" 2214msgstr "" 2215 2216#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2217#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117 2218msgid "The Claws 1" 2219msgstr "" 2220 2221#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2222#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117 2223#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118 2224#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119 2225#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120 2226#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121 2227#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122 2228msgid "" 2229"Stars between α CMi (Procyon) and α Gem. The source is oral tradition of " 2230"Najran, southwest of Saudi Arabia." 2231msgstr "" 2232 2233#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2234#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118 2235msgid "al-Aẓfār 2" 2236msgstr "" 2237 2238#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2239#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118 2240msgid "The Claws 2" 2241msgstr "" 2242 2243#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2244#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119 2245msgid "al-Aẓfār 3" 2246msgstr "" 2247 2248#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2249#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119 2250msgid "The Claws 3" 2251msgstr "" 2252 2253#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2254#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120 2255msgid "al-Aẓfār 4" 2256msgstr "" 2257 2258#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2259#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120 2260msgid "The Claws 4" 2261msgstr "" 2262 2263#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2264#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121 2265msgid "al-Aẓfār 5" 2266msgstr "" 2267 2268#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2269#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121 2270msgid "The Claws 5" 2271msgstr "" 2272 2273#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2274#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122 2275msgid "al-Aẓfār 6" 2276msgstr "" 2277 2278#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2279#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122 2280msgid "The Claws 6" 2281msgstr "" 2282 2283#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2284#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123 2285msgid "al-Ṣarfah" 2286msgstr "" 2287 2288#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2289#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123 2290msgid "Star Of Weather Change" 2291msgstr "" 2292 2293#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2294#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123 2295msgid "(10th mansion of the Moon)" 2296msgstr "" 2297 2298#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2299#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124 2300msgid "al-Smak al-ʿazal" 2301msgstr "" 2302 2303#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2304#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124 2305msgid "The High Unarmed One" 2306msgstr "" 2307 2308#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2309#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124 2310msgid "(12th mansion of the Moon)" 2311msgstr "" 2312 2313#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2314#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125 2315msgid "al-Qalb" 2316msgstr "" 2317 2318#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2319#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125 2320msgid "The Heart" 2321msgstr "" 2322 2323#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2324#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125 2325msgid "(16th mansion of the Moon)" 2326msgstr "" 2327 2328#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2329#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126 2330msgid "(17th mansion of the Moon)" 2331msgstr "" 2332 2333#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2334#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127 2335msgid "(third mansion of the Moon)" 2336msgstr "" 2337 2338#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2339#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128 2340msgid "Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī" 2341msgstr "" 2342 2343#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2344#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128 2345msgid "Northern Horn Of Al-Jawza" 2346msgstr "" 2347 2348#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2349#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128 2350msgid "" 2351"Name of the star: α Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by" 2352" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport " 2353"Umluj of Saudi Arabia." 2354msgstr "" 2355 2356#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2357#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129 2358msgid "Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī" 2359msgstr "" 2360 2361#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2362#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129 2363msgid "Northern Claw Of Al-Jawza" 2364msgstr "" 2365 2366#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2367#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129 2368msgid "" 2369"Name of the star: α Ori, this specific name \"Northern Claw of al-Jawza\" " 2370"appeared in \"Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), ʿInwān al-maǧd " 2371"fi tarīḫ Naǧd, The title of glory on the history of Najd, (Arabic critical " 2372"edition print by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, " 2373"2012, pg. 292.\"." 2374msgstr "" 2375 2376#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2377#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130 2378msgid "Riǧl al-Ǧawza" 2379msgstr "" 2380 2381#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2382#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130 2383msgid "Leg Of Al-Jawza" 2384msgstr "" 2385 2386#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2387#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130 2388msgid "" 2389"Name of the star: κ Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by" 2390" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport " 2391"Umluj of Saudi Arabia." 2392msgstr "" 2393 2394#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2395#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131 2396msgid "Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī" 2397msgstr "" 2398 2399#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2400#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131 2401msgid "Southern Horn Of Al-Jawza" 2402msgstr "" 2403 2404#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2405#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131 2406msgid "" 2407"Name of the star: β Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by" 2408" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport " 2409"Umluj of Saudi Arabia." 2410msgstr "" 2411 2412#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2413#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132 2414msgid "Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī" 2415msgstr "" 2416 2417#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2418#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132 2419msgid "Southern Claw Of Al-Jawza" 2420msgstr "" 2421 2422#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2423#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132 2424msgid "" 2425"Name of the star: β Ori, this name is infered from the name of \"Northern " 2426"Claw of al-Jawza\" for α Ori. 1" 2427msgstr "" 2428 2429#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2430#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133 2431msgid "al-Mirzam" 2432msgstr "" 2433 2434#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2435#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133 2436msgid "Al-Mirzam" 2437msgstr "" 2438 2439#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2440#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133 2441msgid "" 2442"A common name of α CMa (Sirius) used to time the period of the 5th lunar " 2443"mansion." 2444msgstr "" 2445 2446#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2447#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134 2448msgid "al-Šiʿla" 2449msgstr "" 2450 2451#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2452#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134 2453msgid "Al-Shi'la" 2454msgstr "" 2455 2456#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2457#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134 2458msgid "" 2459"Another name of α CMa (Sirius) used in the northern parts of the Arabian " 2460"Peninsula." 2461msgstr "" 2462 2463#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2464#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135 2465msgid "Shail" 2466msgstr "" 2467 2468#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2469#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135 2470msgid "Suhayl" 2471msgstr "" 2472 2473#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2474#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135 2475msgid "The star α Car (Canopus). The name is of ancient origin." 2476msgstr "" 2477 2478#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2479#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136 2480msgid "Miḥlif" 2481msgstr "" 2482 2483#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2484#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136 2485msgid "The Oath Star" 2486msgstr "" 2487 2488#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2489#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136 2490msgid "" 2491"A name of α Eri. It is named as such because people would confuse it with " 2492"Suhayl (Canopus), resulting in an argument with some one making an oath that" 2493" it is or is not Suhayl." 2494msgstr "" 2495 2496#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2497#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137 2498msgid "Aba al-sihil" 2499msgstr "" 2500 2501#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2502#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137 2503msgid "Aba Alsihil" 2504msgstr "" 2505 2506#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2507#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137 2508#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138 2509#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139 2510msgid "Another name of α Eri." 2511msgstr "" 2512 2513#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2514#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138 2515msgid "al-Mishil" 2516msgstr "" 2517 2518#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2519#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138 2520msgid "Al-Miss.hil" 2521msgstr "" 2522 2523#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2524#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139 2525msgid "al-Shali (S here is pronounced as in same, not as in share)" 2526msgstr "" 2527 2528#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2529#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139 2530msgid "As-S.hali" 2531msgstr "" 2532 2533#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2534#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140 2535msgid "al-Naʿāyem 1" 2536msgstr "" 2537 2538#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2539#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140 2540msgid "al-Naayem 1" 2541msgstr "" 2542 2543#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2544#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140 2545#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141 2546msgid "" 2547"A name for the two bright stars: α and β Cen. This name is used by the " 2548"tribes of al-Dawāsir and Yām in the southern regions of Saudi Arabia, and " 2549"should not be confused with the same name for the stars of the Big Dipper " 2550"used by the tribes of central and northern regions of Saudi Arabia, or the " 2551"name of ancient Arabs for the 18th Lunar mansion." 2552msgstr "" 2553 2554#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2555#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141 2556msgid "al-Naʿāyem 2" 2557msgstr "" 2558 2559#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 2560#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141 2561msgid "al-Naayem 2" 2562msgstr "" 2563 2564#. type: Content of: <h3> 2565#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:145 2566#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:71 2567#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:539 2568#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:42 2569#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:220 2570#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2980 2571#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:57 2572#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:505 2573#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:31 2574#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:377 2575#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:73 2576#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:259 2577#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:57 2578#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:48 2579#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:59 2580#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:78 2581msgid "Authors" 2582msgstr "作者" 2583 2584#. type: Content of: <p> 2585#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:147 2586msgid "Khalid al-Ajaji, turath.alfalak@gmail.com." 2587msgstr "" 2588 2589#. type: Content of: <h2> 2590#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:149 2591#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:34 2592#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:74 2593msgid "License" 2594msgstr "" 2595 2596#. type: Content of: <p> 2597#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:150 2598#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:75 2599msgid "" 2600"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)." 2601msgstr "" 2602 2603#. type: Content of: <p> 2604#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:152 2605msgid "" 2606"[1]: Al-Hamdânîʼs Geographie der Arabischen Halbinsel, David Heinrich " 2607"Müller, Leiden : E. J. Brill, 1884, pg. 47." 2608msgstr "" 2609 2610#. type: Content of: <p><p> 2611#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:153 2612msgid "" 2613"[2]: Le Bon, Gustave, La civilisation des Arabes, Paris, Librairie de " 2614"Firmin-Didot, 1884, livre premier, pg. 1." 2615msgstr "" 2616 2617#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 2618#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:154 2619msgid "" 2620"[3]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah, Explanation " 2621"of al-Ḫalāwī astronomy poems, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018." 2622msgstr "" 2623 2624#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 2625#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:155 2626msgid "" 2627"[4]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm, " 2628"Explanation of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013." 2629msgstr "" 2630 2631#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 2632#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:156 2633msgid "" 2634"[5]: Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), ʿInwān al-maǧd fi tarīḫ " 2635"Naǧd, The title of glory on the history of Najd, (Arabic critical edition " 2636"print by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012, pg. " 2637"292." 2638msgstr "" 2639 2640#. type: Content of: <h1> 2641#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:1 2642msgid "Arabic" 2643msgstr "" 2644 2645#. type: Content of: <p> 2646#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:3 2647msgid "" 2648"The Arabic sky culture displays the indigenous star knowledge of the ancient" 2649" Arabs living in the Arabian Peninsula prior to the Greek astronomy " 2650"influence in the ninth century." 2651msgstr "" 2652 2653#. type: Content of: <p> 2654#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:5 2655msgid "" 2656"The star knowledge of the ancient Arabs had been recorded and preserved in " 2657"old poetry and in the old works of Arab philologists and lexicographers of " 2658"the Islamic civilization. Many books were written on the subject of star " 2659"knowledge and anwāʾ [Arabic الأنواء], the Arabic knowledge of meteorology. " 2660"The editors of Ibn Qutaybah's <em>Kitāb al-Anwāʾ</em> (9th century) listed " 2661"twenty-four books on this subject written mostly between early eighth and " 2662"tenth century<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. The only completely" 2663" preserved text is that of Ibn Qutaybah, but later scholars had quoted many " 2664"of the earlier texts. One of the most significant works that recorded the " 2665"indigenous Arab star names is the <em>Book of the stars</em> written in ~ " 2666"964 AD by the prominent astronomer: al-Ṣūfī, where he identified the " 2667"indigenous Arab star names with the respective Ptolemaic stars of the Greek " 2668"constellations<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[2]</a></sup>." 2669msgstr "" 2670 2671#. type: Content of: <h4> 2672#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:6 2673msgid "Sources of the Arabic sky culture" 2674msgstr "" 2675 2676#. type: Content of: <p> 2677#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:7 2678msgid "" 2679"The source of this sky culture is a study and compilation of star knowledge " 2680"of ancient Arabs from the following books:" 2681msgstr "" 2682 2683#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2684#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:9 2685msgid "" 2686"Ibn Qutaybah, Al-Dinawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allah b. Muslim (died ~ 889), " 2687"Kitab al-Anwāʾ (Book of meteorolgy), (Arabic print of the original book, " 2688"Daʾirat al-Maʿarif al-Osmania, Hydarabad, India, 1956)" 2689msgstr "" 2690 2691#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2692#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:11 2693msgid "" 2694"Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah " 2695"wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), (Arabic print of the original book in " 2696"2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon)." 2697msgstr "" 2698 2699#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2700#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:13 2701msgid "" 2702"Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿAbd Allah b. Ḥussayn b. ʿĀṣim (died ~ 1012), Al-Anwāʾ wa al-" 2703"azminah (Meteorology and times), (Arabic print of the original book in 1996," 2704" Dar al-jeel, Beirut, Lebanon)." 2705msgstr "" 2706 2707#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2708#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:15 2709msgid "" 2710"<a " 2711"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\">Book" 2712" of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by " 2713"Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021 AD</a>" 2714msgstr "" 2715 2716#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2717#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:17 2718msgid "" 2719"Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), Kitab al-" 2720"ʿayn, a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic " 2721"print of the original book, 1980 – 1985)." 2722msgstr "" 2723 2724#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2725#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:19 2726msgid "" 2727"Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , I , Ibn Majid, " 2728"Gabriel Ferrand, 1921 -1923." 2729msgstr "" 2730 2731#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2732#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:21 2733msgid "" 2734"Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , II, Sulayman al-" 2735"Mahri et Ibn Majid, Gabriel Ferrand, 1925." 2736msgstr "" 2737 2738#. type: Content of: <p> 2739#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:25 2740msgid "" 2741"The ancient Arabs gave names to single stars, star couples, an area in the " 2742"sky, and particular shape of a group of stars. Single stars were named " 2743"after a human figure or a desert animal, Arcturus is al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ, " 2744"meaning: The High one with the spear. Canopus is Suhayl, a proper name of a " 2745"man. We have also stars named: The Caracal and the Kid (the young goat). If" 2746" two stars of comparable brightness are close to each other, they are given " 2747"a common name like: The two Calves, the Two Wolves, The Two doves. " 2748"Sometimes an area is named after a group of animals. The brighter stars are " 2749"adult animals, and the faint ones are the young animals like: The Hyenas and" 2750" their youngsters, The horses and the foals. Particular shapes of stars " 2751"were given names like the Scorpion, The lion, al-Ǧawzā’ which is a proper " 2752"name of a woman for Orion stars. Other asterisms are given names according " 2753"to legends and stories." 2754msgstr "" 2755 2756#. type: Content of: <p> 2757#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:33 2758msgid "Khalid al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com" 2759msgstr "" 2760 2761#. type: Content of: <p> 2762#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:35 2763msgid "" 2764"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)." 2765" The author wishes that this work be cited according to the common rules." 2766msgstr "" 2767 2768#. type: Content of: <p> 2769#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:36 2770msgid "" 2771"[1]: Ibn Qutaybah (Arabic ابن قتيبة) (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab al-Anwā’a" 2772" (Arabic الأنواء في مواسم العرب), (Arabic print of the original book in 1956" 2773" in India Hydarabad al-Dakan), page: يد." 2774msgstr "" 2775 2776#. type: Content of: <p> 2777#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:37 2778msgid "" 2779"[2]: <a " 2780"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\">Book" 2781" of the Stars: Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital " 2782"edition</a>" 2783msgstr "" 2784 2785#. type: Content of: <h1> 2786#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:1 2787msgid "Arabic Lunar Stations" 2788msgstr "" 2789 2790#. type: Content of: <p> 2791#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:3 2792msgid "" 2793"The Arabic lunar stations describes the 28 sky areas chosen in ancient " 2794"Arabia to define the daily location of the moon during its monthly trip " 2795"around the sky." 2796msgstr "" 2797 2798#. type: Content of: <h4> 2799#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:5 2800msgid "Historical Overview" 2801msgstr "历史概览" 2802 2803#. type: Content of: <p> 2804#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:6 2805msgid "" 2806"Originally, <em>Manāzil al-Qamar</em>, the Arabic for the lunar mansions, or" 2807" stations of the moon, were a system of 28 stars, group of stars, or spots " 2808"in the sky near which the moon can be found in each of the 28 nights of its " 2809"monthly revolution. Early mentions of the complete list of the lunar " 2810"stations are reported by ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Ḥabīb (d. 852) on the authority " 2811"of Mālik ibn Anas (d. 795) <sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. " 2812"However, this system had been adopted already in the pre-Islamic period, " 2813"prior to the 7th century of the common era." 2814msgstr "" 2815 2816#. type: Content of: <p> 2817#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:9 2818msgid "" 2819"Using heliacal observations, the asterisms of the lunar mansions served to " 2820"divide the sidereal and solar year of 365 days into 28 periods of 13 days " 2821"each except for one period that is given 14 days. These 28 periods are " 2822"called <em>Anwāʾ</em>, plural of <em>nawʾ</em>. Each <em>Nawʾ</em> is " 2823"determined by a characteristical star: when this star rises in the morning " 2824"during dawn (in the east, so, shortly before the Sun), this is the beginning" 2825" of the next <em>nawʾ</em>. The name of the <em>nawʾ</em> (period of time, " 2826"half month), gives the lunar mansion its name. One complete cycle of setting" 2827" and rising for each of the 28 lunar mansions, one after the other, makes a " 2828"solar year. This system was used to determine the seasons and predict " 2829"weather, especially rain <sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. The " 2830"Arabs said: each <em>nawʾ</em> (period of 13/14 days) is characterized by a " 2831"distinctive weather pattern of rain, wind, and temperature <sup><a " 2832"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup>." 2833msgstr "" 2834 2835#. type: Content of: <p> 2836#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:11 2837msgid "" 2838"A detailed description of the stars of each lunar mansion, the times of " 2839"their heliacal rising and a compilation of astronomical and meteorological " 2840"knowledge of the ancient Arabs can be found in the <em>Book of " 2841"meteorology</em> (Arabic: Kitāb al-anwāʾ), authored by Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 " 2842"- d. 884 or 889). Copies of this book manuscripts survived, and it was " 2843"printed in India in 1956 <sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>." 2844msgstr "" 2845 2846#. type: Content of: <p> 2847#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:14 2848msgid "" 2849"The usage of the lunar mansions continued to schedule the times of " 2850"agricultural, travel and medicine practices. Due to the importance of " 2851"observing the times of their heliacal risings, short treatises have been " 2852"written, and poems have been composed describing the asterisms of the 28 " 2853"mansions. A poem dedicated to description of the stars of the lunar mansions" 2854" was published by Gustave-Adolphe de Calassanti-Motylinski in 1899 in his " 2855"book <em>Les mansions lunaires chez les Arabes</em>, attributed to Muḥammad " 2856"al-Maqri (1578-1638) <sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup><sup><a " 2857"href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup>. A sample treatise is the one written by " 2858"Shaikh Ṣāliḥ al-Shethrī (d. ~1891), titled <em>A time-table for farmers</em>" 2859" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>." 2860msgstr "" 2861 2862#. type: Content of: <h4> 2863#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:16 2864msgid "Current Usage of Lunar Stations" 2865msgstr "" 2866 2867#. type: Content of: <p> 2868#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:18 2869msgid "" 2870"Agricultural almanacs based on the heliacal rising of lunar stations are " 2871"still in active use today. The official calendar of Saudi Arabia includes " 2872"these times <sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup>. The following is an " 2873"example of the use of a calendar based on the lunar stations for the 13 days" 2874" period starting with the rise of the 3rd lunar station <em>al-Thurayya</em>" 2875" (Pleiades) on June 7th <sup><a href=\"#footnote-9\">[9]</a></sup>:" 2876msgstr "" 2877 2878#. type: Content of: <p><blockquote> 2879#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:20 2880msgid "" 2881"Weather gets hotter and wind gets stronger. Wild grasses dry. Water in wells" 2882" gets shallower. Rain is rare during this time. Spring insects start to " 2883"disappear. Palm tree dates starts to get its colors. It is recommended to " 2884"irrigate trees with the right amounts and stop irrigation of vines when " 2885"grapes start to get its color." 2886msgstr "" 2887 2888#. type: Content of: <h4> 2889#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:23 2890msgid "Identification of the Lunar Stations" 2891msgstr "" 2892 2893#. type: Content of: <p> 2894#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:24 2895msgid "" 2896"Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 - d. 884 or 889) in his book <em>Kitāb al-anwāʾ</em> " 2897"gives detailed description of the stars of each lunar station while an " 2898"accurate identification can be extracted from the <em>Book of Stars</em> by " 2899"al-Sufi (d. 986). In his book, al-Sufi maps the stars known to ancient Arabs" 2900" to those of the Ptolemaic Constellations. An example of al-Sufi " 2901"definitions of the stars of the lunar mansions, here is the definition of " 2902"<em>al-Ġafr</em> <sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup><sup><a " 2903"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>:" 2904msgstr "" 2905 2906#. type: Content of: <p><blockquote> 2907#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:27 2908msgid "" 2909"And the 22nd [star of Virgo] and the 23rd which is on the tail [hem of the " 2910"garment] with the 25th on the left foot [of Virgo] are named [by the Arabs] " 2911"<em>al-Ghafr</em> which is the 15th lunar mansion." 2912msgstr "" 2913 2914#. type: Content of: <p> 2915#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:29 2916msgid "" 2917"Because the stars of the Ptolemaic constellations have known coordinates, it" 2918" is relatively easy to identify the Arab star names." 2919msgstr "" 2920 2921#. type: Content of: <h4> 2922#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:31 2923msgid "The 28 lunar stations" 2924msgstr "" 2925 2926#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2927#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:33 2928msgid "" 2929"(Arabic: الشرطان) <em>Al-Sharaṭān</em> (The two signs) or (Arabic: الأشراط) " 2930"<em>\"al-Ashrāṭ\"</em> (The signs) composed of the 3 stars: α Ari (Hamal), β" 2931" Ari (Sheratan) and γ<sup>2</sup> Ari (Mesarthim)" 2932msgstr "" 2933 2934#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2935#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:34 2936msgid "" 2937"(Arabic: البطين) <em>Al-Buṭayn</em> (The small belly [of the little ram]) " 2938"composed of the 3 stars: ε Ari, δ Ari (Botein), and ρ<sup>3</sup> Ari" 2939msgstr "" 2940 2941#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2942#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:35 2943msgid "" 2944"(Arabic: الثريا) <em>Al-Thurayyā</em> (Pleiades) composed of the star " 2945"cluster of the Pleiades" 2946msgstr "" 2947 2948#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2949#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:36 2950msgid "" 2951"(Arabic: الدبران) <em>Al-Dabarān</em> (The Follower [of the Pleiades]) " 2952"composed of the single star α Tau (Aldebaran)" 2953msgstr "" 2954 2955#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2956#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:37 2957msgid "" 2958"(Arabic: الهقعة) <em>Al-Haqʿah</em> (The mark on the horse side) composed of" 2959" the three stars on the head of Orion: λ Ori (Meissa), φ<sup>1</sup> Ori and" 2960" φ<sup>2</sup> Ori" 2961msgstr "" 2962 2963#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2964#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:38 2965msgid "" 2966"(Arabic: الهنعة<em>Al-Hanʿah</em> (The bend in the neck of a camel) composed" 2967" of the 2 stars: γ Gem (Alhena) and ξ Gem" 2968msgstr "" 2969 2970#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2971#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:39 2972msgid "" 2973"(Arabic: الذراع) <em>Al-Dhirāʾ</em> (Retracted arm [of the lion]) composed " 2974"of the 2 stars: α CMi (Procyon) and β CMi (Gomeisa)" 2975msgstr "" 2976 2977#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2978#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:40 2979msgid "" 2980"(Arabic: النثرة) <em>Al-Nathrah</em> (The tip of the nose of the lion) " 2981"composed of the Praesepe cluster and the 2 stars: γ Cnc (Asellus Borealis) " 2982"and δ Cnc (Asellus Australis)" 2983msgstr "" 2984 2985#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2986#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:41 2987msgid "" 2988"(Arabic: الطرف) <em>Al-Ṭarf</em> (The eyes of the lion) composed of the 2 " 2989"stars: ε Leo and ο Leo (Subra)" 2990msgstr "" 2991 2992#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 2993#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:42 2994msgid "" 2995"(Arabic: الجبهة) <em>Al-Ǧabhah</em> (The forehead of the lion) composed of 4" 2996" stars: ζ Leo (Adhafera), γ<sup>1</sup> Leo (Algieba), η Leo and α Leo " 2997"(Regulus)" 2998msgstr "" 2999 3000#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3001#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:43 3002msgid "" 3003"(Arabic: الزبرة) <em>Al-Zubrah</em> (The mane of the lion) composed of the 2" 3004" stars: δ Leo (Zosma) and θ Leo (Chertan)" 3005msgstr "" 3006 3007#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3008#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:44 3009msgid "" 3010"(Arabic: الصرفة) <em>Al-Ṣarfah</em> (The change to colder weather) composed " 3011"of one star: β Leo (Denebola)" 3012msgstr "" 3013 3014#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3015#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:45 3016msgid "" 3017"(Arabic: العوا) <em>Al-ʿAwwā</em> (The bend) composed of 5 stars: β Vir " 3018"(Zavijava), η Vir (Zaniah), γ Vir (Porrima), δ Vir and ε Vir (Vindemiatrix)" 3019msgstr "" 3020 3021#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3022#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:46 3023msgid "" 3024"(Arabic: السماك) <em>Al-Simāk</em> (The unarmed high one) composed of the " 3025"star α Vir (Spica)" 3026msgstr "" 3027 3028#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3029#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:47 3030msgid "" 3031"(Arabic: الغفر) <em>Al-Ġafr</em> (The cover) composed of 3 stars: ι Vir " 3032"(Syrma), κ Vir and λ Vir" 3033msgstr "" 3034 3035#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3036#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:48 3037msgid "" 3038"(Arabic: الزبانى) <em>Al-Zubānā</em> (The claws of the scorpion) composed " 3039"of the 2 stars: α<sup>2</sup> Lib (Zubenelgenubi) and β Lib (Zubeneschamali)" 3040msgstr "" 3041 3042#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3043#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:49 3044msgid "" 3045"(Arabic: الإكليل) <em>Al-Iklīl</em> (The ornamented headband, The diadem) " 3046"composed of the 3 stars: β<sup>1</sup> Sco (Acrab), δ Sco (Dschubba) and π " 3047"Sco." 3048msgstr "" 3049 3050#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3051#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:50 3052msgid "" 3053"(Arabic: القلب) <em>Al-Qalb</em> (The heart of the scorpion) composed of " 3054"the star α Sco (Antares)" 3055msgstr "" 3056 3057#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3058#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:51 3059msgid "" 3060"(Arabic: الشولة) <em>Al-Shawlah</em> (The sting of the scorpion) composed " 3061"of the 2 stars: λ Sco (Shaula) and υ Sco (Lesath)" 3062msgstr "" 3063 3064#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3065#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:52 3066msgid "" 3067"(Arabic: النعائم) <em>Al-Naʿaʾim</em> (The Ostriches) 8 stars: γ2 Sgr, δ " 3068"Sgr, ε Sgr, η Sgr, σ Sgr, φ Sgr, τ Sgr, and ζ Sgr" 3069msgstr "" 3070 3071#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3072#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:53 3073msgid "" 3074"(Arabic: البلدة<em>Al-Baldah</em> (The empty area) is the area where there " 3075"are no stars (between <em>al-Naayem</em> and <em>Saad al-Thabih</em>)" 3076msgstr "" 3077 3078#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3079#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:54 3080msgid "" 3081"(Arabic: سعد الذابح) <em>Saʿd al-Dhābiḥ</em> (The lucky star of the " 3082"Slaughterer) composed of the 3 stars: α<sup>1</sup> Cap (Algedi), β Cap " 3083"(Dabih), and ν Cap" 3084msgstr "" 3085 3086#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3087#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:55 3088msgid "" 3089"(Arabic: سعد بلع) <em>Saʿd Bulaʿ</em> (The lucky star of the swallower) " 3090"composed of the 3 stars: ν Aqr, μ Aqr and ε Aqr (Albali)" 3091msgstr "" 3092 3093#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3094#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:56 3095msgid "" 3096"(Arabic: سعد السعود) <em>Saʿd al-Suʿūd</em> (The luckiest of the lucky " 3097"stars) composed of the 3 stars: β Aqr (Sadalsuud), ξ Aqr and λ Cap" 3098msgstr "" 3099 3100#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3101#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:57 3102msgid "" 3103"(Arabic: سعد الأخبية) <em>Saʿd al-Aḫbiyah</em> (The lucky stars of the tent" 3104" dwellers) composed of the 4 stars: γ Aqr (Sadachbia), π Aqr, ζ<sup>2</sup> " 3105"Aqr and η Aqr" 3106msgstr "" 3107 3108#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3109#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:58 3110msgid "" 3111"(Arabic: المقدم) <em>Al-Muqaddam</em> (The front bucket mouth) composed of " 3112"the 2 stars: α And (Alpheratz) and γ Peg (Algenib)" 3113msgstr "" 3114 3115#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3116#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:59 3117msgid "" 3118"(Arabic: المؤخر) <em>Al-Muʾaḫar</em> (The rear bucket mouth) composed of " 3119"the 2 stars: β Peg (Scheat) and α Peg (Markab)" 3120msgstr "" 3121 3122#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 3123#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:60 3124msgid "" 3125"(Arabic: الرشاء أو الحوت) <em>Al-Rishāʾ</em> or <em>al-Ḥūt</em> (The rope " 3126"of the well bucket or The Fish) composed of the star β And (Mirach) and two " 3127"arcs of stars making a figure of a fish" 3128msgstr "" 3129 3130#. type: Content of: <h5> 3131#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:62 3132msgid "The Super lion and al-Ǧawzāʾ figures of the ancient Arab star lore" 3133msgstr "" 3134 3135#. type: Content of: <p> 3136#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:64 3137msgid "" 3138"One may notice from the names of the 7th to the 15th lunar stations that " 3139"they are part of a lion figure. This Arab lion figure covers around 100 " 3140"degrees, a little bit more than half of the sky dome. From the names of " 3141"these stars a lion figure can be constructed." 3142msgstr "" 3143 3144#. type: Content of: <p> 3145#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:67 3146msgid "" 3147"Two of the lunar stations, <em>al-Haqʿah</em> and <em>al-Hanʿah</em>, are " 3148"part of al-Ǧawzāʾ stars. al-Ǧawzāʾ is the figure covering Orion plus some " 3149"stars around it. The ancient Arabs imagined these stars as a figure of a " 3150"woman with a bow and arrow aimed at the lion (an image, probably influenced " 3151"from Roman Egypt: see depiction on Denderah zodiac which shows Babylonian as" 3152" well as Greek traces of constellations). Mr. Roland Laffitte discussed " 3153"these two figures and offered a depiction of each in his article: <a " 3154"href=\"http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/our-arab-heritage-celestial-" 3155"vault\">Our Arab Heritage in the CelestialVault</a>. A more detailed " 3156"discussion of ancient Arab star lore is found in his book: "Le Ciel des" 3157" Arabes" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-12\">[12]</a></sup>." 3158msgstr "" 3159 3160#. type: Content of: <p> 3161#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:70 3162msgid "" 3163"In addition to the lunar stations, the prominent indigenous Arab asterisms " 3164"have been added." 3165msgstr "" 3166 3167#. type: Content of: <p> 3168#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:73 3169msgid "" 3170"Khalid al-Ajaji with additional documentation of this file by Susanne M " 3171"Hoffmann." 3172msgstr "" 3173 3174#. type: Content of: <p> 3175#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:78 3176msgid "" 3177"[1]: Kunitzsch P. The Arabs and the Stars, Variorum reprints Northampton " 3178"1989, Al-Manazil, Item XX pp 1-7." 3179msgstr "" 3180 3181#. type: Content of: <p> 3182#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:79 3183msgid "" 3184"[2]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and" 3185" Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Lunar Mansions in Islamic History, " 3186"Kunitzsch P. p 520" 3187msgstr "" 3188 3189#. type: Content of: <p> 3190#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:80 3191msgid "" 3192"[3]: Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab al-Anwā’, pp 6,7 (Arabic " 3193"print of the original book in 1956 in India Hydarabad/Deccan)" 3194msgstr "" 3195 3196#. type: Content of: <p> 3197#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:81 3198msgid "" 3199"[4]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and" 3200" Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Ibn Qutayba, Kunitzsch P. p 429" 3201msgstr "" 3202 3203#. type: Content of: <p> 3204#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:82 3205msgid "" 3206"[5]: Ta̕rīf manāzil alkamar, Les mansions lunaires des Arabes; Muhammad " 3207"al-Mukrī.; A de Calassanti-Motylinski published in Alger, Imprimerie " 3208"orientale, 1899." 3209msgstr "" 3210 3211#. type: Content of: <p> 3212#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:83 3213msgid "" 3214"[6]: <a href=\"http://www.uranos.fr/DOCU_03_T03.htm\">Muhammad al-Muqrī " 3215"poem</a>" 3216msgstr "" 3217 3218#. type: Content of: <p> 3219#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:84 3220msgid "" 3221"[7]: Salih al-Shethri, Timetable for farmers <em>Jadwal fi ilm al-harth ala " 3222"hisaab al-shuthoor</em> (جدول في علم الحرث على حساب الشثور) ISBN " 3223"9960-49-971-5" 3224msgstr "" 3225 3226#. type: Content of: <p> 3227#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:85 3228msgid "" 3229"[8]: <a href=\"http://www.ummulqura.org.sa/\">Official Calendar</a> of the " 3230"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" 3231msgstr "" 3232 3233#. type: Content of: <p> 3234#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:86 3235msgid "" 3236"[9]: Moon stations and Agriculture seasons. A bulletin by the Agriculture " 3237"Administration of the Chamber of Commerce in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 2002" 3238msgstr "" 3239 3240#. type: Content of: <p> 3241#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:87 3242msgid "" 3243"[10]: Book of the Stars by al-Sufi (died 986): Critical edition with " 3244"commentary by Khalid AlAjaji, digital edition, 2021 AD, كتاب الكواكب لأبي " 3245"الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد" 3246" الله ." 3247msgstr "" 3248 3249#. type: Content of: <p> 3250#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:88 3251msgid "" 3252"[11]: Schjellerup, Description des etoiles fixes, 1874, p. 163. (Translation" 3253" into French)" 3254msgstr "" 3255 3256#. type: Content of: <p> 3257#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:89 3258msgid "[12]: Laffitte, Roland, Le Ciel des Arabes, Geuthner, Paris 2012" 3259msgstr "" 3260 3261#. type: Content of: <h3> 3262#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:1 3263msgid "Aztec" 3264msgstr "" 3265 3266#. type: Content of: <p> 3267#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:2 3268msgid "" 3269"For ancient aztecs, the knowledge of the night skies and stars movement had " 3270"great importance for their calendars and the measurement of both " 3271"agricultural and sacred cycles. However, great part of this knowledge was " 3272"lost as consequence of the Spanish conquest which occurred on continental " 3273"America in the 16th century." 3274msgstr "" 3275 3276#. type: Content of: <p> 3277#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:3 3278msgid "" 3279"The elements of the Aztec society such as culture, economy and science is " 3280"preserved in the <em>tlacuilos</em>, word that comes from the ancient " 3281"Nahuatl word <em>tlacuiloa</em>, which means <em>writing with drawings</em>." 3282" These Tlacuilos where stored in the <em>amoxcalli</em>, meaning amoxtli: " 3283"books and calli: house. Later their became known as <em>codices</em>; a word" 3284" that came from the Latin word Codex which means written book." 3285msgstr "" 3286 3287#. type: Content of: <p> 3288#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:4 3289msgid "" 3290"After the Spanish conquest many of the pre-hispanic Codexes where destroyed," 3291" their main feature is that their where drawn in many different materials " 3292"such as deer skin, <em>amate</em> paper or cotton fabric and they had no " 3293"text only draws or <em>glifos</em>. However the collection of Mesoamerican " 3294"customs continued prior to the Spanish conquest thanks to the work of some " 3295"native indians and some Spanish priests, this codexes are known as Colonial " 3296"Codexes and there is a change of the way of drawing because of the new " 3297"techniques of drawing and the new materials imported from Europe, also " 3298"because of the incorporation of descriptive text both in Spanish and " 3299"Nahuatl." 3300msgstr "" 3301 3302#. type: Content of: <h5> 3303#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:6 3304msgid "<em>Astronomical building</em>" 3305msgstr "" 3306 3307#. type: Content of: <p> 3308#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:7 3309msgid "" 3310"Sadly, the Aztec astronomical knowledge in the remaining codexes is really " 3311"small. The next image is one of the few that names some constellations and " 3312"astronomical phenomena identified by the Aztec, it belong to the " 3313"<em>Primeros Memoriales</em> (first memorials), which is a colonial " 3314"manuscript of the 16th century written by Fray Bernardino de Sahagun." 3315msgstr "" 3316 3317#. type: Content of: <p> 3318#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:9 3319msgid "" 3320"Now, in this work we have an explanation of some Aztec stellar figures for " 3321"Stellarium." 3322msgstr "" 3323 3324#. type: Content of: <h4> 3325#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:10 3326msgid "<em>Mamalhuaztli</em>" 3327msgstr "" 3328 3329#. type: Content of: <p> 3330#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:11 3331msgid "" 3332"Ancient Aztec identified the Orion's Belt as Mamalhuaztli, and it " 3333"represented the wood sticks used to light the new fire in the commemoration " 3334"celebrated every 52 years by the Mexicans and their neighbors named " 3335"<em>toxiuh molpilia</em> which means binding of the years and coincided with" 3336" the beginning of the new year named <em>xiuhtzitzquilo</em>." 3337msgstr "" 3338 3339#. type: Content of: <h4> 3340#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:13 3341msgid "<em>Tianquiztli</em>" 3342msgstr "" 3343 3344#. type: Content of: <p> 3345#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:14 3346msgid "" 3347"The group of stars that we know as Pleiades symbolized for the Mexicas " 3348"<em>Tianquiztli</em>, which means market, perhaps because of the crowd that " 3349"gathers on them, they're generally represented by one or two people inside a" 3350" circle with goods." 3351msgstr "" 3352 3353#. type: Content of: <p> 3354#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:16 3355msgid "" 3356"Currently, in Mexico the informal market or street markets are called " 3357"<em>Tianguis</em>." 3358msgstr "" 3359 3360#. type: Content of: <h4> 3361#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:17 3362msgid "<em>Citlaltlachtli</em>" 3363msgstr "" 3364 3365#. type: Content of: <p> 3366#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:18 3367msgid "" 3368"The constellation of Gemini was called <em>Citlaltlachtli</em>, which means " 3369"the ball game of the stars. This game was endowed with a ritual significance" 3370" and used a natural rubber ball. It is said that the movement of the ball " 3371"within the playing field refers to the movement of the sun and moon." 3372msgstr "" 3373 3374#. type: Content of: <h4> 3375#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:19 3376msgid "<em>Xonecuilli</em>" 3377msgstr "" 3378 3379#. type: Content of: <p> 3380#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:20 3381msgid "" 3382"The Ursa Minor constellation is identified as <em>Xonecuilli</em> which " 3383"means twisted foot, and is related to Nanahuatzin, this character is " 3384"represented with twisted feet, filled with boils and sores, this sick and " 3385"poor God sacrificed himself to become <em>Tonatiuh</em> the Sun god." 3386msgstr "" 3387 3388#. type: Content of: <p> 3389#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:22 3390msgid "" 3391"Apparently, this constellation can also be associated with the Southern " 3392"Cross and its surrounding stars as is referred by <em>Tezozomoc</em>. For " 3393"its part, Sahagun speaks of his resemblance to bread made in the form of " 3394"letter S and called by the Aztecs <em>xonecuilli</em>." 3395msgstr "" 3396 3397#. type: Content of: <p> 3398#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:23 3399msgid "<em>xonecuilli</em>" 3400msgstr "" 3401 3402#. type: Content of: <h4> 3403#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:24 3404msgid "<em>Citlalcolotl</em>" 3405msgstr "" 3406 3407#. type: Content of: <p> 3408#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:25 3409msgid "" 3410"According to the Florentino Codex Sahagun's informants identified a group of" 3411" stars known as <em>Citlalcolotl</em>, the scorpion star. In turn, Tezozomoc" 3412" also mentions the scorpion star and he called it <em>Colotlixayac</em>, " 3413"which means face of a scorpion." 3414msgstr "" 3415 3416#. type: Content of: <h5> 3417#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:27 3418msgid "<em>Paris Codex</em>" 3419msgstr "" 3420 3421#. type: Content of: <p> 3422#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:28 3423msgid "" 3424"In a section of the Paris Codex called zodiac pages appears the scorpion, in" 3425" this codex the icons shows figures of animals hanging from the body of the " 3426"Celestial Dragon." 3427msgstr "" 3428 3429#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><h3> 3430#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:29 3431#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:237 3432msgid "Conclusion" 3433msgstr "" 3434 3435#. type: Content of: <p> 3436#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:30 3437msgid "" 3438"It is noteworthy that the interpretation of some of these constellations are" 3439" still in discussion, and of course there must be other constellations to " 3440"represent. Any comments and/or collaboration are welcome in order to " 3441"preserve the stellar knowledge and meaning of the Aztec culture." 3442msgstr "" 3443 3444#. type: Content of: <h3> 3445#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:31 3446#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:31 3447#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2969 3448#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:14 3449#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:29 3450#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:50 3451#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:7 3452#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:86 3453#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:25 3454#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:273 3455#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:7 3456#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:62 3457#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:4 3458#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:6 3459#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:3 3460#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:41 3461#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:4 3462#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:17 3463#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:53 3464#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:14 3465#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:12 3466#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:73 3467msgid "External links" 3468msgstr "" 3469 3470#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3471#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:33 3472msgid "" 3473"<a " 3474"href=\"http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html\">Fuego" 3475" Nuevo</a>" 3476msgstr "" 3477 3478#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3479#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:34 3480msgid "" 3481"<a href=\"http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm\">Constelaciones " 3482"Prehispánicas</a>" 3483msgstr "" 3484 3485#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3486#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:35 3487msgid "" 3488"<a href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf\">The Question" 3489" of the Zodiac in America</a>" 3490msgstr "" 3491 3492#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3493#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:37 3494msgid "" 3495"<a " 3496"href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html\">Aztec " 3497"Mythology</a>" 3498msgstr "" 3499 3500#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3501#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:38 3502msgid "" 3503"<a href=\"http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF\">Los códices de " 3504"México</a>" 3505msgstr "" 3506 3507#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3508#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:39 3509msgid "" 3510"<a " 3511"href=\"http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico\">Los" 3512" códices coloniales de México</a>" 3513msgstr "" 3514 3515#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3516#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:41 3517msgid "" 3518"<a " 3519"href=\"http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm\">Real" 3520" cédula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva " 3521"España de Fray Bernardino de Sahagún</a>" 3522msgstr "" 3523 3524#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3525#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:44 3526msgid "" 3527"<a href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli\">Akapochtli</a>" 3528msgstr "" 3529 3530#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3531#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:45 3532msgid "" 3533"<a " 3534"href=\"http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=Colotlixayac&source=bl&ots=F6xlTU1rer&sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&hl=es&ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Colotlixayac&f=false\">Iconografía" 3535" mexicana, Volumen 3</a>" 3536msgstr "" 3537 3538#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3539#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:46 3540msgid "" 3541"<a href=\"http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html\">El " 3542"Códice París</a>" 3543msgstr "" 3544 3545#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3546#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:47 3547msgid "" 3548"<a " 3549"href=\"http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html\">El" 3550" nacimiento del sol y la luna</a>" 3551msgstr "" 3552 3553#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3554#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:48 3555msgid "" 3556"<a href=\"http://aulex.org/nah-es/\">Diccionario náhuatl - " 3557"español en línea en AULEX</a>" 3558msgstr "" 3559 3560#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3561#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:49 3562msgid "" 3563"<a " 3564"href=\"http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html\">Tlachtli</a>" 3565msgstr "" 3566 3567#. type: Content of: <h3> 3568#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:51 3569#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:527 3570#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:467 3571msgid "Thanks to" 3572msgstr "" 3573 3574#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3575#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:53 3576msgid "Javier Gómez Sandoval" 3577msgstr "" 3578 3579#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3580#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:54 3581msgid "Martha Patricia Rivera" 3582msgstr "" 3583 3584#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3585#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:55 3586msgid "Emilio Ramón Bolaños Guerra" 3587msgstr "" 3588 3589#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3590#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:56 3591msgid "Hector Vega" 3592msgstr "" 3593 3594#. type: Content of: <h5> 3595#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:57 3596#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:64 3597msgid "Rafael Rojas Segoviano" 3598msgstr "" 3599 3600#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3601#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:58 3602msgid "Juan Caballero" 3603msgstr "" 3604 3605#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 3606#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:59 3607msgid "SAAGS" 3608msgstr "" 3609 3610#. type: Content of: <p> 3611#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:62 3612msgid "<strong>Enrique Gómez Candelario</strong>" 3613msgstr "" 3614 3615#. type: Content of: <p> 3616#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:62 3617msgid "<a href=\"mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com\">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a>" 3618msgstr "" 3619 3620#. type: Content of: <h5> 3621#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:64 3622msgid "English translation by:" 3623msgstr "" 3624 3625#. type: Content of: <h1> 3626#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:1 3627msgid "Babylonian — MUL.APIN" 3628msgstr "" 3629 3630#. type: Content of: <p> 3631#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:2 3632msgid "" 3633"This <em>Babylonian sky culture</em>, which had been in use before the Greek" 3634" one, is preserved in a (probably almost) canonical state dating back to the" 3635" 12th century BCE. The earliest fragment known is from the 7th century BCE " 3636"but the celestial data in the text suggests a much earlier origin of the " 3637"observational base - most likely between -1350 and -1150." 3638msgstr "" 3639 3640#. type: Content of: <p> 3641#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:7 3642msgid "" 3643"<i>photograph of one of the clay tablets that are as big as a sheet of paper" 3644" (courtesy: the trustees of the British Museum)</i>" 3645msgstr "" 3646 3647#. type: Content of: <p> 3648#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:8 3649msgid "" 3650"The compendium MUL.APIN consists of two large clay tablets with six and five" 3651" lists of different content. On the first tablet, there is the so called " 3652"\"star catalogue\" (a list of names of stars and constellations), followed " 3653"by three lists of heliacal risings and settings, a list of ziqpu " 3654"(culminating) asterisms, and the list of constellations in the lunar path. " 3655"The second tablet contains intercalary rules for the calendar, rules for the" 3656" sundial and rules for omina." 3657msgstr "" 3658 3659#. type: Content of: <h2> 3660#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:14 3661msgid "Zodiac" 3662msgstr "" 3663 3664#. type: Content of: <p> 3665#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:15 3666msgid "" 3667"The zodiac definitely came to Greece from Babylonian source. It is not " 3668"preserved when it had been invented there and when it was transformed to " 3669"Greek mathematical astronomy. We know for sure that Hipparchus (2nd ct. " 3670"BCE) cites ecliptical longitudes from Eudoxus (4th ct. BCE) with a zodiac " 3671"divided into 12x30 units, equaling our 360°. These direct citations from the" 3672" 4th century BCE suggest a much earlier invention because the concept of the" 3673" zodiac of 360° was very likely well established in Babylonian mathematical " 3674"astronomy before it was copied by Greek mathematicians. Taking Eudoxus' " 3675"writing as a <em>terminus ante quem</em>, we extrapolate a date for the " 3676"genesis of the zodiac in Mesopotamia before 400 BCE. In other fragments of " 3677"mathematical astronomy (between 800 and 700 BCE) the concept of the zodiac " 3678"is not present. Some scholars argue for the 6th century BCE as date of " 3679"invention - but to be honest, we don't know. The common sense is that the " 3680"zodiac was probably invented around the middle of the 1st millennium BCE." 3681msgstr "" 3682 3683#. type: Content of: <p> 3684#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:25 3685msgid "" 3686"In MUL.APIN, there is definitely no zodiac but a predecessor: the path of " 3687"the Moon. There are lists of constellations or \"gods who stand in the path" 3688" of the Moon, through whose region the Moon during a month [passes " 3689"repeatedly] and keeps touching them.\" (cited from the edition by Hunger and" 3690" Steele, 2018, p. 143). This list of the MUL.APIN compendium is not " 3691"considered in this sky culture; constellations in the path of the Moon are " 3692"not highlighted." 3693msgstr "" 3694 3695#. type: Content of: <h3> 3696#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:31 3697#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:20 3698msgid "Planets" 3699msgstr "" 3700 3701#. type: Content of: <p> 3702#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:32 3703msgid "" 3704"This sky culture was made more or less only with the first list of the " 3705"compendium, the so called `star catalogue'. It is not a real star catalogue" 3706" because it does not give a single coordinate and most of the names given " 3707"there are names of asterisms or constellations (and not point-like objects " 3708"such as stars). The text of this first list is reproduced below - yet, we " 3709"layouted it as a table to emphasis its function as an explanatory list. The " 3710"catalogue also includes the names of planets: of course, planets do not have" 3711" a fixed position. However, in Mesopotamian culture it was common to " 3712"mention them for a complete set of objects in the sky. They are usually " 3713"denoted (or drawn) at the position of their exaltation point (one of the " 3714"later Greek <em>hypsomata</em> - but Greek astrology provided two " 3715"<em>hypsomata</em> per planet while Babylonian had only one)." 3716msgstr "" 3717 3718#. type: Content of: <p> 3719#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:38 3720msgid "" 3721"The names of the planets displayed in Stellarium are names of the objects in" 3722" the sky and not of the gods associated with them. The list below shows " 3723"that almost every asterism was associated with a deity. According to " 3724"Babylonian belief, a deity has two representations: one in the sky and one " 3725"on Earth as statue in the temple. That means a celestial object `is' not " 3726"the deity but only one of its possible expressions. This is also the case " 3727"for the planets. For instance, even a millennium before MUL.APIN, the " 3728"goddess of sexual love and desire as well as goddess of war, the Sumerian " 3729"Inanna/ Akkadian Ishtar had been associated with the planet Venus. This " 3730"goddess was later `translated' to the Greek Aphrodite and Roman Venus and " 3731"even in the Greco-Roman culture the name of the planet was Phosphoros " 3732"(Greek: the Luminous One) or Lucifer (Latin: the Bringer of Light) but " 3733"associated with the goddess. Similar cases exist for most of the " 3734"constellations and single stars listed in MUL.APIN." 3735msgstr "" 3736 3737#. type: Content of: <p> 3738#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:47 3739msgid "" 3740"In the list reproduced below, the left column gives the name of the object " 3741"in the sky and the right column (in most of the cases) gives the associated " 3742"deity." 3743msgstr "在下面的复制列表中，左列显示了天体目标的名称，右列显示了与之相关的神（在大多数情况下）。" 3744 3745#. type: Content of: <h2> 3746#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:49 3747msgid "Star Catalogue" 3748msgstr "" 3749 3750#. type: Content of: <p> 3751#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:50 3752msgid "" 3753"The following table copies the reconstruction of the text of MUL.APIN by " 3754"Hermann Hunger+ (1989, 2018), gives translations by Manfred Krebernik " 3755"(published at the Rencontre Assyriologique International, Innsbruck, 2018) " 3756"and identifies the Akkadian words with celestial regions and constellations " 3757"(work by Susanne M. Hoffmann, 2015-2018, presented at Deutsche " 3758"Orientalisten-Tagung, Jena, 2017)." 3759msgstr "" 3760 3761#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3762#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:57 3763#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:273 3764#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:407 3765#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:21 3766#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:209 3767#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:347 3768msgid "constellation number" 3769msgstr "" 3770 3771#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3772#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:58 3773#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:274 3774#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:408 3775msgid "asterism to be \"explained\" (e.g. by relating it to a deity)" 3776msgstr "" 3777 3778#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3779#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:59 3780#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:275 3781#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:409 3782msgid "\"explanation\" (e.g. related deity)" 3783msgstr "" 3784 3785#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3786#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:60 3787#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:276 3788#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:410 3789#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:24 3790#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:212 3791#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:350 3792msgid "position in the sky" 3793msgstr "" 3794 3795#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3796#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:64 3797#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:29 3798msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Plough)" 3799msgstr "" 3800 3801#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3802#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:65 3803msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enlil" 3804msgstr "" 3805 3806#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3807#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:70 3808msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i>(Wolf)" 3809msgstr "" 3810 3811#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3812#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:71 3813msgid "seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>" 3814msgstr "" 3815 3816#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3817#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:76 3818#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:42 3819msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠĪBU</i>(Old Man)" 3820msgstr "" 3821 3822#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3823#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:77 3824msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enmešarra" 3825msgstr "" 3826 3827#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3828#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:82 3829#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:49 3830msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Throwing-stick)" 3831msgstr "" 3832 3833#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3834#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:83 3835msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Gamlum(Throwing-stick)" 3836msgstr "" 3837 3838#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3839#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:84 3840#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:196 3841#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:342 3842#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:446 3843#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:51 3844#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:155 3845#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:293 3846#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:393 3847msgid "in" 3848msgstr "" 3849 3850#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3851#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:88 3852#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:55 3853msgid "" 3854"<sup>STAR</sup><i>TŪ'AMŪ·RABÛTU</i>(Great Twins)" 3855msgstr "" 3856 3857#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3858#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:89 3859msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lugalirra and <sup>GOD</sup>Meslamtaʾea" 3860msgstr "" 3861 3862#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3863#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:94 3864#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:63 3865msgid "" 3866"<sup>STAR</sup><i>TŪ'AMŪ·ṢEḪRŪTU</i>(Little" 3867" Twins)" 3868msgstr "" 3869 3870#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3871#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:95 3872msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Alammuš and <sup>GOD</sup>Ningublaga" 3873msgstr "" 3874 3875#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3876#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:100 3877#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:69 3878msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Crab)" 3879msgstr "" 3880 3881#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3882#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:101 3883msgid "seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu" 3884msgstr "" 3885 3886#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3887#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:106 3888#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:75 3889msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>URGULÛ</i>(Lion)" 3890msgstr "" 3891 3892#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3893#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:107 3894msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Latarak" 3895msgstr "" 3896 3897#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3898#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:112 3899msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGULÛ</i>" 3900msgstr "" 3901 3902#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3903#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:113 3904msgid "STAR (of the) King" 3905msgstr "" 3906 3907#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3908#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:114 3909#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:83 3910msgid "Regulus" 3911msgstr "" 3912 3913#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3914#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:118 3915msgid "twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGULÛ</i>" 3916msgstr "" 3917 3918#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3919#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:119 3920msgid "" 3921""date-palm spadix" (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua, " 3922"<sup>GOD</sup>Zarpanītum" 3923msgstr "" 3924 3925#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3926#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:124 3927msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>ŠU.PA(The Bright?)" 3928msgstr "" 3929 3930#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3931#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:125 3932msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enlil who determines the destinies of the land" 3933msgstr "" 3934 3935#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3936#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:130 3937msgid "STAR in front of it" 3938msgstr "" 3939 3940#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3941#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:131 3942msgid "" 3943"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ḪENGALLĀYU</i>(Abundant), vizier of " 3944"<sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil" 3945msgstr "" 3946 3947#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 3948#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:132 3949#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:330 3950#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:101 3951#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:279 3952msgid "or" 3953msgstr "" 3954 3955#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3956#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:136 3957#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:230 3958#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:298 3959#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:328 3960msgid "STAR behind it" 3961msgstr "" 3962 3963#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3964#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:137 3965msgid "" 3966"<sup>STAR</sup><i>BĀŠTUM</i>(Dignity), vizier of " 3967"<sup>GOD</sup>Tišpak" 3968msgstr "" 3969 3970#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3971#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:142 3972msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>(Wagon)" 3973msgstr "" 3974 3975#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3976#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:143 3977msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil" 3978msgstr "" 3979 3980#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3981#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:147 3982msgid "15" 3983msgstr "" 3984 3985#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3986#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:148 3987msgid "STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>" 3988msgstr "" 3989 3990#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3991#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:149 3992msgid "" 3993"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠĒLEBU</i>(Fox), <sup>GOD</sup>Erra, the " 3994"strong of the gods" 3995msgstr "" 3996 3997#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 3998#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:150 3999msgid "Alcor (80 UMa)" 4000msgstr "" 4001 4002#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4003#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:154 4004msgid "STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>" 4005msgstr "" 4006 4007#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4008#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:155 4009msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>LAḪRU</i>(Ewe), <sup>GOD</sup>Aya" 4010msgstr "" 4011 4012#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4013#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:160 4014msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.KÉŠ.DA(Hitched yoke?)" 4015msgstr "" 4016 4017#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4018#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:161 4019msgid "<sup>GOD</sup><i>Anu-rabû</i> of heaven" 4020msgstr "" 4021 4022#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4023#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:166 4024msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MAR.GÍD.DA.AN.NA(Wagon of heaven)" 4025msgstr "" 4026 4027#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4028#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:167 4029msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Damkianna" 4030msgstr "" 4031 4032#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4033#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:168 4034#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:137 4035msgid "somewhere betw UMi and Vega?" 4036msgstr "" 4037 4038#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4039#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:172 4040msgid "STAR in its bond" 4041msgstr "" 4042 4043#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4044#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:173 4045msgid "" 4046"<sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMAḪ</i>(Heir of the Emaḫ-temple), " 4047"foremost son of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu" 4048msgstr "" 4049 4050#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4051#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:179 4052msgid "The stars (of the) Standing Gods of the Ekur temple" 4053msgstr "" 4054 4055#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4056#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:183 4057msgid "The stars (of the) Sitting Gods of the Ekur temple" 4058msgstr "" 4059 4060#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4061#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:188 4062#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:147 4063msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>(She-Goat)" 4064msgstr "" 4065 4066#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4067#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:189 4068msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Gula" 4069msgstr "" 4070 4071#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4072#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:194 4073msgid "STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>" 4074msgstr "" 4075 4076#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4077#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:195 4078msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) (of <sup>GOD</sup>Gula)" 4079msgstr "" 4080 4081#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4082#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:200 4083#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:159 4084msgid "bright STAR of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>" 4085msgstr "" 4086 4087#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4088#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:201 4089msgid "" 4090"<sup>GOD</sup>Lamassatu, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Baba (= <sup>GOD</sup>Gu-" 4091"la)" 4092msgstr "" 4093 4094#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4095#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:206 4096#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:450 4097msgid "2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it" 4098msgstr "" 4099 4100#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4101#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:207 4102msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and <sup>GOD</sup>Errakal" 4103msgstr "" 4104 4105#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4106#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:212 4107msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A" 4108msgstr "" 4109 4110#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4111#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:213 4112msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>U.GUR(Nergal)" 4113msgstr "" 4114 4115#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4116#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:218 4117msgid "STAR to the right of it" 4118msgstr "" 4119 4120#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4121#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:219 4122msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>Š<i>AḪÛ</i>(Pig), <sup>GOD</sup>Damu" 4123msgstr "" 4124 4125#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4126#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:224 4127msgid "STAR to the left of it" 4128msgstr "" 4129 4130#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4131#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:225 4132msgid "<sup>STARS</sup><i>SISÛ</i>(Horse)" 4133msgstr "" 4134 4135#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4136#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:231 4137msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>, vizier of STAR.STAR (Pleiades)" 4138msgstr "" 4139 4140#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4141#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:236 4142msgid "" 4143"twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag)" 4144msgstr "" 4145 4146#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4147#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:237 4148msgid "" 4149"<sup>GOD</sup>Ḫarriru (Field Mouse), " 4150"<sup>GOD</sup>Manzât(Rainbow)" 4151msgstr "" 4152 4153#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4154#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:242 4155msgid "red bright STAR in the kidney of <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>" 4156msgstr "" 4157 4158#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4159#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:243 4160msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>PĀŠITTU</i>(Deleter)" 4161msgstr "" 4162 4163#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4164#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:248 4165msgid "When the STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil are completed:" 4166msgstr "" 4167 4168#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4169#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:252 4170msgid "big STAR, its "light" is dim, it divides the sky and stands" 4171msgstr "" 4172 4173#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4174#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:253 4175msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Marduk, <sup>GOD</sup>Nēberu(Ford)" 4176msgstr "" 4177 4178#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4179#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:254 4180msgid "Milky Way???" 4181msgstr "" 4182 4183#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4184#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:258 4185msgid "" 4186"<sup>STAR</sup>SAG.ME.GAR(Jupiter), it changes its place and crosses the sky" 4187msgstr "" 4188 4189#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4190#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:259 4191msgid "Jupiter [hypsoma]" 4192msgstr "" 4193 4194#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4195#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:263 4196msgid "33 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil" 4197msgstr "" 4198 4199#. type: Content of: <p> 4200#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:267 4201msgid "" 4202"<b>Remark 1</b>: <i>Babylonian lists do not have headlines but a sort of " 4203"caption. Lines written in red [by us] indicate this line to be such a footer" 4204" which summarizes the text before as a sort of (sub)section or chapter. The " 4205"planets, we highlighted in blue.</i>" 4206msgstr "" 4207 4208#. type: Content of: <p> 4209#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:268 4210msgid "" 4211"<b>Remark 2</b>: <i>At this line, the text tells us that there were 33 " 4212"asterism listed before this line. However, on the original clay tablet(s) " 4213"there had been only 31 lines. Therefore, the counting of asterisms for the " 4214"authors of MUL.APIN is an often discussed topic in this context. There are " 4215"several different suggestions and we have even made an own one but since all" 4216" versions are uncertain, we are not brave enough to publish any of them " 4217"here. We are not sure, if there is any common sense about that in the " 4218"scientific community.</i>" 4219msgstr "" 4220 4221#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4222#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:280 4223#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:217 4224msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>ONE·"FIELD"(area measure)" 4225msgstr "" 4226 4227#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4228#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:281 4229msgid "" 4230"seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of " 4231"<sup>GOD</sup>Anu" 4232msgstr "" 4233 4234#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4235#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:286 4236msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE·'FIELD'" 4237msgstr "" 4238 4239#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4240#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:287 4241msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠINŪNUTU</i>(Swallow)" 4242msgstr "" 4243 4244#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4245#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:292 4246msgid "STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE·'FIELD'" 4247msgstr "" 4248 4249#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4250#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:293 4251msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNNĪTU</i>" 4252msgstr "" 4253 4254#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4255#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:299 4256msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker), <sup>GOD</sup>Tammuz" 4257msgstr "" 4258 4259#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4260#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:304 4261msgid "STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle)" 4262msgstr "" 4263 4264#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4265#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:305 4266msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu, the great gods" 4267msgstr "" 4268 4269#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4270#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:310 4271msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>BULL·OF·HEAVEN(<i>ALÛ</i>)" 4272msgstr "" 4273 4274#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4275#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:311 4276msgid "" 4277"<sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-lê</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull), crown of " 4278"<sup>GOD</sup>Anu" 4279msgstr "" 4280 4281#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4282#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:316 4283#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:263 4284msgid "" 4285"<sup>STAR</sup>TRUE·SHEPHERD·OF·HEAVEN " 4286"(<i>ŠITADDALLU</i>, Orion)" 4287msgstr "" 4288 4289#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4290#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:317 4291msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Papsukkal, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu" 4292msgstr "" 4293 4294#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4295#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:322 4296#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:270 4297msgid "Twin STARs opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠITADDALLU</i>" 4298msgstr "" 4299 4300#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4301#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:323 4302msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lulal and <sup>GOD</sup>Latarak" 4303msgstr "" 4304 4305#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><notr><sub> 4306#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:324 4307#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:272 4308msgid "3" 4309msgstr "" 4310 4311#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><notr><sub> 4312#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:324 4313#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:272 4314msgid "4" 4315msgstr "" 4316 4317#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4318#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:329 4319msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)" 4320msgstr "" 4321 4322#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4323#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:334 4324msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.SÁ(Arrow)" 4325msgstr "" 4326 4327#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4328#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:335 4329msgid "" 4330"<i>Šiltāḫu</i> (Arrow), great hero (of) " 4331"<sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta" 4332msgstr "" 4333 4334#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4335#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:336 4336#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:286 4337msgid "Sirius +" 4338msgstr "" 4339 4340#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4341#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:340 4342msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>QAŠTU</i>(Bow)" 4343msgstr "" 4344 4345#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4346#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:341 4347msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ištar-of-Elam, daughter of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil" 4348msgstr "" 4349 4350#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4351#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:346 4352msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRAḪ(Snake-god)" 4353msgstr "" 4354 4355#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4356#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:347 4357msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ningišzida, lord of the 'Earth' (= netherworld)" 4358msgstr "" 4359 4360#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4361#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:352 4362msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ĀRIBU</i>(Raven)" 4363msgstr "" 4364 4365#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4366#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:353 4367msgid "Raven, STAR of <sup>GOD</sup>Adad" 4368msgstr "" 4369 4370#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4371#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:358 4372msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠERʾU</i>(Furrow)" 4373msgstr "" 4374 4375#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4376#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:359 4377msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Šala, ear of grain" 4378msgstr "" 4379 4380#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4381#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:364 4382#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:319 4383msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIBĀNĪTU</i>(Scales)" 4384msgstr "" 4385 4386#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4387#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:365 4388msgid "Horns of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i>(Scorpion)" 4389msgstr "" 4390 4391#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4392#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:366 4393#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:321 4394msgid "circa Lib" 4395msgstr "" 4396 4397#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4398#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:370 4399#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:326 4400msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Zababa" 4401msgstr "" 4402 4403#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4404#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:371 4405msgid "" 4406"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ERÛ</i>(Eagle) and " 4407"<sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i>(Corpse)" 4408msgstr "" 4409 4410#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4411#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:376 4412msgid "" 4413"<sup>STAR</sup><i>DILPAT</i>(Venus), it changes its place and crosses the " 4414"sky" 4415msgstr "" 4416 4417#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4418#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:381 4419msgid "" 4420"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ṢALBATĀNU</i>(Mars), it changes its place and " 4421"crosses the sky" 4422msgstr "" 4423 4424#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 4425#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:382 4426#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:59 4427msgid "Mars" 4428msgstr "火星" 4429 4430#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4431#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:386 4432msgid "" 4433"<sup>STAR</sup>STEADY·"WILD·SHEEP"(<i>KAJJAMĀNU</i>," 4434" Saturn), it changes its place and crosses the sky" 4435msgstr "" 4436 4437#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4438#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:387 4439msgid "Saturn" 4440msgstr "土星" 4441 4442#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4443#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:391 4444msgid "" 4445"<sup>STAR</sup>DANCING·"WILD·SHEEP"(<i>ŠIḪṬU</i>," 4446" Mercury), whose name is <sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta, either in the East or in the" 4447" West, where ever in the month it appears, where ever in the month it " 4448"disappears" 4449msgstr "" 4450 4451#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4452#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:393 4453msgid "Mercury" 4454msgstr "水星" 4455 4456#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4457#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:397 4458msgid "23 STAR<sup>s</sup> of Anum" 4459msgstr "" 4460 4461#. type: Content of: <p> 4462#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:402 4463msgid "" 4464"<b>Remark 3:</b> <i>Giving a \"+\" sign in the column of the modern " 4465"counterpart, we indicate that (likely/ possibly) more stars are belonging to" 4466" this Babylonian asterism. In case of the Arrow, for instance, it is sure " 4467"that Sirius belongs to this constellation but modern authors published at " 4468"least three versions which further stars have to be added. Another case is " 4469"the Eagle next to another constellation named \"the Corpse\". This could " 4470"possibly be a predecessor of Ptolemy's newly added double-constellation " 4471"\"Eagle with Antinuos\" but it can also be independent - that is why, we " 4472"give \"Aql+\".</i>" 4473msgstr "" 4474 4475#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4476#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:414 4477#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:355 4478msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>NŪNU</i>(Fish)" 4479msgstr "" 4480 4481#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4482#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:415 4483msgid "" 4484"<sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of " 4485"<sup>GOD</sup>Ea" 4486msgstr "" 4487 4488#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4489#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:420 4490msgid "GREAT·STAR" 4491msgstr "" 4492 4493#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4494#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:421 4495#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:427 4496msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ea" 4497msgstr "" 4498 4499#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4500#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:426 4501#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:370 4502msgid "STAR of (the city of) Eridu" 4503msgstr "" 4504 4505#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4506#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:432 4507#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:444 4508msgid "STAR to its right" 4509msgstr "" 4510 4511#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4512#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:433 4513msgid "STAR (of) <sup><GOD></sup>Ninmaḫ" 4514msgstr "" 4515 4516#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4517#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:438 4518#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:384 4519msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ḪAB(B)AṢṢĒRĀNU</i>" 4520msgstr "" 4521 4522#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4523#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:439 4524msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ningirsu" 4525msgstr "" 4526 4527#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4528#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:445 4529msgid "" 4530"<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAŠKAKĀTU</i>(Harrow), weapon of " 4531"<sup>GOD</sup>Mār-bīti, in the centre of which the Apsû is " 4532"visible" 4533msgstr "" 4534 4535#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4536#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:451 4537msgid "" 4538"<sup>GOD</sup>Šullat and <sup>GOD</sup>Ḫaniš, " 4539"<sup>GOD</sup>Šamaš and <sup>GOD</sup>Adad" 4540msgstr "" 4541 4542#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4543#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:456 4544msgid "" 4545"STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea" 4546msgstr "" 4547 4548#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4549#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:457 4550msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numušda, <sup>GOD</sup>Adad" 4551msgstr "" 4552 4553#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4554#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:462 4555msgid "STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i>(Scorpion)" 4556msgstr "" 4557 4558#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4559#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:463 4560msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i> = <sup>GOD</sup>Kusu" 4561msgstr "" 4562 4563#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4564#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:468 4565#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:416 4566msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i>" 4567msgstr "" 4568 4569#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4570#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:469 4571msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Išḫara, lady of the inhabited world" 4572msgstr "" 4573 4574#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><i> 4575#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:474 4576#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:422 4577msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>IRAT·ZUQAQĪPI" 4578msgstr "" 4579 4580#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4581#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:474 4582msgid "</i>(Breast of the Scorpion)" 4583msgstr "" 4584 4585#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4586#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:475 4587msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lisin, <sup>GOD</sup>Nabû" 4588msgstr "" 4589 4590#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 4591#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:476 4592#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:424 4593#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:61 4594msgid "Antares" 4595msgstr "" 4596 4597#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4598#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:480 4599msgid "" 4600"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of " 4601"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i>" 4602msgstr "" 4603 4604#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4605#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:481 4606msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Šarur and <sup>GOD</sup>Šargaz" 4607msgstr "" 4608 4609#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4610#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:486 4611msgid "STAR behind them" 4612msgstr "" 4613 4614#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4615#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:487 4616msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsaĝ" 4617msgstr "" 4618 4619#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4620#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:492 4621msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i>(Bark) <<and>>" 4622msgstr "" 4623 4624#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4625#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:493 4626msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>SUḪURMĀŠU</i>(Goat-fish)" 4627msgstr "" 4628 4629#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td> 4630#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:498 4631msgid "15 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea" 4632msgstr "" 4633 4634#. type: Content of: <h3> 4635#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:503 4636#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:12 4637msgid "Source(s)" 4638msgstr "源" 4639 4640#. type: Content of: <p> 4641#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:504 4642msgid "" 4643"The stick figures are interpretations by Susanne M. Hoffmann based on some " 4644"years of her doctoral and post-doctoral research. In some cases they " 4645"deviate from the common identifications copied by Pingree, Hunger and other " 4646"scholars since 1950 or earlier. Hunger's new edition of MUL.APIN (2018) " 4647"allowed new insights. Some of the figures have been derived in Hoffmann's " 4648"dissertation thesis (in the chapters on the Babylonian roots of the Greek " 4649"culture: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, 2017) and some others were " 4650"developed during her work as director of the planetarium Königsleiten " 4651"together with other, mainly German, planetariums. A first scientific " 4652"article on visualization of two versions of the Babylonian zodiac appeared " 4653"in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: Popularisierung der Astronomie, Nuncius " 4654"Hamburgensis, Hamburg, 2017. Further publications are in preparation (e.g. " 4655"together with M. Krebernik for the proceedings of the Rencontre " 4656"Assyriologique Internationale 2018). See chapter \"Further Reading\" below." 4657msgstr "" 4658 4659#. type: Content of: <h2> 4660#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:513 4661msgid "Sources / Further Reading" 4662msgstr "" 4663 4664#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 4665#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:515 4666msgid "" 4667"British Museum <a " 4668"href=\"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/152339001\">Image " 4669"Tablet No 152339001</a>" 4670msgstr "" 4671 4672#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <ul><li> 4673#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:516 4674#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:454 4675#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:455 4676#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:456 4677#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:457 4678#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:461 4679msgid "fr" 4680msgstr "" 4681 4682#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 4683#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:516 4684msgid "" 4685"Hermann Hunger and John Steele, The Babylonian astronomical compendium " 4686"MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/New York 2018." 4687msgstr "" 4688 4689#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 4690#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:517 4691msgid "" 4692"Susanne M. Hoffmann: <a " 4693"href=\"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821\">Hipparchs " 4694"Himmelsglobus</a>, Springer, Wiesbaden, New York, 2017." 4695msgstr "" 4696 4697#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 4698#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:518 4699msgid "" 4700"Susanne M. Hoffmann: <em>History of Constellations as popularization of " 4701"uranometry</em> in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: <a " 4702"href=\"https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-" 4703"der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-" 4704"astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-" 4705"bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/\">Popularisierung der Astronomie</a>, Nuncius " 4706"Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg, 2017." 4707msgstr "" 4708 4709#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 4710#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:519 4711msgid "" 4712"Susanne M. Hoffmann and M. Krebernik: <em>What do deities tell us about the " 4713"celestial positioning system?</em> in: Proceedings of the Rencontre " 4714"Assyriologique Internationale 2018 (In preparation)." 4715msgstr "" 4716 4717#. type: Content of: <p> 4718#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:523 4719msgid "" 4720"This sky culture originates from many years of research by several scholars." 4721" We provide this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to" 4722" be cited according to the common rules. This sky culture is provided under" 4723" CC BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (share-alike, do not change it " 4724"without consulting the contributors, and cite the contributors). Thank you!" 4725msgstr "" 4726 4727#. type: Content of: <p> 4728#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:528 4729msgid "" 4730"The positioning of the Babylonian terms in the sky and the drawing of the " 4731"stick figures for Stellarium had been done by Susanne M. Hoffmann. As an " 4732"astronomer she thanks for the help of several philologists and the some very" 4733" enthusiastic planetarium managers for some developments in their domes." 4734msgstr "" 4735 4736#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 4737#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:531 4738msgid "Prof. i.R. Dr. Hermann Hunger (Assyriology, Vienna)" 4739msgstr "" 4740 4741#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 4742#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:532 4743msgid "Prof. Dr. Manfred Krebernik (Assyriology, Jena)" 4744msgstr "" 4745 4746#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 4747#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:533 4748#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:470 4749msgid "" 4750"Dr. Björn Voss (Manager of LWL Planetarium Münster and head of Society of " 4751"German-speaking Planetariums)" 4752msgstr "" 4753 4754#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 4755#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:534 4756msgid "Dr. Monika Staesche (Manager of Planetarium am Insulaner, Berlin)" 4757msgstr "" 4758 4759#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 4760#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:535 4761#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:471 4762msgid "Stefan Harnisch (Manager of Planetarium Jena)" 4763msgstr "" 4764 4765#. type: Content of: <p> 4766#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:540 4767msgid "" 4768"The Babylonian star names and constellation lines were compiled and added to" 4769" Stellarium:" 4770msgstr "" 4771 4772#. type: Content of: <p> 4773#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:541 4774msgid "<em>Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em>" 4775msgstr "" 4776 4777#. type: Content of: <p> 4778#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:542 4779msgid "" 4780"Paintings by: <em>Jessica Gullberg </em> (consulted by Steven Gullberg and " 4781"Susanne M Hoffmann)" 4782msgstr "" 4783 4784#. type: Content of: <h5> 4785#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:543 4786#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:305 4787#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:294 4788msgid "written in English:" 4789msgstr "" 4790 4791#. type: Content of: <h5> 4792#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:543 4793msgid "SMH" 4794msgstr "" 4795 4796#. type: Content of: <h1> 4797#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:1 4798msgid "Babylonian — Seleucid" 4799msgstr "" 4800 4801#. type: Content of: <p> 4802#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:2 4803msgid "" 4804"The Seleucid Era in Babylonian history is the era of the successors of " 4805"Alexander the Great who conquered Babylon in 331 BCE. In these days MUL.APIN" 4806" (already thousand years old) was still copied and, thus, appears to have " 4807"developed to be an old-fashioned but not outdated standard. Moreover, there " 4808"is no alternative compendium like MUL.APIN from the Late Babylonian epoch." 4809msgstr "" 4810 4811#. type: Content of: <p> 4812#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:3 4813msgid "" 4814"This <em>Seleucid</em> or <em>Late Babylonian sky culture</em> is supposed " 4815"to show the (estimated) state of Babylonian constellations contemporary to " 4816"the Greek culture. There is no description of the full sky. Changes with " 4817"regard to the MUL.APIN version have certainly applied in the zodiac since " 4818"several centuries. This can be stated for sure because in this time, there " 4819"is a blossoming zodiacal astrology. Since there had been no zodiac in " 4820"MUL.APIN and the zodiac developed around the middle of the -1st millennium, " 4821"in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium BCE, there had been different versions" 4822" of the constellations around the ecliptic." 4823msgstr "" 4824 4825#. type: Content of: <p> 4826#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:6 4827msgid "" 4828"However, we do not know much about the rest of the sky. Hence, for the " 4829"constellations far away from the zodiac, again the constellations of " 4830"MUL.APIN can be taken as state of the art. Please see MUL.APIN sky culture " 4831"for more information and use the MUL.APIN constellations for an impression " 4832"of the Old Babylonian (or Middle Babylonian) sky culture." 4833msgstr "" 4834 4835#. type: Content of: <h3> 4836#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:8 4837msgid "Single Stars" 4838msgstr "" 4839 4840#. type: Content of: <p> 4841#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:10 4842msgid "" 4843"In contrast to constellations, there are much more lists of single stars " 4844"preserved from the later epochs. We use this Late Babylonian or Seleucid sky" 4845" culture to focus on the single star names. There are plenty of <i>ziqpu</i>" 4846" lists (lists of culminating stars) and for measurements in the zodiac, " 4847"\"normal stars\" have been introduced. Normal stars (from Latin \"norma\" = " 4848"the measure) are a frame of reference for mathematical astrometry of the " 4849"Late Babylonian epoch. While for most of the other stars the margin of error" 4850" concerning their identification with a celestial counterpart is sometimes " 4851"huge, the normal stars are identified properly because their coordinates can" 4852" be derived from the planets standing next to them (Jones, 2004)." 4853msgstr "" 4854 4855#. type: Content of: <p> 4856#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:13 4857msgid "" 4858"The lists of ziqpu stars and normal stars are mostly compiled from the " 4859"modern compendium Hunger and Pingree: Astral Science in Mesopotamia, 1999 " 4860"and some of the other papers given in \"Further Reading\". The book by " 4861"Hoffmann, 2017 already contains several computations with these stars and " 4862"more literature (e.g. Wayne Horowitz has worked on <i>ziqpu</i> stars for " 4863"many years but is not mentioned here with a special paper although his " 4864"translations contributed a lot for this study). A likely version of the Late" 4865" Babylonian stick figures will be added in a later release of Stellarium." 4866msgstr "" 4867 4868#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 4869#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:16 4870msgid "MUL.APIN constellations partially re-worked" 4871msgstr "" 4872 4873#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4874#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:22 4875#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:210 4876#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:348 4877msgid "asterism" 4878msgstr "" 4879 4880#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4881#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:23 4882#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:211 4883#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:349 4884msgid "our commentary" 4885msgstr "" 4886 4887#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4888#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:35 4889msgid "" 4890"<sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i> (Wolf): seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>" 4891msgstr "" 4892 4893#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4894#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:36 4895msgid "\"wolf\" here does not mean the animal but a part of the plough." 4896msgstr "" 4897 4898#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4899#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:64 4900msgid "do not exist anymore (merged with Great Twins)" 4901msgstr "" 4902 4903#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4904#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:81 4905msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGULÛ</i>: STAR (of the) King" 4906msgstr "" 4907 4908#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4909#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:87 4910msgid "" 4911"twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGULÛ</i>: " 4912""date-palm spadix" (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua" 4913msgstr "" 4914 4915#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4916#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:93 4917msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>ŠU.PA(The Bright?) = <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil" 4918msgstr "" 4919 4920#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4921#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:99 4922msgid "" 4923"STAR in front of it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>ḪENGALLĀYU</i> (Abundant)" 4924msgstr "" 4925 4926#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4927#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:105 4928msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>BĀŠTUM</i> (Dignity)" 4929msgstr "" 4930 4931#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4932#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:111 4933msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i> (Wagon)" 4934msgstr "" 4935 4936#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4937#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:117 4938msgid "" 4939"STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: " 4940"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠĒLEBU</i>(Fox)" 4941msgstr "" 4942 4943#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4944#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:119 4945msgid "Alcor" 4946msgstr "" 4947 4948#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4949#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:123 4950msgid "" 4951"STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: " 4952"<sup>STAR</sup><i>LAḪRU</i>(Ewe)" 4953msgstr "" 4954 4955#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4956#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:129 4957msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.KÉŠ.DA (Hitched yoke?)" 4958msgstr "" 4959 4960#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4961#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:135 4962msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MAR.GÍD.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)" 4963msgstr "" 4964 4965#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4966#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:141 4967msgid "" 4968"STAR in its bond: <sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMAḪ</i> (Heir of the " 4969"Emaḫ-temple)" 4970msgstr "" 4971 4972#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4973#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:153 4974msgid "" 4975"STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>: " 4976"<sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) [of Goddess Gula]" 4977msgstr "" 4978 4979#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4980#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:165 4981msgid "" 4982"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and " 4983"<sup>GOD</sup>Errakal" 4984msgstr "" 4985 4986#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4987#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:171 4988msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>nimru</i> (Panther)" 4989msgstr "" 4990 4991#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 4992#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:172 4993msgid "" 4994"In Late Babylonian language (\"dictionaries\") a new reading of this " 4995"constellation name appears: it should be interpreted as Akkadian word " 4996"\"nimru\" translating to \"the Panther\"; the old demon at this place seems " 4997"to have been replaced." 4998msgstr "" 4999"在晚期巴比伦语言(“字典”)中出现了对这个星座名称的新解读：它应该被解释为阿卡德语单词“nimru”翻译成“黑豹”;这里的老恶魔似乎已经被取代了。" 5000 5001#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5002#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:177 5003msgid "" 5004"STAR to the right of it: <sup>STAR</sup>Š<i>AḪÛ</i> (Pig)" 5005msgstr "" 5006 5007#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5008#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:183 5009msgid "STAR to the left of it: <sup>STARS</sup><i>SISÛ</i> (Horse)" 5010msgstr "" 5011 5012#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5013#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:189 5014msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i> (Stag)" 5015msgstr "" 5016 5017#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5018#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:190 5019msgid "" 5020"We shifted the Stag to display another suggestion and because the Panther " 5021"occupies different areas than the UKADUA demon. It is still uncertain but in" 5022" this version the breast of the Stag includes M31 which could be the \"Field" 5023" Mouse\"." 5024msgstr "" 5025"我们改变了雄鹿以显示另一个建议，因为豹所占据的区域与UKADUA恶魔不同。目前还不确定，但在这个版本中，雄鹿的胸部包括M31，它可能是“地鼠”。" 5026 5027#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5028#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:195 5029msgid "" 5030"twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag): " 5031"<sup>GOD</sup>Ḫarriru (Field Mouse)" 5032msgstr "" 5033 5034#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5035#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:201 5036msgid "Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil finished." 5037msgstr "" 5038 5039#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5040#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:223 5041msgid "" 5042"STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE·'FIELD': " 5043"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ŠINŪNUTU</i>(Swallow)" 5044msgstr "" 5045 5046#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5047#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:224 5048msgid "" 5049"the southern one of the two ellipses of fish; in comparison to the earlier " 5050"version a small constellation which shifted northwestwards" 5051msgstr "" 5052 5053#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5054#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:229 5055msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIBATI</i>(Tails)" 5056msgstr "" 5057 5058#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5059#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:230 5060msgid "" 5061"Since the Old Babylonian 'Great Swallow' turned into a small swallow and was" 5062" shifted to another place, the V-shaped tails of the Great Swallow remained " 5063"without any meaning. Still, they are used as constellation (Tails - but " 5064"nobody knows of whom). Later, the V-shape was interpreted as a band " 5065"connecting the little swallow with a little fish below the constellation of " 5066"Anunitu." 5067msgstr "" 5068 5069#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5070#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:236 5071msgid "" 5072"STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE·'FIELD': " 5073"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNNĪTU</i>" 5074msgstr "" 5075 5076#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5077#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:237 5078msgid "" 5079"Our stick figure is prepared to transform to the Greek Andromeda: Anunitu is" 5080" another name for the Babylonian goddess of sexual love Ishtar who was " 5081"equalized with Greek Aphrodite whose myth in Syria was connected to fish." 5082msgstr "" 5083 5084#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5085#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:242 5086msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker)" 5087msgstr "" 5088 5089#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5090#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:243 5091msgid "" 5092"Over centuries of abbreviation of the names of constellations, the " 5093"Babylonian LU.HUN.GA transformed to HUN which is a sign similar to UDU " 5094"(sheep). Therefore, the working man transformed to a sheep. This was likely " 5095"a Babylonian wordplay only and therefore the constellation figure is not " 5096"supposed to really look like a sheep." 5097msgstr "" 5098 5099#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5100#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:249 5101msgid "STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle): <sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu" 5102msgstr "" 5103 5104#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5105#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:250 5106msgid "" 5107"Old Babylonian termed only \"the Star Cluster\", Middle Babylonian insists " 5108"to equalize this with Sebettu (the Seven Gods, warriors) - reason unknown. " 5109"Late Babylonian more often uses the term \"the Bristle\" on the neck of the " 5110"Bull. This interpretation is equal to the Greek one." 5111msgstr "" 5112 5113#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5114#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:256 5115msgid "" 5116"<sup>STAR</sup>BULL·OF·HEAVEN(<i>ALÛ</i>) and " 5117"<sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-lê</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull)" 5118msgstr "" 5119 5120#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5121#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:257 5122msgid "" 5123"The Bull of Heaven is a mythological figure from the epos of Gilgamesh. " 5124"Gilgamesh fights him and divides him in halves (which explains its depiction" 5125" in the sky). The \"Jaw\" are the Hyades." 5126msgstr "" 5127 5128#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5129#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:258 5130msgid "and Hyades" 5131msgstr "" 5132 5133#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5134#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:277 5135msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)" 5136msgstr "" 5137 5138#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5139#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:278 5140msgid "" 5141"Normally, the Cock is identified with modern Lepus but this does not make " 5142"any sense to me: \"behind\" Orion, i.e. rising after him is Prokyon, a very " 5143"bright star without any known Babylonian name. The Greeks named him \"pro " 5144"kyon\" (rising before the dog) because in some of the conquered cultures " 5145"Prokyon was an indicator for the soon rising of Sirius (the dog star for " 5146"them). Sirius was not a dog star in Babylonian sky culture but, however, " 5147"important for the calendar. That is why, I suggest to take Prokyon for a " 5148"crowing rooster, somehow announcing the brighter Sirius." 5149msgstr "" 5150 5151#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5152#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:284 5153msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.SÁ (Arrow)" 5154msgstr "" 5155 5156#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5157#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:285 5158msgid "" 5159"The depicted version is a suggestion. Sure is only Sirius, for the rest, " 5160"there are multiple options." 5161msgstr "" 5162 5163#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5164#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:291 5165msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>QAŠTU</i> (Bow)" 5166msgstr "" 5167 5168#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5169#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:292 5170msgid "" 5171"I suppose, this is the mostly accepted version (out of several existing " 5172"options)." 5173msgstr "" 5174 5175#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5176#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:298 5177msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRAḪ (Snake-god)" 5178msgstr "" 5179 5180#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5181#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:305 5182msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ĀRIBU</i> (Raven)" 5183msgstr "" 5184 5185#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5186#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:312 5187msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i><sup>GOD</sup>Šala</i>, ear of grain" 5188msgstr "" 5189 5190#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5191#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:313 5192msgid "" 5193"The old constellation of the Furrow vanished and left the Maiden (goddess " 5194"Šala) instead. The stable element is the 'ear of grain' as name for " 5195"the brightest star (Greek Stachys, Latin Spica)." 5196msgstr "" 5197 5198#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5199#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:320 5200msgid "" 5201"Since MUL.APIN identifies the Scales with a part (horns) of the Scorpion " 5202"this constellation vanished in early Greek astronomy and re-appeared only in" 5203" early Roman times (Almagest and thereafter). We think, that the earlier " 5204"versions of the Scales should have been a separate constellation and not " 5205"part of the Scorpion. That's why, we turned it around 180° because in the " 5206"Babylonian sky culture Virgo (as Furrow as well as the Maiden Šala) " 5207"does not need so much space." 5208msgstr "" 5209 5210#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5211#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:327 5212msgid "Normally identified with the area of Ophiuchus." 5213msgstr "" 5214 5215#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5216#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:332 5217msgid "" 5218"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ERÛ</i> (Eagle) and <sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i> " 5219"(Corpse)" 5220msgstr "" 5221 5222#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5223#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:333 5224msgid "" 5225"The Eagle (Aql) is connected with a Corpse which reminds on the Almagest " 5226"figure of the Eagle carrying dead Antinuos. It appears likely that the " 5227"Eagle, in former times, had been a vulture because vultures are associated " 5228"with dead bodies and eagles not and in Babylonian mythology an eagle carries" 5229" preferably a living (not dead) man. Additionally, many early languages do " 5230"not distinguish eagles and vultures." 5231msgstr "" 5232 5233#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5234#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:339 5235msgid "Path of Anum completed." 5236msgstr "" 5237 5238#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5239#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:356 5240msgid "Greek \"the Great Fish\"" 5241msgstr "" 5242 5243#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5244#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:363 5245msgid "GREAT·STAR: <sup>GOD</sup>Ea" 5246msgstr "" 5247 5248#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5249#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:364 5250msgid "" 5251"The god of wisdom and witchcraft, Ea, is usually depicted with streams of " 5252"water springing from his shoulders. For Babylonians this was a clear image " 5253"of the springs of Euphrates and Tigris. Since this was not cler to the " 5254"Greek, they named this figure simply \"the Man with the Water\" or \"Water-" 5255"Carrier\"." 5256msgstr "" 5257 5258#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5259#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:377 5260msgid "STAR to its right: STAR (of) <sup><GOD></sup>Ninmaḫ" 5261msgstr "" 5262 5263#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5264#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:378 5265msgid "" 5266"Since Canopus is almost opposite Aquarius in the sky, it is unclear where " 5267"this asterism is to be located." 5268msgstr "" 5269 5270#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5271#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:385 5272msgid "still unclear" 5273msgstr "" 5274 5275#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5276#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:391 5277msgid "" 5278"STAR to its right: <sup>STAR</sup><i>MAŠKAKĀTU</i>(Harrow), in " 5279"the centre of which the Apsû is visible" 5280msgstr "" 5281 5282#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5283#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:392 5284msgid "" 5285"still unclear - but maybe the Apsû is the southernmost part of the " 5286"Milky Way." 5287msgstr "" 5288 5289#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5290#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:397 5291msgid "" 5292"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>Šullat and " 5293"<sup>GOD</sup>Ḫaniš" 5294msgstr "" 5295 5296#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5297#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:398 5298msgid "no hints, no clue" 5299msgstr "" 5300 5301#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5302#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:403 5303msgid "" 5304"STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea: " 5305"STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numušda" 5306msgstr "" 5307 5308#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5309#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:404 5310msgid "should be an male anthropomorphous figure (a god)" 5311msgstr "" 5312 5313#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5314#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:410 5315msgid "" 5316"STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i> (Scorpion): " 5317"<sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i>" 5318msgstr "" 5319 5320#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5321#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:422 5322msgid "</i> (Breast of the Scorpion): <sup>GOD</sup>Lisin" 5323msgstr "" 5324 5325#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5326#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:423 5327msgid "single star name" 5328msgstr "" 5329 5330#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5331#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:428 5332msgid "" 5333"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of " 5334"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQĪPU</i>: <sup>GOD</sup>Šarur and " 5335"<sup>GOD</sup>Šargaz" 5336msgstr "" 5337 5338#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5339#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:429 5340msgid "" 5341"Since Šargaz is an old term for the sting, this is almost clear and " 5342"re-applied as official modern star name by the IAU 2016." 5343msgstr "" 5344 5345#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5346#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:434 5347msgid "STAR behind them: <sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsaĝ" 5348msgstr "" 5349 5350#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5351#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:435 5352msgid "" 5353"The depiction of god Pabilsaĝ is iconographically clear. It can easily " 5354"be transformed to a Greek centaur (see Boll, 1903)." 5355msgstr "" 5356 5357#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5358#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:440 5359msgid "" 5360"<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i> (Bark) (and?) " 5361"<sup>STAR</sup><i>SUḪURMĀŠU</i> (Goat-fish)" 5362msgstr "" 5363 5364#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5365#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:441 5366msgid "" 5367"Either the Bark was identified with the Goat-Fish implying that both terms " 5368"designate the same constellation (esp. likely for Old Babylonian epochs " 5369"before MUL.APIN, hypotheses published by Craig Crossen in Sky&Telescope). " 5370"Alternatively (and esp. likely for later epochs) the Bark was shifted to the" 5371" west, under the feet of Pabilsaĝ (Sagittarius). That explains " 5372"Eratosthenes's long debate on the illogial image of a centaur standing on a " 5373"ship. In case The Bark was a standalone constellation, it should be " 5374"identified with Ptolemy's Southern Crown (Corona Australis)." 5375msgstr "" 5376 5377#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td> 5378#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:447 5379msgid "Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea completed." 5380msgstr "" 5381 5382#. type: Content of: <h2> 5383#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:452 5384#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:45 5385msgid "Further Reading" 5386msgstr "" 5387 5388#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5389#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:454 5390msgid "Franz Boll (1903), Sphaera. Teubner, Leipzig." 5391msgstr "" 5392 5393#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5394#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:455 5395msgid "Craig Crossen (2015), Sky and Telescope, March 2015, p.36-40." 5396msgstr "" 5397 5398#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5399#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:456 5400msgid "" 5401"Hermann Hunger and David Pingree (1999), Astral Science in Mesopotamia, " 5402"Brill, Leiden." 5403msgstr "" 5404 5405#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5406#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:457 5407msgid "" 5408"Hermann Hunger and John Steele (2018), The Babylonian astronomical " 5409"compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/ New York." 5410msgstr "" 5411 5412#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5413#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:458 5414msgid "" 5415"Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), <a " 5416"href=\"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821\">Hipparchs " 5417"Himmelsglobus</a>, Springer, Wiesbaden, New York." 5418msgstr "" 5419 5420#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5421#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:459 5422msgid "" 5423"Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), <em>History of Constellations as popularization " 5424"of uranometry</em> in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: <a " 5425"href=\"https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-" 5426"der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-" 5427"astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-" 5428"bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/\">Popularisierung der Astronomie</a>, Nuncius " 5429"Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg." 5430msgstr "" 5431 5432#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5433#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:460 5434msgid "" 5435"Alexander Jones (2004), “A Study of Babylonian Observations of Planets Near " 5436"Normal Stars”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences." 5437msgstr "" 5438 5439#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5440#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:461 5441msgid "" 5442"Jordi Pàmias and Klaus Geus (2007), Eratosthenes: Sternsagen (Catasterismi)," 5443" Utopica, Oberhaid." 5444msgstr "" 5445 5446#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5447#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:462 5448msgid "" 5449"many publications on <i>ziqpu</i> star lists by Wayne Horowitz, John M. " 5450"Steele, E. Weidner, J. Koch, and others are compiled or/and discussed in the" 5451" above books, especially the one by Hunger and Pingree (1999) which is why " 5452"we do not list them in detail here." 5453msgstr "" 5454 5455#. type: Content of: <p> 5456#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:465 5457msgid "" 5458"This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND 4.0 (international) licence " 5459"(noncommercial use only, share-alike, do not change it without consulting " 5460"the contributors, and please cite the contributors). Thank you!" 5461msgstr "" 5462 5463#. type: Content of: <p> 5464#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:468 5465msgid "" 5466"Thanks to some very enthusiastic planetarium managers for their request and " 5467"development time in their domes." 5468msgstr "" 5469 5470#. type: Content of: <p> 5471#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:476 5472msgid "The Babylonian star names were compiled and added to Stellarium and" 5473msgstr "" 5474 5475#. type: Content of: <p> 5476#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:477 5477msgid "the Babylonian constellation lines and images were prepared by:" 5478msgstr "" 5479 5480#. type: Content of: <p> 5481#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:478 5482msgid "<em>Susanne M Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em>" 5483msgstr "" 5484 5485#. type: Content of: <h2> 5486#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:1 5487msgid "Belarusian" 5488msgstr "" 5489 5490#. type: Content of: <p> 5491#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:2 5492msgid "" 5493"Shown here are some interesting folk astronomy constellations found in " 5494"Belarus, a country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, " 5495"Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the " 5496"northwest. Belarus is landlocked and contains large tracts of marshy land " 5497"and thousands of lakes. Forests cover about 40% of the country. Belarus is " 5498"exceptional in that people in the villages have preserved their traditional " 5499"knowledge about the stars and related beliefs, right through to the present " 5500"time. The illustrations are by no means exhaustive. In fact, many asterisms " 5501"have multiple recorded meanings, ranging from ancient to Christianized." 5502msgstr "" 5503 5504#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5505#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:10 5506msgid "" 5507"Elias's Cart — the burning cart that is ridden by Elias, the " 5508"Christianized version of a constellation previously seen as <em>simply</em> " 5509"a large cart." 5510msgstr "" 5511 5512#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5513#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:11 5514msgid "The Bride" 5515msgstr "" 5516 5517#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5518#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:12 5519msgid "The Chicks" 5520msgstr "" 5521 5522#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5523#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:13 5524msgid "The Cross — a Peter’s cross" 5525msgstr "" 5526 5527#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5528#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:14 5529msgid "The Crown — the thorn wreath that was put on Christ’s head." 5530msgstr "" 5531 5532#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5533#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:15 5534msgid "The Goat" 5535msgstr "" 5536 5537#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5538#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:16 5539msgid "The Grass Snakes" 5540msgstr "" 5541 5542#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5543#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:17 5544msgid "" 5545"The Kingdoms — These two stars served as a symbol of two states: the " 5546"Great Lithuanian Princedom and the Polish Kingdom." 5547msgstr "" 5548 5549#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5550#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:18 5551msgid "" 5552"The Mowers — These three stars stand one after another in the manner " 5553"of people mowing the fields." 5554msgstr "" 5555 5556#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5557#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:19 5558msgid "" 5559"The Nail — The north star is seen as a nail around which the skies " 5560"revolve." 5561msgstr "" 5562 5563#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5564#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:20 5565msgid "The Ploughman" 5566msgstr "" 5567 5568#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5569#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:21 5570msgid "The Rake" 5571msgstr "" 5572 5573#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5574#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:22 5575msgid "The Ram" 5576msgstr "" 5577 5578#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5579#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:23 5580msgid "" 5581"The Serpent — St. Yuri killed this serpent and hung it near the star " 5582"that always stands in the same place" 5583msgstr "" 5584 5585#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5586#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:24 5587msgid "" 5588"The Sieve — It was said that “God used to sift grains of <i>zhito</i> " 5589"through it." 5590msgstr "" 5591 5592#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5593#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:25 5594msgid "" 5595"The Small Cart — Ursa Minor resembles the large cart of Ursa Major." 5596msgstr "" 5597 5598#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5599#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:26 5600msgid "The Throne — Lord Jesus’s chair." 5601msgstr "" 5602 5603#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5604#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:27 5605msgid "The Twins" 5606msgstr "" 5607 5608#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5609#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:28 5610msgid "The Goose's Way" 5611msgstr "" 5612 5613#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5614#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:33 5615msgid "" 5616"<a href=\"http://aviti.livejournal.com\">Belarussian Folk Astronomy</a> The " 5617"author's website, in Belarusian." 5618msgstr "" 5619 5620#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5621#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:34 5622msgid "" 5623"<a " 5624"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy\">Belarusian" 5625" Ethnoastronomy.</a>" 5626msgstr "" 5627 5628#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5629#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:35 5630msgid "" 5631"<a " 5632"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/8787640/Ethnoastronomical_aspect_of_traditional_belarusian_fitonimicon_problem_statement\">Ethnoastronomical" 5633" aspect of traditional belarusian fitonimicon: problem statement.</a>" 5634msgstr "" 5635 5636#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5637#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:36 5638msgid "" 5639"<a " 5640"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-" 5641"beliefs\">Meteor Beliefs Project: East European meteor folk-beliefs.</a>" 5642msgstr "" 5643 5644#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5645#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:37 5646msgid "" 5647"<a " 5648"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-" 5649"beliefs\">Meteor Beliefs Project Belarussian meteor folk-beliefs.</a>" 5650msgstr "" 5651 5652#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 5653#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:38 5654msgid "" 5655"<a " 5656"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs\">Astronyms" 5657" in Belarussian folk beliefs.</a>" 5658msgstr "" 5659 5660#. type: Content of: <p> 5661#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:43 5662msgid "" 5663"The creation of this sky culture for Stellarium was suggested by Alexander " 5664"Wolf to Johan Meuris, based on the article <b>Astronyms in Belarussian Folk " 5665"Beliefs</b> by Tsimafei Avilin, published in the peer-reviewed journal " 5666"Archaeologia Baltica." 5667msgstr "" 5668 5669#. type: Content of: <p> 5670#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:45 5671msgid "Illustrations by Johan Meuris." 5672msgstr "" 5673 5674#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5675#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:1 5676#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:24 5677msgid "Boorong" 5678msgstr "" 5679 5680#. type: Content of: <p> 5681#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:2 5682msgid "" 5683"One hundred and forty years ago, a Boorong family at Lake Tyrrell (North-" 5684"Western Victoria, Australia) told William Stanbridge something of their " 5685"stories relating to the night sky. Some forty stars, constellations and " 5686"other celestial phenomena were named and located. He wrote them down and " 5687"related this information to the Philosophical Institute in Melbourne in " 5688"1857. In his paper he wrote down the Aboriginal term and gave its European " 5689"equivalent. What John Morieson has done is look closely at these celestial " 5690"phenomena, attempt to satisfactorily identity them and to imitate the way " 5691"the Boorong people may have seen them. John's interpretation was used to " 5692"create the constellation figures in Stellarium." 5693msgstr "" 5694 5695#. type: Content of: <p> 5696#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:8 5697msgid "" 5698"The Boorong were very much acquainted with the night sky, and William " 5699"Stanbridge wrote in 1857 that they "Pride themselves upon knowing more " 5700"of Astronomy than any other tribe"." 5701msgstr "" 5702 5703#. type: Content of: <h3> 5704#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:11 5705msgid "Constellations and other celestial objects" 5706msgstr "" 5707 5708#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5709#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:14 5710msgid "<b>Name</b>" 5711msgstr "" 5712 5713#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5714#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:15 5715msgid "<b>Explanation</b>" 5716msgstr "" 5717 5718#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5719#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:16 5720msgid "<b>Celestial Clue</b>" 5721msgstr "" 5722 5723#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5724#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:19 5725msgid "Berm-berm-gle" 5726msgstr "" 5727 5728#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5729#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:20 5730msgid "Red-kneed dotterel" 5731msgstr "" 5732 5733#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5734#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:25 5735msgid "Night; small mallee; starry firmament" 5736msgstr "" 5737 5738#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5739#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:26 5740msgid "Starry firmament at night" 5741msgstr "" 5742 5743#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5744#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:29 5745msgid "Bunya" 5746msgstr "" 5747 5748#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5749#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:30 5750msgid "Ring-tail possum" 5751msgstr "" 5752 5753#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5754#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:31 5755msgid "Top star in Southern Cross" 5756msgstr "" 5757 5758#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5759#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:34 5760msgid "Chargee Gnowee" 5761msgstr "" 5762 5763#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5764#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:35 5765msgid "Elder sister, sister of the sun" 5766msgstr "" 5767 5768#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5769#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:39 5770msgid "Bittur" 5771msgstr "" 5772 5773#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5774#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:40 5775msgid "Larvae of the woodant" 5776msgstr "" 5777 5778#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5779#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:44 5780msgid "Collenbitchick" 5781msgstr "" 5782 5783#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5784#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:45 5785msgid "Species of ant" 5786msgstr "" 5787 5788#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5789#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:46 5790msgid "Double star in head of Capricornus" 5791msgstr "" 5792 5793#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5794#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:49 5795msgid "Collowgulloric War" 5796msgstr "" 5797 5798#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5799#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:50 5800msgid "Female crow, wife of War" 5801msgstr "" 5802 5803#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5804#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:51 5805msgid "Eta Carinae" 5806msgstr "" 5807 5808#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5809#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:54 5810msgid "Colowgulloric Warepil" 5811msgstr "" 5812 5813#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5814#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:55 5815msgid "Female eagle, wife of Warepil" 5816msgstr "" 5817 5818#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5819#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:56 5820msgid "Rigel In Orion" 5821msgstr "" 5822 5823#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5824#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:59 5825msgid "Djuit" 5826msgstr "" 5827 5828#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5829#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:60 5830msgid "Red-rumped parrot" 5831msgstr "" 5832 5833#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5834#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:64 5835msgid "Gellarlec" 5836msgstr "" 5837 5838#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5839#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:65 5840msgid "Pink cockatoo" 5841msgstr "" 5842 5843#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5844#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:66 5845msgid "Aldebaran" 5846msgstr "" 5847 5848#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5849#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:69 5850msgid "Ginabongbearp" 5851msgstr "" 5852 5853#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5854#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:70 5855msgid "Sulphur-crested white cockatoo; pulling up daylight" 5856msgstr "" 5857 5858#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 5859#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:71 5860#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:46 5861msgid "Jupiter" 5862msgstr "" 5863 5864#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5865#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:74 5866msgid "Gnowee" 5867msgstr "" 5868 5869#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5870#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:75 5871msgid "Day; Sun" 5872msgstr "" 5873 5874#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5875#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:76 5876#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:66 5877#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:16 5878#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:141 5879#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:53 5880msgid "Sun" 5881msgstr "" 5882 5883#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5884#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:79 5885msgid "Karik Karik" 5886msgstr "" 5887 5888#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5889#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:80 5890msgid "Spear thrower; Australian Kestrel" 5891msgstr "" 5892 5893#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5894#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:81 5895msgid "Two stars at end of Scorpius" 5896msgstr "天蝎座尾部的两颗星" 5897 5898#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5899#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:84 5900msgid "Kourt-chin" 5901msgstr "" 5902 5903#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5904#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:85 5905msgid "Male and female brolga" 5906msgstr "" 5907 5908#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5909#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:86 5910msgid "Clouds of Magellan" 5911msgstr "麦哲伦云" 5912 5913#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5914#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:89 5915msgid "Kulkanbulla" 5916msgstr "" 5917 5918#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5919#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:90 5920msgid "Two teenage boys" 5921msgstr "两个少年男孩子" 5922 5923#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5924#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:91 5925msgid "Belt and Scabbard of Orion" 5926msgstr "" 5927 5928#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5929#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:94 5930msgid "Lamankurrk" 5931msgstr "" 5932 5933#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5934#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:95 5935msgid "Girls, young women" 5936msgstr "" 5937 5938#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5939#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:99 5940msgid "Marpeankurrk" 5941msgstr "" 5942 5943#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5944#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:100 5945msgid "Meat ant; treecreeper" 5946msgstr "" 5947 5948#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5949#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:101 5950#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:64 5951msgid "Arcturus" 5952msgstr "" 5953 5954#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5955#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:104 5956msgid "Millee" 5957msgstr "" 5958 5959#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5960#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:105 5961msgid "Murray River" 5962msgstr "" 5963 5964#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5965#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:106 5966#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:111 5967msgid "Part of the Milky Way" 5968msgstr "银河的一部分" 5969 5970#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5971#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:109 5972msgid "Mindi" 5973msgstr "" 5974 5975#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5976#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:110 5977msgid "The maned snake" 5978msgstr "" 5979 5980#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5981#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:114 5982msgid "Mityan" 5983msgstr "" 5984 5985#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5986#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:115 5987msgid "Quoll" 5988msgstr "" 5989 5990#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5991#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:116 5992#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:67 5993#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:21 5994#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:52 5995msgid "Moon" 5996msgstr "月" 5997 5998#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 5999#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:119 6000msgid "Neilloan" 6001msgstr "" 6002 6003#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6004#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:120 6005msgid "Mallee fowl" 6006msgstr "" 6007 6008#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6009#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:121 6010msgid "Lyra" 6011msgstr "天琴座" 6012 6013#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6014#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:124 6015msgid "Nurrumbunguttias" 6016msgstr "" 6017 6018#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6019#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:125 6020msgid "Old man, black faced mallee kangaroo" 6021msgstr "" 6022 6023#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6024#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:126 6025msgid "White aura of the Milky Way" 6026msgstr "" 6027 6028#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6029#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:129 6030msgid "Otchocut" 6031msgstr "" 6032 6033#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6034#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:130 6035msgid "Great fish" 6036msgstr "" 6037 6038#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6039#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:134 6040msgid "Porkelong toute" 6041msgstr "" 6042 6043#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6044#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:135 6045msgid "Loss of tooth" 6046msgstr "" 6047 6048#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6049#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:136 6050msgid "Shooting star" 6051msgstr "" 6052 6053#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6054#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:139 6055msgid "Pupperimbul" 6056msgstr "" 6057 6058#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6059#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:140 6060msgid "Diamond firetail finch or shy hylacola" 6061msgstr "" 6062 6063#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6064#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:141 6065msgid "Carried the emu egg to become the Sun" 6066msgstr "" 6067 6068#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6069#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:144 6070msgid "Purra" 6071msgstr "" 6072 6073#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6074#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:145 6075msgid "Red kangaroo" 6076msgstr "" 6077 6078#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6079#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:146 6080msgid "Capella" 6081msgstr "" 6082 6083#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6084#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:149 6085msgid "Tchingal" 6086msgstr "" 6087 6088#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6089#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:150 6090msgid "The tall one; emu" 6091msgstr "" 6092 6093#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6094#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:151 6095msgid "Dark space near Cross" 6096msgstr "" 6097 6098#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6099#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:154 6100msgid "Totyarguil" 6101msgstr "" 6102 6103#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6104#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:155 6105msgid "Purple crowned lorikeet" 6106msgstr "" 6107 6108#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6109#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:156 6110msgid "Altair" 6111msgstr "" 6112 6113#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6114#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:159 6115msgid "Tourchingboiongerra" 6116msgstr "" 6117 6118#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6119#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:160 6120msgid "Needlewood hakea and willie wagtails" 6121msgstr "" 6122 6123#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6124#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:161 6125#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:126 6126msgid "Coma Berenices" 6127msgstr "" 6128 6129#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6130#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:164 6131msgid "Tourte" 6132msgstr "" 6133 6134#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6135#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:165 6136msgid "Star" 6137msgstr "" 6138 6139#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6140#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:166 6141msgid "Any star" 6142msgstr "" 6143 6144#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6145#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:169 6146msgid "Tyrille" 6147msgstr "" 6148 6149#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6150#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:170 6151#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:171 6152msgid "Space; night sky" 6153msgstr "" 6154 6155#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6156#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:174 6157msgid "Unurgunite" 6158msgstr "" 6159 6160#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6161#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:175 6162msgid "Jacky lizard" 6163msgstr "" 6164 6165#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6166#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:176 6167msgid "Sigma Canis Majoris" 6168msgstr "" 6169 6170#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6171#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:179 6172msgid "Wanjel" 6173msgstr "" 6174 6175#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6176#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:180 6177msgid "Long-necked tortoise" 6178msgstr "" 6179 6180#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6181#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:181 6182msgid "Pollux" 6183msgstr "" 6184 6185#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6186#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:184 6187msgid "War" 6188msgstr "" 6189 6190#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6191#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:185 6192msgid "Crow" 6193msgstr "" 6194 6195#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6196#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:189 6197msgid "Warepil" 6198msgstr "" 6199 6200#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6201#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:190 6202msgid "Wedge tailed eagle" 6203msgstr "" 6204 6205#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6206#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:194 6207msgid "Warring" 6208msgstr "" 6209 6210#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6211#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:195 6212msgid "Galaxy" 6213msgstr "" 6214 6215#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6216#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:196 6217#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:31 6218#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:7 6219#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:47 6220msgid "Milky Way" 6221msgstr "" 6222 6223#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6224#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:199 6225msgid "Weetkurrk" 6226msgstr "" 6227 6228#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6229#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:200 6230msgid "Singing bushlark" 6231msgstr "" 6232 6233#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6234#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:201 6235msgid "Star in Bootes west of Arcturus" 6236msgstr "" 6237 6238#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6239#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:204 6240msgid "Won" 6241msgstr "" 6242 6243#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6244#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:205 6245msgid "Boomerang" 6246msgstr "" 6247 6248#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6249#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:206 6250#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:121 6251msgid "Corona Australis" 6252msgstr "南冕座" 6253 6254#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6255#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:209 6256msgid "Yerredetkurrk" 6257msgstr "" 6258 6259#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6260#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:210 6261msgid "Owlet nightjar" 6262msgstr "" 6263 6264#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6265#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:211 6266msgid "Achernar" 6267msgstr "" 6268 6269#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6270#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:214 6271msgid "Yurree" 6272msgstr "" 6273 6274#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6275#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:215 6276msgid "Fan-tailed cockatoo" 6277msgstr "" 6278 6279#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 6280#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:216 6281msgid "Castor" 6282msgstr "" 6283 6284#. type: Content of: <p> 6285#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:221 6286msgid "" 6287"This sky culture was contributed by <i><a " 6288"href=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" class='external text' " 6289"title=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">John Morieson</a></i>" 6290" and <i><a href=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" class='external text' " 6291"title=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">Alex Cherney</a></i>." 6292msgstr "" 6293 6294#. type: Content of: <h2> 6295#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1 6296msgid "Chinese Traditional Sky Culture" 6297msgstr "" 6298 6299#. type: Content of: <p> 6300#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:3 6301msgid "" 6302"Chinese astronomy was developed independently and Chinese had its own system" 6303" to connect the stars, known as \"Xingguan\" (Chinese: 星官; pinyin: xīngguān," 6304" meaning: Star officials). Chinese Traditional Sky Culture has far-reaching " 6305"implications in East Asia. In ancient China, Xingguans and planets were " 6306"associated with astrology. After thousands of years of evolution, the " 6307"current Xingguans and star names was finalized in the 17th to 19th " 6308"centuries." 6309msgstr "" 6310 6311#. type: Content of: <p> 6312#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:4 6313msgid "" 6314"Stellarium currently provides 300 Chinese Xingguans and more than 3000 " 6315"Chinese star names from <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: " 6316"仪象考成; pinyin: Yíxiàng kǎochéng) and <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies " 6317"of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: 仪象考成续编; pinyin: Yíxiàngkǎochéng xùbiān). " 6318"<i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> is an imperial record of astronomy " 6319"finished in 1756. In 1844, the Imperial Astronomical Observatory made a " 6320"revision to it and published <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of " 6321"Astronomical</i>, which is the major reference to the traditional Chinese " 6322"Xingguans and star names used today. Yi Shitong has conducted textual " 6323"research and summary of these records in his book<i>Chinese and Western " 6324"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0; " 6325"pinyin: Zhōngxī Duìzhào Héngxīng Túbiǎo)." 6326msgstr "" 6327 6328#. type: Content of: <p> 6329#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:5 6330msgid "" 6331"Chinese Traditional Sky Culture is Based on the information inside " 6332"<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> and " 6333"<i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i>." 6334msgstr "" 6335 6336#. type: Content of: <p> 6337#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:6 6338msgid "" 6339"In addition, some stars have been added according to <i>The History of " 6340"Stellar Observation in China</i> (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史; pinyin: Zhōngguó " 6341"Héngxīng Guāncèshǐ) by Pan Nai, if these stars are not certified in <i> " 6342"Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue1950.0(Star " 6343"Catalogue)</i>." 6344msgstr "" 6345 6346#. type: Content of: <p> 6347#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:7 6348msgid "" 6349"If the star name is followed by a \"*\", it is a star added according to " 6350"<i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>." 6351msgstr "" 6352 6353#. type: Content of: <p> 6354#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:8 6355msgid "" 6356"If the star name is followed by a \"?\", it is a star added according to " 6357"<i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>, but cannot be fully " 6358"certified." 6359msgstr "" 6360 6361#. type: Content of: <h3> 6362#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:11 6363msgid "Sun, Moon and Planets" 6364msgstr "" 6365 6366#. type: Content of: <p> 6367#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:13 6368msgid "" 6369"The Western countries named the planets in mythical characters. The ancient " 6370"Chinese understanding of five planets is based on five-element concepts. " 6371"Therefore, Mercury is named Water Star, Venus is named Metal Star, Mars is " 6372"named Fire Star, Jupiter is named Wood Star, Saturn is named Earth Star." 6373msgstr "" 6374 6375#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6376#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:14 6377msgid "" 6378"In Chinese, the sun and the moon are named after Yin and Yang (with prefix " 6379"\"great\" (Chinese:太; pinyin: tài)), respectively Taiyang (Sun, Chinese: 太阳;" 6380" pinyin: Tàiyáng) and Taiyin (Moon, Chinese:太阴; pinyin: Tàiyīn). Their other" 6381" name belongs to pictographic characters. Ri (Sun, Chinese: 日) And Yue " 6382"(Moon, Chinese: 月). But the more commonly used name for the moon is Yueliang" 6383" (Chinese: 月亮; pinyin: Yuèliàng)." 6384msgstr "" 6385 6386#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6387#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:15 6388msgid "" 6389"The sun, the moon and the five planets form Seven Luminaries (Chinese: 七曜; " 6390"pinyin: qīyào), which correspond to the Five Elements and Yin and Yang." 6391msgstr "" 6392 6393#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 6394#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:17 6395msgid "Xingguans" 6396msgstr "" 6397 6398#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6399#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:19 6400msgid "" 6401"Traditional Chinese astronomy has a system of dividing the celestial sphere " 6402"into asterisms or constellations, known as \"Xingguan\". Modern " 6403"constellations refer to specific areas of the celestial sphere. Xingguans " 6404"refer only to the way stars are distributed, with no specific boundaries " 6405"between Xingguans." 6406msgstr "" 6407 6408#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6409#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:20 6410msgid "" 6411"The name and layout of the Xingguans are very social, the kingdom, the " 6412"mountains, the goods, the industry all move to the sky, according to the " 6413"Earth's way in the sky to copy a world." 6414msgstr "" 6415 6416#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6417#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:21 6418msgid "" 6419"The Xingguans are generally smaller than the constellations of Hellenistic " 6420"tradition. A Xingguan contain more than dozens of stars, and fewer are only " 6421"one. Medieval Chinese Astronomical Maps generally show a total of 283 " 6422"Xingguans, comprising a total of 1,464 individual stars. The Xingguans are " 6423"divided into 31 regions, the Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿；pinyin: " 6424"Èrshíbā Xiù) along the ecliptic, and the Three Enclosures (Chinese: 三垣; " 6425"pinyin: Sānyuán) of the northern sky. Due to the influence of precession, " 6426"six Xingguans near the southern horizon are getting more and more south. " 6427"They were no longer easy to be observed by astronomers in the Ming and Qing " 6428"Dynasties, so they were no longer recorded in <i>Complete Studies of " 6429"Astronomical</i>." 6430msgstr "" 6431 6432#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6433#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:22 6434msgid "" 6435"Before the late Ming Dynasty (17th century), there were no Xingguans around " 6436"the southern celestial pole. The Southern Sky (Chinese: 近南极星区; pinyin: " 6437"JìnnánJí Xīngqū) was added as a 32th region in the late Ming Dynasty based " 6438"on European star charts, comprising an additional 23 Xingguans. The Southern" 6439" Sky are now also treated as part of the traditional Chinese system." 6440msgstr "" 6441 6442#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6443#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:23 6444msgid "" 6445"Since the late Ming Dynasty, Western missionaries entered the Imperial " 6446"Astronomical Observatory. They have followed the names of the Xingguans, but" 6447" changed the corresponding stars of some Xingguans, and added some stars to " 6448"almost every Xingguan, called \"added stars\" (Chinese: 增星; pinyin: " 6449"zēngxīng). The original stars are called \"primary stars\" (Chinese: 正星; " 6450"pinyin: zhèngxīng). A Xingguan of two or more stars, each star has a number." 6451" The name of the stars in <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of " 6452"Astronomical</i> is the Xingguan plus a number. But there are also a few " 6453"Xingguans, each star has a special name." 6454msgstr "" 6455 6456#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6457#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:24 6458msgid "" 6459"In this way, <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> has" 6460" 300 Xingguans and 3240 stars in total." 6461msgstr "" 6462 6463#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6464#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:25 6465msgid "" 6466"Until the Revolution of 1911, China no longer regarded Xingguan as the " 6467"official constellation system. Unlike Xingguans, traditional Chinese star " 6468"names are still used in modern Chinese astronomy, even more common than " 6469"Western names." 6470msgstr "" 6471 6472#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6473#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:27 6474msgid "<em>Astronomical Map of Complete Studies of Astronomical (1757)</em>" 6475msgstr "" 6476 6477#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 6478#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:30 6479msgid "Three Enclosures" 6480msgstr "" 6481 6482#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6483#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:32 6484msgid "" 6485"Three Enclosures is three regions in the northern sky surrounded by the " 6486"ecliptic. Three Enclosures is Purple Forbidden Enclosure (Chinese: 紫微垣; " 6487"pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), Supreme Palace Enclosure (Chinese: 太微垣; pinyin: " 6488"Tàiwēiyuán), Heavenly Market Enclosure (Chinese: 天市垣; pinyin: Tiānshìyuán)." 6489msgstr "" 6490 6491#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6492#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:33 6493msgid "" 6494"Each Enclosure has two walls, called the left wall and the right wall which " 6495"are the main Xingguans. The walls are surrounded by many Xingguans. There " 6496"are also Xingguans in the vicinity of the wall that belong to this " 6497"Enclosure." 6498msgstr "" 6499 6500#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6501#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:34 6502msgid "" 6503"Purple Forbidden enclosure is the inner palace of the emperor, it covers the" 6504" northernmost area of the night sky. From the viewpoint of the ancient " 6505"Chinese, the Purple Forbidden Enclosure lies in the middle of the sky and is" 6506" circled by all the other stars. It covers the modern constellations Ursa " 6507"Minor, Draco, Camelopardalis, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Auriga, Boötes, and parts" 6508" of Ursa Major, Canes Venatici, Leo Minor, Hercules. Purple Forbidden " 6509"enclosure has 37 Xingguans." 6510msgstr "" 6511 6512#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 6513#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:36 6514msgid "" 6515"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure\">Purple " 6516"Forbidden enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>" 6517msgstr "" 6518 6519#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6520#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:38 6521msgid "" 6522"Supreme Palace Enclosure is the place where the emperor and the courtiers " 6523"deal with their politics. Supreme Palace Enclosure has a variety of " 6524"officials and government agencies. It covers the modern constellations " 6525"Virgo, Coma Berenices and Leo, and parts of Canes Venatici, Ursa Major and " 6526"Leo Minor. Supreme Palace Enclosure has 20 Xingguans." 6527msgstr "" 6528 6529#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 6530#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:40 6531msgid "" 6532"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure\">Supreme " 6533"Palace Enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>" 6534msgstr "" 6535 6536#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6537#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:42 6538msgid "" 6539"Heavenly Market Enclosure is a bazaar in the sky, a place where ordinary " 6540"people live. The Heavenly Market Enclosure covers the modern constellations " 6541"Serpens, Ophiuchus, Aquila and Corona Borealis, and parts of Hercules. " 6542"Heavenly Market Enclosure has 19 Xingguans. They were named after the " 6543"participants of the bazaar and the facilities of the bazaar." 6544msgstr "" 6545 6546#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 6547#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:44 6548msgid "" 6549"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure\">Heavenly" 6550" Market Enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>" 6551msgstr "" 6552 6553#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 6554#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:47 6555msgid "Twenty-Eight Mansions" 6556msgstr "" 6557 6558#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6559#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:49 6560msgid "" 6561"The Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿; pinyin:Èrshíbā Xiù) also known as " 6562"28 Lunar Mansions are the ancient China divisions of the ecliptic and the " 6563"sky area near the equator to divide the ecliptic into 28 regions according " 6564"to the right ascension. Each region is called a Mansion (Chinese: 宿; " 6565"pinyin:Xiù), The ancients let the Moon change a Mansion every day to rest." 6566msgstr "" 6567 6568#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6569#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:50 6570msgid "" 6571"Each Mansion has a Xingguan of the same name near the ecliptic, which is the" 6572" main Xingguan. Where the Xingguans in this area belongs to the Mansion." 6573msgstr "" 6574 6575#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6576#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:51 6577msgid "" 6578"Each Xingguans has a main star know as determinative star (Chinese: 距星; " 6579"pinyin: jùxīng). In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight " 6580"Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial " 6581"coordinate system. The right ascension difference between the determinative " 6582"stars of two adjacent Mansions is the equatorial mansion degrees (Chinese: " 6583"宿度; pinyin: xiùdù) of the western Mansion. The traditional equatorial " 6584"coordinate system of China divides the equator into 365.25 degrees, and the " 6585"Sun runs one day for one degree, which is also the sum of the equatorial " 6586"mansion degrees of the 28 Mansion." 6587msgstr "" 6588 6589#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6590#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:52 6591msgid "" 6592"Due to the influence of precession, the equatorial mansion degrees of each " 6593"Mansion has been slowly changing, and some determinative stars have also " 6594"changed in history." 6595msgstr "" 6596 6597#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6598#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:53 6599msgid "" 6600"On traditional Chinese star maps, there are 28 lines passing through the " 6601"determinative stars of The Twenty-Eight Mansions from the north celestial " 6602"pole as their boundaries to facilitate the positioning of celestial bodies." 6603msgstr "" 6604 6605#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6606#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:54 6607msgid "" 6608"If a celestial body is east of the determinative star of a Mansion, and its " 6609"right ascension does not exceed the determinative star of the next Mansion, " 6610"the difference in right ascension between this celestial body and the " 6611"determinative star, is know as mansion distance degrees (Chinese: 入宿度; " 6612"pinyin: rùxiùdù)." 6613msgstr "" 6614 6615#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6616#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:55 6617msgid "" 6618"Coupled with the polar distance degrees(Chinese: 去极度; pinyin: qùjídù), which" 6619" is the angular distance between the star and the north celestial pole, we " 6620"can determine the position of a star on the celestial sphere. Mansion " 6621"distance degrees and polar distance degrees together constitute the two " 6622"components of the ancient Chinese equatorial coordinate system." 6623msgstr "" 6624 6625#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6626#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:56 6627msgid "" 6628"The Twenty-Eight Mansions are grouped into Four Symbols (Chinese: 四象; " 6629"pinyin: sìxiàng), each associated with a compass direction and containing " 6630"seven Mansions, corresponds to Seven Luminaries. The correspondence between " 6631"the Twenty-Eight Mansions and the Four Symbols is based on the sky at dusk " 6632"on the vernal equinox in a certain period of ancient times. At this time, " 6633"the Vermilion Bird is in the south, the Azure Dragon is in the east, the " 6634"Black Tortoise is in the north, and the White Tiger is in the west." 6635msgstr "" 6636 6637#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 6638#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:58 6639msgid "The List of The Twenty-Eight Mansions (J2000)" 6640msgstr "" 6641 6642#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6643#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:61 6644msgid "Seven Luminaries" 6645msgstr "" 6646 6647#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6648#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:63 6649msgid "Wood" 6650msgstr "" 6651 6652#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6653#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:64 6654msgid "Metal" 6655msgstr "" 6656 6657#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6658#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:65 6659msgid "Earth" 6660msgstr "" 6661 6662#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6663#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:68 6664msgid "Fire" 6665msgstr "" 6666 6667#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6668#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:69 6669msgid "Water" 6670msgstr "" 6671 6672#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6673#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:72 6674#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:160 6675#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:248 6676#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:336 6677#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:440 6678#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2910 6679msgid "Chinese Name" 6680msgstr "" 6681 6682#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6683#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:83 6684#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:171 6685#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:259 6686#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:347 6687#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:441 6688#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2911 6689msgid "Pinyin" 6690msgstr "" 6691 6692#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6693#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:94 6694#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:182 6695#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:270 6696#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:358 6697#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:442 6698#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2912 6699msgid "Translation" 6700msgstr "" 6701 6702#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6703#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:95 6704msgid "Azure Dragon of the East" 6705msgstr "" 6706 6707#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6708#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:96 6709#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1016 6710msgid "Horn Mansion" 6711msgstr "" 6712 6713#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6714#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:97 6715#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1100 6716msgid "Neck Mansion" 6717msgstr "" 6718 6719#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6720#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:98 6721#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1156 6722msgid "Root Mansion" 6723msgstr "" 6724 6725#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6726#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:99 6727#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1240 6728msgid "Room Mansion" 6729msgstr "" 6730 6731#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6732#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:100 6733#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1303 6734msgid "Heart Mansion" 6735msgstr "" 6736 6737#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6738#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:101 6739#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1324 6740msgid "Tail Mansion" 6741msgstr "" 6742 6743#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6744#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:102 6745#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1373 6746msgid "Winnowing Basket Mansion" 6747msgstr "" 6748 6749#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6750#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:105 6751#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:193 6752#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:281 6753#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:369 6754msgid "Number of xingguans" 6755msgstr "" 6756 6757#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6758#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:116 6759#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:204 6760#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:292 6761#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:380 6762msgid "Determinative Star" 6763msgstr "" 6764 6765#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6766#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:127 6767#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:215 6768#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:303 6769#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:391 6770msgid "RA of Determinative Star" 6771msgstr "" 6772 6773#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6774#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:138 6775#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:226 6776#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:314 6777#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:402 6778msgid "Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1" 6779msgstr "" 6780 6781#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6782#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:149 6783#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:237 6784#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:325 6785#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:413 6786msgid "Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2" 6787msgstr "" 6788 6789#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6790#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:183 6791msgid "Black Tortoise of the North" 6792msgstr "" 6793 6794#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6795#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:184 6796#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1401 6797msgid "Dipper Mansion" 6798msgstr "" 6799 6800#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6801#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:185 6802#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1478 6803msgid "Ox Mansion" 6804msgstr "" 6805 6806#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6807#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:186 6808#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1562 6809msgid "Girl Mansion" 6810msgstr "" 6811 6812#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6813#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:187 6814#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1625 6815msgid "Emptiness Mansion" 6816msgstr "" 6817 6818#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6819#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:188 6820#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1702 6821msgid "Rooftop Mansion" 6822msgstr "" 6823 6824#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6825#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:189 6826#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1786 6827msgid "Encampment Mansion" 6828msgstr "" 6829 6830#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6831#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:190 6832#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1870 6833msgid "Wall Mansion" 6834msgstr "" 6835 6836#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6837#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:271 6838msgid "White Tiger of the West" 6839msgstr "" 6840 6841#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6842#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:272 6843#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1919 6844msgid "Legs Mansion" 6845msgstr "" 6846 6847#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6848#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:273 6849#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1989 6850msgid "Bond Mansion" 6851msgstr "" 6852 6853#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6854#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:274 6855#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2038 6856msgid "Stomach Mansion" 6857msgstr "" 6858 6859#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6860#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:275 6861#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2094 6862msgid "Hairy Head Mansion" 6863msgstr "" 6864 6865#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6866#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:276 6867#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2164 6868msgid "Net Mansion" 6869msgstr "" 6870 6871#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6872#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:277 6873#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2276 6874msgid "Turtle Beak Mansion" 6875msgstr "" 6876 6877#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6878#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:278 6879#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2304 6880msgid "Three Stars Mansion" 6881msgstr "" 6882 6883#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6884#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:359 6885msgid "Vermilion Bird of the South" 6886msgstr "" 6887 6888#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6889#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:360 6890#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2360 6891msgid "Well Mansion" 6892msgstr "" 6893 6894#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6895#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:361 6896#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2507 6897msgid "Ghosts Mansion" 6898msgstr "" 6899 6900#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6901#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:362 6902#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2563 6903msgid "Willow Mansion" 6904msgstr "" 6905 6906#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6907#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:363 6908#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2584 6909#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2591 6910msgid "Star Mansion" 6911msgstr "" 6912 6913#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6914#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:364 6915#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2626 6916msgid "Extended Net Mansion" 6917msgstr "" 6918 6919#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6920#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:365 6921#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2647 6922msgid "Wings Mansion" 6923msgstr "" 6924 6925#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6926#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:366 6927#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2668 6928msgid "Chariot Mansion" 6929msgstr "" 6930 6931#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6932#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:424 6933msgid "" 6934"note 1: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1:Modern equatorial coordinate system." 6935msgstr "" 6936 6937#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6938#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:425 6939msgid "" 6940"note 2: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2:The traditional equatorial coordinate " 6941"system of China, divides the equator into 365.25 degrees." 6942msgstr "" 6943 6944#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li><notr><a> 6945#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:428 6946msgid "Twenty-Eight Mansions (Wikipedia)" 6947msgstr "" 6948 6949#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6950#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:432 6951#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2731 6952msgid "The Southern Sky" 6953msgstr "" 6954 6955#. type: Content of: <p><p> 6956#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:434 6957msgid "" 6958"The sky around the south celestial pole was unknown to ancient Chinese. " 6959"Therefore, it was not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight " 6960"Mansions system. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi (Chinese: " 6961"徐光启; pinyin: Xú Guāngqǐ) introduced another 23 Xingguans based on the " 6962"European star charts. These Xingguans were since incorporated into the " 6963"traditional Chinese star maps. These Xingguans are actually variations of " 6964"Western constellations, and they are mostly named after animals." 6965msgstr "" 6966 6967#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 6968#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:436 6969msgid "The list of Xingguans" 6970msgstr "" 6971 6972#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6973#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:443 6974msgid "Number of Primary Stars" 6975msgstr "" 6976 6977#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6978#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:444 6979msgid "Number of Added Stars" 6980msgstr "" 6981 6982#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6983#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:449 6984msgid "Purple Forbidden Enclosure" 6985msgstr "" 6986 6987#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6988#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:456 6989msgid "Northern Pole" 6990msgstr "" 6991 6992#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6993#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:463 6994msgid "Four Advisors" 6995msgstr "" 6996 6997#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 6998#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:470 6999msgid "Celestial Great One" 7000msgstr "" 7001 7002#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7003#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:477 7004msgid "First Great One" 7005msgstr "" 7006 7007#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7008#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:484 7009msgid "Purple Forbidden Left Wall" 7010msgstr "" 7011 7012#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7013#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:491 7014msgid "Purple Forbidden Right Wall" 7015msgstr "" 7016 7017#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7018#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:498 7019msgid "Hidden Virtue" 7020msgstr "" 7021 7022#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7023#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:505 7024msgid "Royal Secretary" 7025msgstr "" 7026 7027#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7028#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:512 7029msgid "Female Protocol" 7030msgstr "" 7031 7032#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7033#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:519 7034msgid "Official of Royal Archives" 7035msgstr "" 7036 7037#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7038#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:526 7039msgid "Maids-in-waiting" 7040msgstr "" 7041 7042#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7043#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:533 7044msgid "Celestial Pillar" 7045msgstr "" 7046 7047#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7048#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:540 7049msgid "Chief Judge" 7050msgstr "" 7051 7052#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7053#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:547 7054msgid "Curved Array" 7055msgstr "" 7056 7057#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7058#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:554 7059msgid "Six Jia" 7060msgstr "" 7061 7062#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7063#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:561 7064msgid "Great Emperor of Heaven" 7065msgstr "" 7066 7067#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7068#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:568 7069msgid "Interior Seats of the Five Emperors" 7070msgstr "" 7071 7072#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7073#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:575 7074msgid "Canopy of the Emperor" 7075msgstr "" 7076 7077#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7078#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:582 7079msgid "Canopy Support (Vassal of Canopy of the Emperor )" 7080msgstr "" 7081 7082#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7083#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:589 7084msgid "Guest House" 7085msgstr "" 7086 7087#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7088#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:596 7089msgid "Inner Steps" 7090msgstr "" 7091 7092#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7093#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:603 7094msgid "Celestial Kitchen" 7095msgstr "" 7096 7097#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7098#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:610 7099msgid "Eight Kinds of Crops" 7100msgstr "" 7101 7102#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7103#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:617 7104msgid "Celestial Flail" 7105msgstr "" 7106 7107#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7108#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:624 7109msgid "Inner Kitchen" 7110msgstr "" 7111 7112#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7113#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:631 7114msgid "Administrative Center" 7115msgstr "" 7116 7117#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7118#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:638 7119msgid "Three Top Instructors" 7120msgstr "" 7121 7122#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7123#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:645 7124#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:757 7125msgid "Three Excellencies" 7126msgstr "" 7127 7128#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7129#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:652 7130msgid "Celestial Bed" 7131msgstr "" 7132 7133#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7134#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:659 7135msgid "Royals" 7136msgstr "" 7137 7138#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7139#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:666 7140msgid "Celestial Prison" 7141msgstr "" 7142 7143#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7144#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:673 7145msgid "Guard of the Sun" 7146msgstr "" 7147 7148#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7149#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:680 7150msgid "Eunuch" 7151msgstr "" 7152 7153#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7154#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:687 7155msgid "Prime Minister" 7156msgstr "" 7157 7158#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7159#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:694 7160msgid "Sombre Lance" 7161msgstr "" 7162 7163#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7164#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:701 7165msgid "Judge for Nobility" 7166msgstr "" 7167 7168#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7169#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:708 7170msgid "Northern Dipper" 7171msgstr "" 7172 7173#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7174#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:715 7175msgid "Assistant (Vassal of Northern Dipper)" 7176msgstr "" 7177 7178#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7179#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:722 7180msgid "Celestial Spear" 7181msgstr "" 7182 7183#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7184#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:729 7185msgid "Supreme Palace Enclosure" 7186msgstr "" 7187 7188#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7189#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:736 7190msgid "Supreme Palace Left Wall" 7191msgstr "" 7192 7193#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7194#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:743 7195msgid "Supreme Palace Right Wall" 7196msgstr "" 7197 7198#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7199#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:750 7200msgid "Usher to the Court" 7201msgstr "" 7202 7203#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7204#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:764 7205msgid "Nine Senior Officers" 7206msgstr "" 7207 7208#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7209#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:771 7210msgid "Five Lords" 7211msgstr "" 7212 7213#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7214#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:778 7215msgid "Inner Screen" 7216msgstr "" 7217 7218#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7219#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:785 7220msgid "Seats of the Five Emperors" 7221msgstr "" 7222 7223#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7224#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:792 7225msgid "Officer of Honour" 7226msgstr "" 7227 7228#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7229#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:799 7230msgid "Crown Prince" 7231msgstr "" 7232 7233#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7234#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:806 7235#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1296 7236msgid "Retinue" 7237msgstr "" 7238 7239#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7240#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:813 7241msgid "Captain of the Bodyguards" 7242msgstr "" 7243 7244#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7245#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:820 7246msgid "Emperor's Bodyguard" 7247msgstr "" 7248 7249#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7250#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:827 7251msgid "Royal Guards" 7252msgstr "" 7253 7254#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7255#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:834 7256msgid "Officers of the Imperial Guard" 7257msgstr "" 7258 7259#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7260#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:841 7261msgid "The Hall of Glory" 7262msgstr "" 7263 7264#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7265#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:848 7266msgid "Astronomical Observatory" 7267msgstr "" 7268 7269#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7270#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:855 7271msgid "Junior Officers" 7272msgstr "" 7273 7274#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7275#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:862 7276msgid "Long Wall" 7277msgstr "" 7278 7279#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7280#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:869 7281msgid "Three Steps" 7282msgstr "" 7283 7284#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7285#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:876 7286msgid "Heavenly Market Enclosure" 7287msgstr "" 7288 7289#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7290#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:883 7291msgid "Heavenly Market Left Wall" 7292msgstr "" 7293 7294#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7295#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:890 7296msgid "Heavenly Market Right Wall" 7297msgstr "" 7298 7299#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7300#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:897 7301msgid "Municipal Office" 7302msgstr "" 7303 7304#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7305#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:904 7306msgid "Commodity Market" 7307msgstr "" 7308 7309#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7310#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:911 7311msgid "Official for the Royal Clan" 7312msgstr "" 7313 7314#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7315#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:918 7316msgid "Official of Religious Ceremonies" 7317msgstr "" 7318 7319#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7320#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:925 7321msgid "Patriarchal Clan" 7322msgstr "" 7323 7324#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7325#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:932 7326msgid "Textile Ruler" 7327msgstr "" 7328 7329#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7330#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:939 7331msgid "Butcher's Shops" 7332msgstr "" 7333 7334#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7335#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:946 7336msgid "Astrologer" 7337msgstr "" 7338 7339#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7340#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:953 7341msgid "Emperor's Seat" 7342msgstr "" 7343 7344#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7345#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:960 7346msgid "Eunuch Official" 7347msgstr "" 7348 7349#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7350#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:967 7351msgid "Jewel Market" 7352msgstr "" 7353 7354#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7355#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:974 7356msgid "Dipper for Liquids" 7357msgstr "" 7358 7359#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7360#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:981 7361msgid "Dipper for Solids" 7362msgstr "" 7363 7364#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7365#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:988 7366msgid "Coiled Thong" 7367msgstr "" 7368 7369#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7370#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:995 7371msgid "Seven Excellencies" 7372msgstr "" 7373 7374#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7375#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1002 7376msgid "Celestial Discipline" 7377msgstr "" 7378 7379#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7380#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1009 7381msgid "Woman's Bed" 7382msgstr "" 7383 7384#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7385#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1023 7386msgid "Horn" 7387msgstr "" 7388 7389#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7390#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1030 7391msgid "Flat Road" 7392msgstr "" 7393 7394#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7395#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1037 7396#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1492 7397msgid "Celestial Farmland" 7398msgstr "" 7399 7400#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7401#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1044 7402msgid "Recommending Virtuous Men" 7403msgstr "" 7404 7405#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7406#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1051 7407msgid "Tripod of the Zhou" 7408msgstr "" 7409 7410#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7411#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1058 7412msgid "Celestial Gate" 7413msgstr "" 7414 7415#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7416#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1065 7417msgid "Justice" 7418msgstr "" 7419 7420#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7421#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1072 7422msgid "Arsenal" 7423msgstr "" 7424 7425#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7426#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1079 7427#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2227 7428msgid "Pillars" 7429msgstr "" 7430 7431#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7432#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1086 7433msgid "Railings" 7434msgstr "" 7435 7436#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7437#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1093 7438msgid "Southern Gate" 7439msgstr "" 7440 7441#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7442#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1107 7443msgid "Neck" 7444msgstr "" 7445 7446#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7447#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1114 7448msgid "Great Horn" 7449msgstr "" 7450 7451#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7452#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1121 7453msgid "Left Conductor" 7454msgstr "" 7455 7456#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7457#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1128 7458msgid "Right Conductor" 7459msgstr "" 7460 7461#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7462#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1135 7463msgid "Trials" 7464msgstr "" 7465 7466#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7467#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1142 7468msgid "Gate of Yang" 7469msgstr "" 7470 7471#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7472#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1149 7473msgid "Executions" 7474msgstr "" 7475 7476#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7477#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1163 7478msgid "Root" 7479msgstr "" 7480 7481#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7482#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1170 7483msgid "Celestial Milk" 7484msgstr "" 7485 7486#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7487#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1177 7488msgid "Twinkling Indicator" 7489msgstr "" 7490 7491#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7492#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1184 7493msgid "Celestial Lance" 7494msgstr "" 7495 7496#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7497#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1191 7498msgid "Mattress of the Emperor" 7499msgstr "" 7500 7501#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7502#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1198 7503msgid "Boats and Lake" 7504msgstr "" 7505 7506#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7507#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1205 7508msgid "Battle Chariots" 7509msgstr "" 7510 7511#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7512#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1212 7513msgid "Imperial Guards" 7514msgstr "" 7515 7516#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7517#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1219 7518msgid "Chariots and Cavalry" 7519msgstr "" 7520 7521#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7522#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1226 7523msgid "Celestial Spokes" 7524msgstr "" 7525 7526#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7527#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1233 7528msgid "Chariots and Cavalry General" 7529msgstr "" 7530 7531#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7532#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1247 7533msgid "Room" 7534msgstr "" 7535 7536#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7537#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1254 7538msgid "Lock (Vassal of Room)" 7539msgstr "" 7540 7541#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7542#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1261 7543msgid "Door Bolt" 7544msgstr "" 7545 7546#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7547#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1268 7548msgid "Punishment" 7549msgstr "" 7550 7551#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7552#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1275 7553msgid "Eastern Door" 7554msgstr "" 7555 7556#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7557#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1282 7558msgid "Western Door" 7559msgstr "" 7560 7561#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7562#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1289 7563msgid "Solar Star" 7564msgstr "" 7565 7566#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 7567#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1310 7568#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:69 7569msgid "Heart" 7570msgstr "" 7571 7572#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7573#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1317 7574msgid "Group of Soldiers" 7575msgstr "" 7576 7577#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 7578#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1331 7579#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:76 7580msgid "Tail" 7581msgstr "" 7582 7583#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7584#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1338 7585msgid "Changing Room (Vassal of Tail)" 7586msgstr "" 7587 7588#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7589#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1345 7590msgid "Tortoise" 7591msgstr "" 7592 7593#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7594#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1352 7595msgid "Celestial River" 7596msgstr "" 7597 7598#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7599#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1359 7600msgid "Fu Yue" 7601msgstr "" 7602 7603#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7604#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1366 7605#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2926 7606msgid "Fish" 7607msgstr "" 7608 7609#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7610#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1380 7611msgid "Winnowing Basket" 7612msgstr "" 7613 7614#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7615#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1387 7616msgid "Chaff" 7617msgstr "" 7618 7619#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7620#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1394 7621#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1730 7622msgid "Pestle" 7623msgstr "" 7624 7625#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7626#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1408 7627msgid "Dipper" 7628msgstr "" 7629 7630#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7631#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1415 7632msgid "Establishment" 7633msgstr "" 7634 7635#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7636#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1422 7637msgid "Celestial Keyhole" 7638msgstr "" 7639 7640#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7641#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1429 7642msgid "Market Officer" 7643msgstr "" 7644 7645#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7646#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1436 7647msgid "River Turtle" 7648msgstr "" 7649 7650#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7651#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1443 7652msgid "Celestial Cock" 7653msgstr "" 7654 7655#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7656#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1450 7657msgid "Territory of Dog" 7658msgstr "" 7659 7660#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7661#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1457 7662msgid "Celestial Spring" 7663msgstr "" 7664 7665#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7666#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1464 7667#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:399 7668#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:241 7669#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:222 7670msgid "Dog" 7671msgstr "狗" 7672 7673#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7674#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1471 7675msgid "Peasant" 7676msgstr "" 7677 7678#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7679#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1485 7680msgid "Ox" 7681msgstr "" 7682 7683#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7684#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1499 7685msgid "Nine Water Wells" 7686msgstr "" 7687 7688#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7689#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1506 7690msgid "Drum at the River" 7691msgstr "" 7692 7693#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7694#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1513 7695msgid "Weaving Girl" 7696msgstr "" 7697 7698#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7699#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1520 7700msgid "Left Flag" 7701msgstr "" 7702 7703#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7704#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1527 7705msgid "Right Flag" 7706msgstr "" 7707 7708#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7709#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1534 7710msgid "Celestial Drumstick" 7711msgstr "" 7712 7713#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7714#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1541 7715msgid "Network of Dykes" 7716msgstr "" 7717 7718#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7719#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1548 7720msgid "Clepsydra Terrace" 7721msgstr "" 7722 7723#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7724#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1555 7725msgid "Imperial Passageway" 7726msgstr "" 7727 7728#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7729#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1569 7730msgid "Girl" 7731msgstr "" 7732 7733#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7734#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1576 7735msgid "Twelve States" 7736msgstr "" 7737 7738#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7739#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1583 7740msgid "Pearls on Ladies' Wear" 7741msgstr "" 7742 7743#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7744#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1590 7745msgid "Rotten Gourd" 7746msgstr "" 7747 7748#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7749#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1597 7750msgid "Good Gourd" 7751msgstr "" 7752 7753#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7754#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1604 7755msgid "Celestial Ford" 7756msgstr "" 7757 7758#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7759#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1611 7760msgid "Xi Zhong" 7761msgstr "" 7762 7763#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7764#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1618 7765msgid "Basket for Mulberry Leaves" 7766msgstr "" 7767 7768#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 7769#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1632 7770#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:124 7771msgid "Emptiness" 7772msgstr "" 7773 7774#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7775#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1639 7776msgid "Deified Judge of Life" 7777msgstr "" 7778 7779#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7780#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1646 7781msgid "Deified Judge of Rank" 7782msgstr "" 7783 7784#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7785#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1653 7786msgid "Deified Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune" 7787msgstr "" 7788 7789#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7790#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1660 7791msgid "Deified Judge of Right and Wrong" 7792msgstr "" 7793 7794#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7795#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1667 7796msgid "Crying" 7797msgstr "" 7798 7799#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7800#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1674 7801msgid "Weeping" 7802msgstr "" 7803 7804#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7805#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1681 7806msgid "Celestial Ramparts" 7807msgstr "" 7808 7809#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7810#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1688 7811msgid "Decayed Mortar" 7812msgstr "" 7813 7814#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7815#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1695 7816msgid "Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear" 7817msgstr "" 7818 7819#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7820#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1709 7821msgid "Rooftop" 7822msgstr "" 7823 7824#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7825#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1716 7826msgid "Tomb (Vassal of Rooftop)" 7827msgstr "" 7828 7829#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7830#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1723 7831msgid "Humans" 7832msgstr "" 7833 7834#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7835#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1737 7836msgid "Mortar" 7837msgstr "" 7838 7839#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7840#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1744 7841msgid "Big Yard for Chariots" 7842msgstr "" 7843 7844#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7845#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1751 7846msgid "Celestial Hook" 7847msgstr "" 7848 7849#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7850#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1758 7851msgid "Zaofu" 7852msgstr "" 7853 7854#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7855#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1765 7856msgid "Roofing" 7857msgstr "" 7858 7859#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7860#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1772 7861msgid "Temple" 7862msgstr "" 7863 7864#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7865#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1779 7866msgid "Celestial Money" 7867msgstr "" 7868 7869#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7870#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1793 7871msgid "Encampment" 7872msgstr "" 7873 7874#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7875#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1800 7876msgid "Resting Palace (Vassal of Encampment)" 7877msgstr "" 7878 7879#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7880#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1807 7881msgid "Thunder and Lightning" 7882msgstr "" 7883 7884#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7885#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1814 7886msgid "Line of Ramparts" 7887msgstr "" 7888 7889#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7890#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1821 7891msgid "Palace Guard" 7892msgstr "" 7893 7894#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7895#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1828 7896msgid "Axe" 7897msgstr "" 7898 7899#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7900#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1835 7901msgid "North Gate of the Military Camp" 7902msgstr "" 7903 7904#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7905#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1842 7906msgid "Net for Catching Birds" 7907msgstr "" 7908 7909#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7910#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1849 7911msgid "Materials for Making Tents" 7912msgstr "" 7913 7914#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7915#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1856 7916msgid "Official for Materials Supply" 7917msgstr "" 7918 7919#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7920#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1863 7921msgid "Flying Serpent" 7922msgstr "" 7923 7924#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 7925#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1877 7926#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:145 7927msgid "Wall" 7928msgstr "" 7929 7930#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7931#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1884 7932msgid "Thunderbolt" 7933msgstr "" 7934 7935#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7936#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1891 7937msgid "Cloud and Rain" 7938msgstr "" 7939 7940#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7941#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1898 7942msgid "Celestial Stable" 7943msgstr "" 7944 7945#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7946#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1905 7947msgid "Sickle" 7948msgstr "" 7949 7950#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7951#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1912 7952msgid "Official for Earthworks and Buildings" 7953msgstr "" 7954 7955#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7956#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1926 7957msgid "Legs" 7958msgstr "" 7959 7960#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7961#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1933 7962msgid "Outer Fence" 7963msgstr "" 7964 7965#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7966#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1940 7967msgid "Celestial Pigsty" 7968msgstr "" 7969 7970#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7971#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1947 7972#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2717 7973msgid "Master of Constructions" 7974msgstr "" 7975 7976#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7977#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1954 7978msgid "Southern Military Gate" 7979msgstr "" 7980 7981#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7982#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1961 7983msgid "Flying Corridor" 7984msgstr "" 7985 7986#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7987#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1968 7988msgid "Auxiliary Road" 7989msgstr "" 7990 7991#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7992#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1975 7993msgid "Wang Liang" 7994msgstr "" 7995 7996#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 7997#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1982 7998msgid "Whip" 7999msgstr "" 8000 8001#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8002#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1996 8003msgid "Bond" 8004msgstr "" 8005 8006#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8007#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2003 8008msgid "Official in Charge of the Forest" 8009msgstr "" 8010 8011#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8012#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2010 8013msgid "Official in Charge of Pasturing" 8014msgstr "" 8015 8016#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8017#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2017 8018msgid "Square Celestial Granary" 8019msgstr "" 8020 8021#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8022#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2024 8023msgid "Ricks of Grain" 8024msgstr "" 8025 8026#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8027#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2031 8028msgid "Great General of Heaven" 8029msgstr "" 8030 8031#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 8032#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2045 8033#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:178 8034msgid "Stomach" 8035msgstr "" 8036 8037#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8038#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2052 8039msgid "Celestial Foodstuff" 8040msgstr "" 8041 8042#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8043#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2059 8044msgid "Circular Celestial Granary" 8045msgstr "" 8046 8047#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8048#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2066 8049msgid "Mausoleum" 8050msgstr "" 8051 8052#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8053#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2073 8054msgid "Celestial Boat" 8055msgstr "" 8056 8057#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8058#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2080 8059msgid "Heap of Corpses" 8060msgstr "" 8061 8062#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8063#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2087 8064msgid "Stored Water" 8065msgstr "" 8066 8067#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8068#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2101 8069msgid "Hairy Head" 8070msgstr "" 8071 8072#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8073#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2108 8074msgid "Celestial Concave" 8075msgstr "" 8076 8077#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8078#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2115 8079msgid "Lunar Star" 8080msgstr "" 8081 8082#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8083#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2122 8084msgid "Celestial Yin Force" 8085msgstr "" 8086 8087#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8088#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2129 8089msgid "Hay" 8090msgstr "" 8091 8092#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8093#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2136 8094msgid "Celestial Meadows" 8095msgstr "" 8096 8097#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8098#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2143 8099msgid "Rolled Tongue" 8100msgstr "" 8101 8102#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8103#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2150 8104msgid "Celestial Slander" 8105msgstr "" 8106 8107#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8108#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2157 8109msgid "Whetstone" 8110msgstr "" 8111 8112#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8113#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2171 8114msgid "Net" 8115msgstr "" 8116 8117#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8118#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2178 8119msgid "Whisper (Vassal of Net)" 8120msgstr "" 8121 8122#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8123#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2185 8124msgid "Celestial Street" 8125msgstr "" 8126 8127#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8128#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2192 8129msgid "Celestial Tally" 8130msgstr "" 8131 8132#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8133#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2199 8134msgid "Feudal Kings" 8135msgstr "" 8136 8137#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8138#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2206 8139msgid "Celestial High Terrace" 8140msgstr "" 8141 8142#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8143#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2213 8144msgid "Interpreters of Nine Dialects" 8145msgstr "" 8146 8147#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8148#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2220 8149msgid "Five Chariots" 8150msgstr "" 8151 8152#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8153#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2234 8154msgid "Celestial Pier" 8155msgstr "" 8156 8157#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8158#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2241 8159msgid "Pool of Harmony" 8160msgstr "" 8161 8162#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8163#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2248 8164msgid "Celestial Pass" 8165msgstr "" 8166 8167#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8168#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2255 8169msgid "Banner of Three Stars" 8170msgstr "" 8171 8172#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8173#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2262 8174msgid "Imperial Military Flag" 8175msgstr "" 8176 8177#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8178#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2269 8179msgid "Celestial Orchard" 8180msgstr "" 8181 8182#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8183#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2283 8184msgid "Turtle Beak" 8185msgstr "" 8186 8187#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8188#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2290 8189msgid "Deity in Charge of Monsters" 8190msgstr "" 8191 8192#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8193#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2297 8194msgid "Seat Flags" 8195msgstr "" 8196 8197#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8198#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2311 8199msgid "Three Stars" 8200msgstr "" 8201 8202#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8203#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2318 8204msgid "Send Armed Forces To Suppress (Vassal of Three Stars)" 8205msgstr "" 8206 8207#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8208#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2325 8209msgid "Jade Well" 8210msgstr "" 8211 8212#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8213#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2332 8214msgid "Screen" 8215msgstr "" 8216 8217#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8218#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2339 8219msgid "Military well" 8220msgstr "" 8221 8222#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8223#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2346 8224msgid "Toilet" 8225msgstr "" 8226 8227#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8228#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2353 8229msgid "Excrement" 8230msgstr "" 8231 8232#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 8233#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2367 8234#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:225 8235msgid "Well" 8236msgstr "" 8237 8238#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8239#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2374 8240msgid "Battle Axe (Vassal of Well)" 8241msgstr "" 8242 8243#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8244#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2381 8245msgid "South River" 8246msgstr "" 8247 8248#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8249#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2388 8250msgid "North River" 8251msgstr "" 8252 8253#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8254#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2395 8255msgid "Celestial Wine Cup" 8256msgstr "" 8257 8258#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8259#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2402 8260msgid "Five Feudal Kings" 8261msgstr "" 8262 8263#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8264#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2409 8265msgid "Accumulated Water" 8266msgstr "" 8267 8268#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8269#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2416 8270msgid "Pile of Firewood" 8271msgstr "" 8272 8273#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8274#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2423 8275msgid "Official for Irrigation" 8276msgstr "" 8277 8278#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8279#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2430 8280msgid "Water Level" 8281msgstr "" 8282 8283#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8284#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2437 8285msgid "Four Channels" 8286msgstr "" 8287 8288#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8289#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2444 8290msgid "Market for Soldiers" 8291msgstr "" 8292 8293#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8294#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2451 8295msgid "Wild Cockerel" 8296msgstr "" 8297 8298#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8299#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2458 8300msgid "Grandfather" 8301msgstr "" 8302 8303#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8304#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2465 8305msgid "Son" 8306msgstr "" 8307 8308#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8309#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2472 8310msgid "Grandson" 8311msgstr "" 8312 8313#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8314#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2479 8315msgid "Palace Gate" 8316msgstr "" 8317 8318#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8319#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2486 8320msgid "Celestial Wolf" 8321msgstr "" 8322 8323#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8324#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2493 8325msgid "Bow and Arrow" 8326msgstr "" 8327 8328#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8329#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2500 8330msgid "Old Man" 8331msgstr "" 8332 8333#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8334#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2514 8335msgid "Ghosts" 8336msgstr "" 8337 8338#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8339#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2521 8340#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2933 8341msgid "Cumulative Corpses" 8342msgstr "" 8343 8344#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8345#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2528 8346msgid "Beacon Fire" 8347msgstr "" 8348 8349#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8350#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2535 8351msgid "Celestial Dog" 8352msgstr "" 8353 8354#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8355#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2542 8356msgid "Outer Kitchen" 8357msgstr "" 8358 8359#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8360#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2549 8361msgid "Celestial Earth God's Temple" 8362msgstr "" 8363 8364#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8365#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2556 8366msgid "Judge for Estimating the Age of Animals" 8367msgstr "" 8368 8369#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 8370#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2570 8371#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:239 8372msgid "Willow" 8373msgstr "" 8374 8375#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8376#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2577 8377msgid "Banner of Wine Shop" 8378msgstr "" 8379 8380#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8381#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2598 8382msgid "Celestial Premier" 8383msgstr "" 8384 8385#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8386#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2605 8387msgid "Celestial Cereals" 8388msgstr "" 8389 8390#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8391#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2612 8392msgid "Xuanyuan" 8393msgstr "" 8394 8395#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8396#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2619 8397msgid "High Judge" 8398msgstr "" 8399 8400#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8401#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2633 8402msgid "Extended Net" 8403msgstr "" 8404 8405#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8406#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2640 8407msgid "Celestial Temple" 8408msgstr "" 8409 8410#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 8411#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2654 8412#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:260 8413msgid "Wings" 8414msgstr "" 8415 8416#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8417#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2661 8418msgid "Dongou" 8419msgstr "" 8420 8421#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8422#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2675 8423msgid "Chariot" 8424msgstr "" 8425 8426#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8427#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2682 8428msgid "Changsha (Vassal of Chariot)" 8429msgstr "" 8430 8431#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8432#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2689 8433msgid "Left Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)" 8434msgstr "" 8435 8436#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8437#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2696 8438msgid "Right Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)" 8439msgstr "" 8440 8441#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8442#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2703 8443msgid "Green Hill" 8444msgstr "" 8445 8446#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8447#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2710 8448msgid "Military Gate" 8449msgstr "" 8450 8451#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8452#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2724 8453msgid "House for Musical Instruments" 8454msgstr "" 8455 8456#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8457#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2738 8458msgid "Sea and Mountain" 8459msgstr "" 8460 8461#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8462#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2745 8463msgid "Cross" 8464msgstr "" 8465 8466#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8467#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2752 8468msgid "Horse's Tail" 8469msgstr "" 8470 8471#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8472#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2759 8473msgid "Horse's Abdomen" 8474msgstr "" 8475 8476#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8477#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2766 8478msgid "Bee" 8479msgstr "" 8480 8481#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8482#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2773 8483#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:263 8484#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:139 8485#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:113 8486msgid "Triangle" 8487msgstr "三角形" 8488 8489#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8490#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2780 8491msgid "Exotic Bird" 8492msgstr "" 8493 8494#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8495#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2787 8496msgid "Peafowl" 8497msgstr "" 8498 8499#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8500#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2794 8501msgid "Persia" 8502msgstr "" 8503 8504#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8505#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2801 8506msgid "Snake's Tail" 8507msgstr "" 8508 8509#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8510#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2808 8511msgid "Snake's Abdomen" 8512msgstr "" 8513 8514#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8515#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2815 8516msgid "Snake's Head" 8517msgstr "" 8518 8519#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8520#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2822 8521msgid "Bird's Beak" 8522msgstr "" 8523 8524#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8525#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2829 8526msgid "Crane" 8527msgstr "" 8528 8529#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8530#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2836 8531msgid "Firebird" 8532msgstr "" 8533 8534#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8535#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2843 8536msgid "Crooked Running Water" 8537msgstr "" 8538 8539#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8540#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2850 8541msgid "White Patched Nearby" 8542msgstr "" 8543 8544#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8545#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2857 8546msgid "White Patches Attached" 8547msgstr "" 8548 8549#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8550#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2864 8551msgid "Goldfish" 8552msgstr "" 8553 8554#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8555#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2871 8556msgid "Sea Rock" 8557msgstr "" 8558 8559#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8560#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2878 8561msgid "Flying Fish" 8562msgstr "" 8563 8564#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8565#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2885 8566msgid "Southern Boat" 8567msgstr "" 8568 8569#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8570#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2892 8571msgid "Little Dipper" 8572msgstr "" 8573 8574#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8575#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2897 8576msgid "note 1: The Xingguans with \"*\", Was officially deleted in 1752." 8577msgstr "" 8578 8579#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8580#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2898 8581msgid "" 8582"note 2: The vassal Xingguan is not a separate Xingguan, but a vassal of the " 8583"parent Xingguan." 8584msgstr "" 8585 8586#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 8587#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2901 8588msgid "Deep Space Objects" 8589msgstr "" 8590 8591#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8592#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2904 8593msgid "" 8594"Some deep space objects were also discovered in ancient China, which were " 8595"also included in the Xingguans." 8596msgstr "" 8597 8598#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8599#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2905 8600msgid "Include the following:" 8601msgstr "" 8602 8603#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8604#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2909 8605msgid "General name" 8606msgstr "" 8607 8608#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8609#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2913 8610msgid "Nick name" 8611msgstr "" 8612 8613#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8614#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2919 8615msgid "God's Palace" 8616msgstr "" 8617 8618#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8619#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2920 8620msgid "Northern Jewel Box Cluster" 8621msgstr "" 8622 8623#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8624#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2927 8625msgid "Ptolemy Cluster" 8626msgstr "" 8627 8628#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8629#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2934 8630msgid "Beehive Cluster" 8631msgstr "" 8632 8633#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8634#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2940 8635msgid "Arsenal Added I" 8636msgstr "" 8637 8638#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8639#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2941 8640msgid "Omega Centauri" 8641msgstr "" 8642 8643#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8644#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2947 8645msgid "Legs Mansion XXI" 8646msgstr "" 8647 8648#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8649#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2948 8650msgid "Andromeda Galaxy" 8651msgstr "" 8652 8653#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8654#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2954 8655msgid "Sea and Mountain II" 8656msgstr "" 8657 8658#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 8659#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2955 8660msgid "Homunculus Nebula, Eta Carinae" 8661msgstr "" 8662 8663#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8664#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2962 8665msgid "" 8666"This Sky Culture is Based on the information inside <i>Chinese and Western " 8667"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)</i> (Chinese: " 8668"中西对照恒星图表1950.0(星表分册)) and <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: " 8669"仪象考成)." 8670msgstr "" 8671 8672#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8673#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2963 8674msgid "" 8675"Thanks to Liu Chunbin for the collation of the <i>Chinese and Western " 8676"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)</i>. He produced " 8677"<i>Chinese Star Catalogue for Stellarium</i> (Chinese: Stellarium " 8678"中国星官体系下中文星名扩展包) which is a very important reference." 8679msgstr "" 8680 8681#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8682#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2964 8683msgid "" 8684"Some stars have been added according to <i>The History of Stellar " 8685"Observation in China</i> (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史)." 8686msgstr "" 8687 8688#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8689#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2965 8690msgid "" 8691"For the translation of constellations, we use the <i>English-Chinese " 8692"Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names</i> (Chinese: " 8693"中国星区、星官及星名英译表) by Hong Kong Space Museum. Only a small portion of the " 8694"translation is changed, for example, when the translations of the two " 8695"different Xingguans are the same." 8696msgstr "" 8697 8698#. type: Content of: <p><p> 8699#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2966 8700msgid "" 8701"There are seven stars with Chinese star names without corresponding HIP " 8702"numbers, so they cannot be displayed in Stellarium. They are Sea and " 8703"Mountain II (η Car), Five Chariots Added XVIII (12 Aur), Recommending " 8704"Virtuous Man Added VI (39 Vir) , Great Horn Added II (CN Boo), Hairy Head " 8705"Added X (24 Tau), Heart Added VII (18 Oph), South River Added XI (GC 10303)." 8706msgstr "" 8707 8708#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 8709#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2967 8710msgid "" 8711"The cultural connotations of the name cannot be explained perfectly, because" 8712" thousands of years passed, the connotations behind some names are " 8713"controversial. these are only possible translations. Chinese characters are " 8714"ideographic characters, which leads to some completely different names " 8715"having the same pronunciation. Therefore, the pinyin transliteration is " 8716"provided only to make star names readable." 8717msgstr "" 8718 8719#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 8720#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2972 8721msgid "" 8722"<a " 8723"href=\"http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/en_US/web/spm/starshine/resources/constemyth/glossary.html\">English-" 8724"Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names</a>" 8725msgstr "" 8726 8727#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 8728#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2973 8729msgid "" 8730"<a href=\"http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/aeea/contents_list/star_sign.html\">AEEA " 8731"Astronomy Education Information-Ancient Chinese constellation system </a>" 8732msgstr "" 8733 8734#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 8735#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2974 8736msgid "" 8737"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations\">Chinese " 8738"constellations (Wikipedia)</a>" 8739msgstr "" 8740 8741#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 8742#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2975 8743msgid "" 8744"<a " 8745"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names\">Traditional" 8746" Chinese star names (Wikipedia)</a>" 8747msgstr "" 8748 8749#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 8750#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2976 8751msgid "" 8752"<a " 8753"href=\"http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html\">http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html</a>" 8754msgstr "" 8755 8756#. a 8757#. href="http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/en_US/web/spm/starshine/interactive- 8758#. star-maps.html" 8759#. /a 8760#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p> 8761#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2982 8762msgid "" 8763"This sky culture was initially contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of " 8764"Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on Hong Kong Space Museum star " 8765"maps (no longer available online)." 8766msgstr "" 8767 8768#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p> 8769#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2983 8770msgid "" 8771"Sun Shuwei <a " 8772"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a> " 8773"replenishes more than 200 Xingguans and more than 3,000 stars, based " 8774"primarily on the book<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and " 8775"Catalogue 1950.0</i> by Yi Shitong, and add the description." 8776msgstr "" 8777 8778#. type: Content of: <h2> 8779#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:1 8780msgid "Chinese Contemporary" 8781msgstr "" 8782 8783#. type: Content of: <p> 8784#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:3 8785msgid "" 8786"The Chinese Contemporary Skyculture is a combination of Chinese traditions " 8787"and Western constellations. The Chinese use combinations of Western " 8788"constellations and Chinese star names in astronomy. This is the skyculture " 8789"that the Chinese actually use now, with a great practical value." 8790msgstr "" 8791 8792#. type: Content of: <p> 8793#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:7 8794msgid "" 8795"The contemporary Chinese use the constellations of the International " 8796"Astronomical Union. The traditional Chinese constellations have no specific " 8797"boundaries between them. They only represent the corresponding set of bright" 8798" stars, and do not have the role of dividing the celestial sphere into " 8799"different areas, so they are no longer applicable in astronomy." 8800msgstr "" 8801 8802#. type: Content of: <h3> 8803#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:9 8804msgid "star names" 8805msgstr "" 8806 8807#. type: Content of: <p> 8808#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:11 8809msgid "" 8810"The Chinese now use traditional star names instead of Western star names. " 8811"More than 3,000 stars have traditional Chinese star names. When a foreign " 8812"astronomical book is translated into Chinese, the star names will also be " 8813"translated into traditional Chinese star names. There are some special stars" 8814" that use the names of Western stars, such as Proxima, Van Maanen's star, " 8815"which can usually only be seen with a telescope, but with special " 8816"astronomical significance." 8817msgstr "" 8818 8819#. type: Content of: <p> 8820#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:12 8821msgid "" 8822"For a detailed introduction to traditional Chinese constellations and " 8823"traditional Chinese names, see <i>Chinese traditional Skyculture for " 8824"Stellarium</i>." 8825msgstr "" 8826 8827#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 8828#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:17 8829msgid "" 8830"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations\">Chinese " 8831"constellations </a> Wikipedia" 8832msgstr "" 8833 8834#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 8835#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:18 8836msgid "" 8837"<a " 8838"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names\">traditional" 8839" Chinese star names</a> Wikipedia" 8840msgstr "" 8841 8842#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 8843#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:19 8844msgid "" 8845"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\">constellations</a> " 8846"Wikipedia" 8847msgstr "" 8848 8849#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 8850#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:20 8851msgid "" 8852"<a " 8853"href=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\">Constellation" 8854" image library</a> of the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Space Telescope " 8855"Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius Engravings." 8856msgstr "" 8857 8858#. type: Content of: <p> 8859#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:25 8860msgid "" 8861"This skyculture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Sun Shuwei</i> <a " 8862"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>." 8863msgstr "" 8864 8865#. type: Content of: <p> 8866#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:26 8867msgid "" 8868"Constellation art，Constellation lines based on <i>Western Skyculture for " 8869"Stellarium</i>." 8870msgstr "" 8871 8872#. type: Content of: <p> 8873#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:27 8874msgid "" 8875"asterism lines and traditional Chinese star names based on <i>Chinese " 8876"Traditional Skyculture for Stellarium</i>." 8877msgstr "" 8878 8879#. type: Content of: <h2> 8880#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:1 8881msgid "Chinese Medieval" 8882msgstr "" 8883 8884#. type: Content of: <p> 8885#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:3 8886msgid "" 8887"This sky culture is based on the observation data of Huangyou four years " 8888"(1052 AD), and presents the medieval Chinese sky map as faithfully as " 8889"possible. This sky culture includes 283 Xingguans (星官, Chinese " 8890"Constellations) and 1464 stars (including clusters M7, M44) of the " 8891"<i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>. And the determinative star is marked for " 8892"each Xingguan that can determine the determinative star. The boundaries of " 8893"Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions are based on 1052 AD." 8894msgstr "" 8895 8896#. type: Content of: <h3> 8897#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:5 8898msgid "Medieval Xingguans" 8899msgstr "" 8900 8901#. type: Content of: <p> 8902#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:6 8903msgid "" 8904"From the Three Kingdoms Period to the Ming Dynasty, covering the whole of " 8905"the Middle Ages, China's star map is similar." 8906msgstr "" 8907 8908#. type: Content of: <p> 8909#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:7 8910msgid "" 8911"The Xingguans originated in ancient times. Wuxian (巫咸) of Shang Dynasty(16th" 8912" century BC-1046 BC), Gan De (甘德) and Shi Shen (石申) of The Warring States " 8913"Period (475–221 BC), created their own Xingguan system respectively. During " 8914"the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD), Chen Zhuo (陈卓) summarized the " 8915"Xingguans system of Gan De, Shi Shen and Wuxian, including 283 Xingguans and" 8916" 1464 stars. Since then, Xingguan system has been basically defined, and " 8917"after a thousand years, there has not been much change. Since the 17th " 8918"century, Western astronomy has had an impact on Chinese astronomy, and the " 8919"shape and number of Xingguans have changed significantly. Only about half of" 8920" the constellations maintained the medieval style." 8921msgstr "" 8922 8923#. type: Content of: <p> 8924#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:8 8925msgid "" 8926"Determinative star is an important concept. In the Middle Ages, Chinese " 8927"astronomers did not name all stars, and each Xingguans was chosen as a major" 8928" star called determinative star. In ancient China, astronomical measurements" 8929" measured its coordinate position, and other stars in the Xingguan were " 8930"rarely mentioned. However, some important constellations will be selected " 8931"more stars for observation and recording. In ancient China, astronomers used" 8932" mansion distance degrees (determinative star distance) and polar distance " 8933"degrees to record the position of stars. <b>In ancient China, the " 8934"determinative stars of Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions was the benchmark for " 8935"determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system</b>." 8936msgstr "" 8937 8938#. type: Content of: <p> 8939#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:9 8940msgid "" 8941"The <i>Song of the Sky Pacers</i> (步天歌) is an early Chinese star catalogue " 8942"in the form of poem in heptasyllabic verse, enumerating the names of stars." 8943msgstr "" 8944 8945#. type: Content of: <p> 8946#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:11 8947msgid "" 8948"Below is <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i> from Su Song(苏颂, 1020-1101 AD)." 8949msgstr "" 8950 8951#. type: Content of: <p> 8952#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:12 8953msgid "<em>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map(1088 AD)</em>" 8954msgstr "" 8955 8956#. type: Content of: <h3> 8957#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:14 8958msgid "Restore Sky Map" 8959msgstr "" 8960 8961#. type: Content of: <p> 8962#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:15 8963msgid "" 8964"The sky map of the Song dynasty is typical of the Chinese medieval sky map. " 8965"In 1052 AD, the Song Dynasty official conducted accurate stellar " 8966"measurements, leaving a lot of data." 8967msgstr "" 8968 8969#. type: Content of: <p> 8970#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:16 8971msgid "" 8972"Pan Nai(潘鼐) collated these astronomical observations data and based on the " 8973"<i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>, he restored most of the Song Dynasty's " 8974"Xingguan in his masterpiece <i>The History of Stellar Observation in " 8975"China</i>, which is the most important reference book. Qi Rui (齐锐) and Wan " 8976"Haoyi (万昊宜) also restored the Xingguans of the Song Dynasty in the book " 8977"<i>Roving China Heavens</i>, which is also an important reference book." 8978msgstr "" 8979 8980#. type: Content of: <p> 8981#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:17 8982msgid "" 8983"Due to the limitation of observation conditions in Song Dynasty, combined " 8984"with instruments, circulated errors and other reasons, different scholars " 8985"restored the sky map is somewhat different." 8986msgstr "" 8987 8988#. type: Content of: <p> 8989#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:18 8990msgid "" 8991"Based on these books, Stellarium can almost truly present the Chinese " 8992"medieval sky map of Huangyou four years (1052 AD)." 8993msgstr "" 8994 8995#. type: Content of: <p> 8996#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:21 8997msgid "" 8998"Taiyang (太阳), Sun. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of yang," 8999msgstr "" 9000 9001#. type: Content of: <p><p> 9002#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:22 9003msgid "" 9004"Taiyin (太阴), Moon. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of Yin," 9005msgstr "" 9006 9007#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 9008#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:23 9009msgid "" 9010"Chen Star (辰星), Mercury. Chen is an angle unit, which refers to about 30 " 9011"degrees. Mercury is always within 30 degrees of the sun." 9012msgstr "" 9013 9014#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 9015#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:24 9016msgid "Taibai (太白), Venus. Taibai means big and white." 9017msgstr "" 9018 9019#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 9020#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:25 9021msgid "" 9022"Yinghuo (荧惑), Mars. The colors of Mars are like fire, and movement is " 9023"confusing." 9024msgstr "" 9025 9026#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 9027#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:26 9028msgid "" 9029"Sui Star (岁星), Jupiter. It means the old star. Jupiter travels around the " 9030"celestial sphere for a week every 12 years. The ancients took Jupiter's " 9031"position as the standard of the chronology." 9032msgstr "" 9033 9034#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 9035#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:27 9036msgid "" 9037"Zhen Star (填星), Saturn. Zhen, means passing Lunar Mansions. Saturn travels " 9038"around the celestial sphere about every 28 years. Saturn will pass through a" 9039" Lunar Mansion every year." 9040msgstr "" 9041 9042#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 9043#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:31 9044msgid "<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song\">wikipedia - Su Song</a>" 9045msgstr "" 9046 9047#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 9048#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:32 9049msgid "<a href=\"http://chinesenotes.com/songshi.html\">History of Song</a>" 9050msgstr "" 9051 9052#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 9053#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:33 9054msgid "" 9055"<a href=\"http://chinesenotes.com/shiji.html\">Records of the Grand " 9056"Historian</a>" 9057msgstr "" 9058 9059#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 9060#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:34 9061msgid "" 9062"<a " 9063"href=\"https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/archive/Research/Literature/c_research_literature_9.htm\">(Chinese)" 9064" Song of the Sky Pacers</a>" 9065msgstr "" 9066 9067#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 9068#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:35 9069msgid "" 9070"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Sky_Pacers\">wikipedia -" 9071" Song of the Sky Pacers</a>" 9072msgstr "" 9073 9074#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 9075#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:36 9076msgid "" 9077"<a href=\"http://wwt.china-vo.org/why/chineseheaven.htm\">(Chinese) Chinese " 9078"Heaven in WWT Community Beijing</a>" 9079msgstr "" 9080 9081#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><h3> 9082#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:38 9083msgid "Reference" 9084msgstr "" 9085 9086#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9087#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:40 9088msgid "Pan Nai. The History of Stellar Observation in China" 9089msgstr "" 9090 9091#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9092#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:41 9093msgid "Qi Rui and Wan Haoyi. Roving China Heavens" 9094msgstr "" 9095 9096#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9097#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:42 9098msgid "Su Song. <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>" 9099msgstr "" 9100 9101#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9102#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:43 9103msgid "<i>Records of the Grand Historian</i>" 9104msgstr "" 9105 9106#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9107#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:44 9108msgid "<i>Book of Sui</i>" 9109msgstr "" 9110 9111#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li> 9112#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:45 9113msgid "<i>History of Song</i>" 9114msgstr "" 9115 9116#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><p><p> 9117#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:49 9118msgid "" 9119"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Sun Shuwei</i> (孙殳玮) " 9120". <a href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>" 9121msgstr "" 9122 9123#. type: Content of: <h2> 9124#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:1 9125msgid "Dakota" 9126msgstr "" 9127 9128#. type: Content of: <p> 9129#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:2 9130msgid "" 9131"Dakota, Lakota and Nakota are one of the groups of indigenous people of " 9132"north-central United States and Canada. Known as the Oceti Sakowin – " 9133"Seven (Council) Fires. This council of seven consists of: four Dakota bands," 9134" two Nakota bands and one Lakota band, where D/N/L are dialectic " 9135"distinctions. Well known for following the buffalo. The word D(N/L)akota " 9136"means \"Alliance\". Also known as Sioux or the Sioux Nation. The D(L)akota" 9137" Star Knowledge files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of the " 9138"<b><i>“Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi, D(L)akota Star Map”</i></b>, created by A. " 9139"Lee, J. Rock, 2012. More details can be found in the constellation " 9140"guidebook <b><i>D(L)akota Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to " 9141"D(L)akota Star Knowledge</i></b>. Also available are D(L)akota star map " 9142"posters, D(L)akota planispheres, curriculum, and other resources." 9143msgstr "" 9144 9145#. type: Content of: <h3> 9146#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:12 9147#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:5 9148msgid "Celestial Objects" 9149msgstr "" 9150 9151#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9152#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:14 9153msgid "<i>Nape</i>, Hand, lower Orion & β Eridanus" 9154msgstr "" 9155 9156#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9157#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:15 9158msgid "<i>Mato Tipi/Tipila</i>, Bear's Lodge, Gemini" 9159msgstr "" 9160 9161#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9162#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:16 9163msgid "<i>Ki Inyanka Ocanku</i>, Racetrack, Winter Circle & Pleiades" 9164msgstr "" 9165 9166#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9167#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:17 9168msgid "<i>Çan Hd/Gleska Wakan</i>, Sacred hoop, Winter Circle & Pleiades" 9169msgstr "" 9170 9171#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9172#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:18 9173msgid "<i>Inipi/Initipi</i>, Sweat lodge, Winter Circle & Pleiades" 9174msgstr "" 9175 9176#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9177#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:19 9178msgid "<i>Tayamni</i>, Buffalo (three parts of), Orion, Canis Major, Pleiades" 9179msgstr "" 9180 9181#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9182#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:20 9183msgid "<i>Zuzeca/Zuzuheça</i>, Snake, Columbia, Puppis, Canis Major" 9184msgstr "" 9185 9186#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9187#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:21 9188msgid "" 9189"<i>To Win/Tun Win</i>, Blue Woman/Birth Woman, Big Dipper – inside " 9190"Bowl" 9191msgstr "" 9192 9193#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9194#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:22 9195msgid "<i>Madoo'asinik</i>, Sweating Stones, Pleiades" 9196msgstr "" 9197 9198#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9199#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:23 9200msgid "<i>Wiçakiyuhapi </i>, Stretcher, Big Dipper – Bowl stars" 9201msgstr "" 9202 9203#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9204#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:24 9205msgid "<i>Wasihdapi/Wasiglapi</i>, Mourners, Big Dipper – Handle stars" 9206msgstr "" 9207 9208#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9209#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:25 9210msgid "<i>Manka/Maka</i>, Skunk, Big Dipper" 9211msgstr "" 9212 9213#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9214#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:26 9215msgid "<i>Wicakiyuhapi/Can cinkska</i>, the dipper/wooden spoon, Big Dipper" 9216msgstr "" 9217 9218#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9219#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:27 9220msgid "<i>Oceti Sakowin </i>, Seven sacred rites/council fires, Big Dipper" 9221msgstr "" 9222 9223#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9224#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:28 9225msgid "" 9226"<i>Wiçanhpi waziyata/Wiçanhpi Owanjila (Star which stands in one place)</i>," 9227" North star, Polaris" 9228msgstr "" 9229 9230#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9231#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:29 9232msgid "<i>Wakinyan</i>, Thunderbird, Draco, Ursa Minor" 9233msgstr "" 9234 9235#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9236#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:30 9237msgid "<i>Keya</i>, Turtle, Pegasus" 9238msgstr "" 9239 9240#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9241#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:31 9242msgid "" 9243"<i>Cansasa Pusyapi/Ipusye</i>,Dried Red Willow (Red-Osier Dogwood – " 9244"Cornus stolonifera)Aries, Triangulum" 9245msgstr "" 9246 9247#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9248#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:32 9249msgid "<i>Hehaka/Upan</i>, Elk, Pisces" 9250msgstr "" 9251 9252#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9253#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:33 9254msgid "<i>Wiçinyanna Sakowin/Wiçincala Sakowin</i>, Seven Girls, Pleiades" 9255msgstr "" 9256 9257#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9258#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:34 9259msgid "<i>Ahdeska/Agleska</i>, Salamander, Cygnus" 9260msgstr "" 9261 9262#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9263#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:35 9264msgid "<i>Oçeti/Peta</i>, Fireplace/Fire, Leo" 9265msgstr "" 9266 9267#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9268#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:36 9269msgid "" 9270"<i>Itkob u (going toward), Ihuku Kigle (Under went it), Anpo Wiçanhpi " 9271"Sunkaku (younger brother of Morning star)</i>, Arcturus (bright star in " 9272"Bootes)" 9273msgstr "" 9274 9275#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9276#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:37 9277msgid "<i>Wiçanhpi</i>, Star" 9278msgstr "" 9279 9280#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9281#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:38 9282msgid "<i>Hanhepi Wi /Hanyetu Wi/Hanwi /Hanwi (Night Sun)</i>, Moon" 9283msgstr "" 9284 9285#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9286#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:39 9287msgid "<i>Anog Ite (Double Faced Woman)</i>, Moon" 9288msgstr "" 9289 9290#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9291#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:40 9292msgid "<i>Wi, Anpetu Wi (Day Sun)</i>, Sun" 9293msgstr "" 9294 9295#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9296#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:41 9297msgid "<i>Anpo Wiçanhpi /Anpetu D/Luta</i>, Venus" 9298msgstr "" 9299 9300#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9301#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:42 9302msgid "<i>Wanagi Taçanku (Road of the spirits/Ghost trail)</i>, Milky Way" 9303msgstr "" 9304 9305#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9306#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:43 9307msgid "" 9308"<i>Wiçanhpi Hinhpaya/Wiahpihinhpaya/Wohpe Wakan</i>, Meteor/Falling star" 9309msgstr "" 9310 9311#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9312#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:44 9313msgid "<i>Wamakohnaka/Wamakhognaka/Makasitomni</i>, Universe" 9314msgstr "" 9315 9316#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9317#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:45 9318msgid "<i>Wiçanhpi Sintetun/Wiçanhpi Sinte Yukan/Wicanpisinteton</i>, Comet" 9319msgstr "" 9320 9321#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9322#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:52 9323msgid "" 9324"<a href=\"http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/DAKOTAMAP/home.html\">D(L)akota " 9325"Map webpage, includes audio recordings of D(L)akota pronunciation and other " 9326"resources.</a>" 9327msgstr "" 9328 9329#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9330#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:53 9331msgid "" 9332"<a " 9333"href=\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0692232540/ref=pd_lpo_sbs_dp_ss_3?pf_rd_p=1944687622&pf_rd_s=lpo-" 9334"top-" 9335"stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12" 9336" " 9337"stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12\">D(L)akota" 9338" Star Map Constellation Guide</a> book on amazon.com" 9339msgstr "" 9340 9341#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9342#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:54 9343#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:45 9344msgid "" 9345"<a href=\"http://www.nativeskywatchers.com\"><i>Native Skywatchers’</i> main" 9346" webpage, includes education, art, and community workshops and other " 9347"resources.</a>" 9348msgstr "" 9349 9350#. type: Content of: <p> 9351#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:58 9352msgid "" 9353"This D(L)akota star knowledge was contributed by Annette S. Lee, Director of" 9354" <i>Native Skywatchers</i>, a research and programming initiative aimed at " 9355"revitalizing native star knowledge, in particular Ojibwe and D(L)akota. " 9356"Based on the star map <i><b>Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi - D(L)akota Star " 9357"Map</b></i> created by A. Lee, J. Rock and the book <i><b>D(L)akota Star Map" 9358" Constellation Guide: An Introduction to D(L)akota Star Knowledge</b></i> by" 9359" A. Lee, J. Rock, C. O’Rourke." 9360msgstr "" 9361 9362#. type: Content of: <p> 9363#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:59 9364msgid "Constellation Paintings by A. Lee." 9365msgstr "" 9366 9367#. type: Content of: <p> 9368#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:60 9369#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:51 9370msgid "Contact A. Lee at aslee@stcloudstate.edu for more information." 9371msgstr "" 9372 9373#. type: Content of: <h2> 9374#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:1 9375msgid "Egyptian" 9376msgstr "" 9377 9378#. type: Content of: <p> 9379#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:2 9380msgid "" 9381"Late Egyptian astronomy/astrology follows that of Greco/Roman culture. The " 9382"belief that the stars could influence human destiny does not appear to have " 9383"reached Egypt until the Ptolemaic period. The temple of Hathor at Denderah " 9384"dates from Ptolemaic times, probably the first century BCE, and has a " 9385"wonderful illustration of the sky that illustrates this point." 9386msgstr "" 9387 9388#. type: Content of: <p> 9389#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:3 9390msgid "" 9391"However there were differences in names. For example, Cancer the Crab is " 9392"represented by the Scarab Beetle. The figure of the Lion near the Scales " 9393"(which is not the zodiacal Lion) is the constellation Centaurus [1]." 9394msgstr "" 9395 9396#. type: Content of: <p> 9397#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:4 9398msgid "" 9399"Earlier constellations are more problematic, but some indications exist that" 9400" some modern zodiac signs are very ancient indeed [2], although the " 9401"constellations did change significantly over time [3]." 9402msgstr "" 9403 9404#. type: Content of: <p> 9405#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:5 9406msgid "" 9407"The Egyptians recognized five planets and called them the \"stars that knew " 9408"no rest\". Their movement across the heavens reminded the Egyptians of the " 9409"five gods sailing across the sky in their solar barque (boat). The planet " 9410"now known as Jupiter was called \"Horus Who Limits the Two Lands\"; Mars was" 9411" \"Horus of the Horizon\"; Mercury was \"Sebegu\", associated with Set; " 9412"Saturn was \"Horus the Bull of the Sky\"; and Venus was \"the God of the " 9413"Morning\" [7]." 9414msgstr "" 9415 9416#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9417#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:9 9418msgid "" 9419"<a href=\"http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-" 9420"Thompson/page11-17.html\">[1]</a>, <a " 9421"href=\"http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-" 9422"Thompson/page11-15.html\">[3]</a> Astronomical Artifacts and Cuneiform " 9423"Tablets, etc" 9424msgstr "" 9425 9426#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9427#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:10 9428msgid "" 9429"<a href=\"http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm\">[2]</a> Three archaic " 9430"Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?" 9431msgstr "" 9432 9433#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9434#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:11 9435msgid "" 9436"<a " 9437"href=\"http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html\">http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html</a>" 9438msgstr "" 9439 9440#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9441#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:12 9442msgid "" 9443"<a " 9444"href=\"http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm\">http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm</a>" 9445msgstr "" 9446 9447#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 9448#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:13 9449msgid "" 9450"<a " 9451"href=\"http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html\">http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html</a>" 9452msgstr "" 9453 9454#. type: Content of: <p> 9455#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:18 9456msgid "" 9457"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis " 9458"Education Solutions, Inc. based on the paper \"A Map of the Ancient Egyptian" 9459" Firmament” by Juan Antonio Belmonte." 9460msgstr "" 9461 9462#. type: Content of: <p> 9463#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:19 9464msgid "This sky culture was updated by misibacsi (names of planets)" 9465msgstr "" 9466 9467#. type: Content of: <h1> 9468#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:1 9469msgid "Greek (Almagest)" 9470msgstr "希腊 (天文学大成)" 9471 9472#. type: Content of: <p> 9473#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:3 9474msgid "" 9475"This ancient Greek sky culture is based on the Almagest, a compilation of " 9476"astronomical knowledge of former astronomers including results from " 9477"observations and mathematical astronomy. Pieced together by Claudius " 9478"Ptolemy, using older, as well as his own, observations, it was written in " 9479"Greek, published in the Second Century and remained the main astronomical " 9480"work for the following 1500 years. It was originally written with the title " 9481"<i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>, in Ancient Greek. The name <i>Almagest</i>, " 9482"meaning “The Largest [Book]”, was developed from Arabian " 9483"translations. To create this sky culture we used the English translation by " 9484"Toomer (1984), reworked it in some details (e.g. using more literal " 9485"translations from Greek instead of Latin terms that are common today) and we" 9486" made use of computer readable tables prepared by Ernie Wright." 9487msgstr "" 9488"这种古希腊天空文化以《天文学大成》（Almagest）为基础，《天文学大成》是前天文学家的天文知识汇编，包括观测和数学天文学的结果。由克劳狄乌斯·托勒密" 9489" (Claudius Ptolemy) 使用较早的观测资料和他自己的观测资料拼凑而成，以希腊文写成，于 2 世纪出版，在接下来的 1500 " 9490"年里一直是主要的天文著作。它最初以古希腊语写成，标题是<i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>。<i> " 9491"Almagest</i>这个名字的意思是“最大的[书]”，是从阿拉伯语翻译而来的，中文译名为《天文学大成》。创建本星空文化时，我们使用了 Toomer " 9492"(1984) 的英文翻译，在一些细节上对其进行了修改（例如，使用更多希腊语的直译而不是今天常见的拉丁语术语），并且我们使用了 Ernie Wright " 9493"准备的计算机可读表格." 9494 9495#. type: Content of: <p> 9496#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:17 9497msgid "" 9498"The Almagest consists of 13 sections, called books. In the seventh and " 9499"eighth book, Ptolemy listed a total of 1022 stars in 48 constellations " 9500"(among which are about 5 star-like objects like globular star clusters). It" 9501" is a table of coordinates of the stars with a description of their position" 9502" in the constellation (such as \"star at the elbow of X, longitude, " 9503"latitude, magnitude\"). With regard to precession, Ptolemy used ecliptic " 9504"coordinates. As one of the first of his time, Ptolemy included the " 9505"magnitude, a quantitative scale of stellar brightness, probably adopted from" 9506" Hipparchus (which is not certain because Hipparchus’ catalog is not " 9507"preserved). The scale starts with the brightest star with the magnitude of " 9508"1, going down to magnitude of 6, for the faintest stars visible." 9509msgstr "" 9510"《天文学大成》由十三个部分组成，称为册。在第七和第八册中，托勒密列出了48个星座总共1022颗恒星（其中约有5个类星物体，如球状星团）。 " 9511"它是一个星体的坐标表，描述它们在星座中的位置（例如\"X " 9512"肘处的恒星，经度、纬度、星等\"）。关于进动，托勒密使用黄道坐标。托勒密第一次将星等（一种恒星亮度的定量尺度）包括在内，这可能是从希帕丘斯（Hipparchus）那里获得的（由于希帕丘斯的星表没有保存下来，所以还不能确定）。从最亮的恒星开始，星等为1，降到最微弱的可见恒星的6等。" 9513 9514#. type: Content of: <p> 9515#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:30 9516msgid "" 9517"For the computation of planet positions Ptolemy used a geocentric model " 9518"(which is allowed because the observer always stands on Earth) and, thus, " 9519"contributed to the scientific belief that the heliocentric model by " 9520"Aristarch was not needed. However, for the star catalogue of the " 9521"<i>Almagest</i> this does not matter at all because a star catalogue always " 9522"represents a sort of inventory of the fixed dots in the sky and Ptolemy's " 9523"proclaimed aim of the catalogue is to provide a list for making a celestial " 9524"globe (see Alm., VIII, 3). Being aware of precession he wants to ease the " 9525"business of future globemakers by using ecliptical coordinates: Precession " 9526"as known to Ptolemy shifts all stars parallel to the ecliptic, therefore " 9527"updates to the epoch of the respective globemaker could be applied by a " 9528"simple subtraction of the value for ecliptic longitude." 9529msgstr "" 9530"在计算行星位置时，托勒密使用了地心模型（这是允许的，因为观测者总是站在地球上），因此，它促成了科学信念，即不需要阿里斯塔克的日心模型。然而，对于《<i>天文学大成</i>》的星表来说，这一点都不重要，因为星表总是代表着天空中固定点的一种目录，托勒密宣称星表的目的是提供一个天体表（见Alm.," 9531" VIII, " 9532"3）。他意识到岁差，他想通过使用黄道坐标来简化未来地球仪制造的业务：托勒密所知的岁差使所有恒星平行于黄道移动，因此，通过简单地减去黄道经度的值，就可以更新相应地球时代的纪元。" 9533 9534#. type: Content of: <h2> 9535#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:43 9536msgid "How this sky culture was made" 9537msgstr "此星空文化如何形成" 9538 9539#. type: Content of: <p><h3> 9540#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:45 9541#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:7 9542#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:9 9543msgid "Star names" 9544msgstr "" 9545 9546#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?) 9547#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:47 9548msgid "" 9549"Out of more than 1,000 stars, Ptolemy mentions a proper name for only 15. " 9550"The rest are identified by fairly long descriptions such as \"The star on " 9551"the end of the tail\" for the Polaris. In order to avoid displaying such " 9552"long strings across the screen in Stellarium, we invented short labels for " 9553"all Almagest stars based on the constellation and the order in which they " 9554"appear in the catalogue. For example, Polaris is given a designation \"UMi " 9555"1\" because it is the first star in the constellation of Small Bear (UMi). " 9556"See the table below for the correspondence between Ptolemy constellations " 9557"and IAU abbreviations. In addition, where Ptolemy describes a star as lying" 9558" outside of the figure, we use lowercase letters in the corresponding label." 9559" To see the long description for a given star, users should enable \"Use " 9560"additional names of stars\" in the \"View [F4]/Sky\" settings and click on " 9561"the star. The long description will then be displayed at the top of the " 9562"screen." 9563msgstr "" 9564"在1000多颗恒星中，托勒密只提到了15颗恒星的专有名称。其余的则通过相当长的描述来识别，比如北极星的“尾巴末端的星星”。为了避免在Stellarium的屏幕上显示如此长的字符串，我们根据星座和它们在目录中出现的顺序为所有最伟大的恒星发明了短标签。例如，北极星被命名为“UMi" 9565" 1”，因为它是小熊星座（UMi）中的第一颗恒星。托勒密星座和IAU缩写之间的对应关系见下表。因为它是小熊星座 (UMi) 中的第一颗恒星。托勒密星座与" 9566" IAU 缩写的对应关系见下表。此外，在托勒密将恒星描述为位于图形之外，我们在相应的标签中使用小写字母。要查看给定星星的详细描述，用户应在“查看 " 9567"[F4]/天空”设置中启用“使用附加的恒星名”，然后单击该星。详细说明随后将显示在屏幕顶部。 " 9568 9569#. type: Content of: <h3> 9570#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:61 9571msgid "Constellation lines" 9572msgstr "星座连线" 9573 9574#. type: Content of: <p> 9575#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:63 9576msgid "" 9577"The process can be described as sketched here with the example of Corvus:" 9578msgstr "这个过程可以用乌鸦座的例子来描述：" 9579 9580#. type: Content of: <p> 9581#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:66 9582msgid "" 9583"In the constellation of Corvus (Raven), α Crv is the star in the " 9584""head of the raven". It is connected with the "star in the " 9585"neck", ε Crv. This one is connected with "the star in the" 9586" breast" ζ Crv. From there two lines go to the tips of the wings." 9587" γ Crv is the star in the advanced wing and δ Crv the star in " 9588"the rear wing. From the star in the breast another line goes to the " 9589""foot of the raven", the star β Crv." 9590msgstr "" 9591"在乌鸦座中α Crv“乌鸦头”的星。从那里连接到“头之星”ε Crv。从这里连接到“胸之星”ζ " 9592"Crv。从那里有两条线通向翅膀的前端，γ Crv是前翼，δ " 9593"Crv是后翼之星。另一条线从胸前的星星延伸到“乌鸦”的脚下，那是β Crv。" 9594 9595#. type: Content of: <p> 9596#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:77 9597msgid "" 9598"After identifying the stars based on their coordinates and names, we " 9599"reconnected the stars according to the descriptions in the table presented " 9600"in the <i>Almagest</i>." 9601msgstr "根据恒星的坐标和名称确定了恒星之后，我们根据《<i>天文学大成</i>》表格中的描述重新连接了恒星。" 9602 9603#. type: Content of: <p> 9604#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:81 9605msgid "" 9606"The names of stars and names of deep sky objects rely on the Almagest only, " 9607"e.g. Ptolemy uses the name " 9608""λαμπαδίας (The Torch-" 9609"like)" for Aldebaran in his other work, the <i>Tetrabiblos</i>, but " 9610"this is not implemented in this sky culture because it doesn't show up in " 9611"the Almagest." 9612msgstr "" 9613"星星的名称和深空天体的名称仅依赖于《天文学大成》，例如，托勒密在他的另一部作品<i>Tetrabiblos</i>中使用了“λαμπαδίας" 9614" （火炬状）” 作为毕宿五的名字，但这并没有在这种天空文化中实现，因为它没有出现在 《天文学大成》 中。" 9615 9616#. type: Content of: <p> 9617#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:87 9618msgid "" 9619"The following table displays the original constellation name in Greek and " 9620"its English translation (column 2 and 3) and denotes our uncertainties in " 9621"the reconstruction (column 6)." 9622msgstr "下表显示了希腊的原始星座名称及其英语翻译（第2列和第3列），并说明了我们在重建中的不确定性（第6列）。" 9623 9624#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9625#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:93 9626#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:17 9627msgid "<b>Abbreviation</b>" 9628msgstr "<b>缩写</b>" 9629 9630#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9631#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:94 9632msgid "<b>Original name</b>" 9633msgstr "<b>原生名</b>" 9634 9635#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9636#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:95 9637msgid "<b>Translation</b> (direct)" 9638msgstr "<b>翻译</b>（直接）" 9639 9640#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9641#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:96 9642msgid "<b>IAU (Latin) name</b>" 9643msgstr "<b>IAU (拉丁) 名</b>" 9644 9645#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9646#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:97 9647msgid "<b>hints to constellation</b>" 9648msgstr "<b>暗示星座</b>" 9649 9650#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9651#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:98 9652msgid "<b>freedom of art</b>" 9653msgstr "<b>艺术来源</b>" 9654 9655#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9656#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:103 9657msgid "Small She-Bear" 9658msgstr "小母熊" 9659 9660#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9661#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:105 9662#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:113 9663#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:425 9664#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:441 9665#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:465 9666msgid "like IAU constellation" 9667msgstr "类似IAU星座" 9668 9669#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9670#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:111 9671#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:31 9672msgid "Great She-Bear" 9673msgstr "大母熊" 9674 9675#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9676#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:119 9677#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:37 9678msgid "Dragon" 9679msgstr "天龙" 9680 9681#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9682#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:121 9683msgid "" 9684"all triangles or squares are vertebra or parts of the body; line at the head" 9685" is the tongue" 9686msgstr "所有的三角或方形都是脊椎或身体的一部分，在头部的线条就是舌头" 9687 9688#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9689#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:127 9690#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:35 9691msgid "Kepheus" 9692msgstr "国王刻普斯" 9693 9694#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9695#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:129 9696msgid "king, upside down" 9697msgstr "国王，颠倒" 9698 9699#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9700#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:130 9701msgid "" 9702"three head stars are tiara; β seen as part of the belt, although " 9703"Almagest says beneath belt" 9704msgstr "三颗头星是饰品;β被视为腰带的一部分，尽管《天文学大成》说在腰带下面" 9705 9706#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9707#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:135 9708msgid "Ploughman" 9709msgstr "扶犁者" 9710 9711#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9712#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:137 9713msgid "has a shepherd's staff in his hand (ω)" 9714msgstr "手里拿着牧羊杖(ω)" 9715 9716#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9717#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:138 9718msgid "star HIP 72582 added as neck star" 9719msgstr "HIP 72582添加为颈部之星" 9720 9721#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9722#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:143 9723msgid "Crown" 9724msgstr "皇冠" 9725 9726#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9727#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:145 9728msgid "like IAU constellation; no details for lines in the text" 9729msgstr "类似IAU星座，文字中没有详细信息" 9730 9731#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9732#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:151 9733#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:61 9734msgid "Kneeler" 9735msgstr "跪拜者" 9736 9737#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9738#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:153 9739msgid "one of the foot stars is top of staff of Bootes" 9740msgstr "其中一名足部的星是牧夫们的管理人员" 9741 9742#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9743#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:154 9744msgid "star HIP 82764 added as neck star" 9745msgstr "HIP 82764添加为颈部之星" 9746 9747#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9748#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:159 9749#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:59 9750msgid "Lyre" 9751msgstr "竖琴" 9752 9753#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9754#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:167 9755msgid "Bird" 9756msgstr "鸟" 9757 9758#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9759#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:169 9760msgid "swan with legs" 9761msgstr "天鹅与腿" 9762 9763#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9764#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:170 9765msgid "Tips of wings connected with tail" 9766msgstr "翼尖与尾巴相连" 9767 9768#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9769#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:175 9770msgid "Kassiepeia" 9771msgstr "王后卡西俄庇亚" 9772 9773#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9774#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:177 9775msgid "Queen sitting on a throne" 9776msgstr "王后坐在宝座上" 9777 9778#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9779#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:178 9780msgid "to avoid confusion we did not draw the throne" 9781msgstr "为了避免混淆我们没有画宝座" 9782 9783#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9784#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:183 9785#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:85 9786#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:77 9787msgid "Perseus" 9788msgstr "英仙座" 9789 9790#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9791#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:185 9792msgid "" 9793"Double star cluster NGC 869 and NGC 884 as Deep Sky Object - >one of the " 9794"stars in the cluster was used for drawing" 9795msgstr "双星团NGC 869和NGC 884是深空天体，星团中的一颗恒星被用来绘图" 9796 9797#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9798#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:186 9799msgid "" 9800"one of the stars in Gorgon-head is added to make the head look more " 9801"spherical" 9802msgstr "在头部添加了一颗星，使头部看起来更像球" 9803 9804#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9805#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:191 9806#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:91 9807#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:83 9808msgid "Charioteer" 9809msgstr "车夫" 9810 9811#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9812#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:193 9813msgid "wears long garment; garment limited through shoulders and hem" 9814msgstr "穿长衣服；通过肩膀和下摆限制服装" 9815 9816#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9817#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:194 9818msgid "o Aur added as neck star; 1 Aur added as hem star" 9819msgstr "o Aur添加为颈部之星， 1 Aur 添加为下摆之星" 9820 9821#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9822#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:199 9823msgid "Serpent Bearer" 9824msgstr "蛇夫" 9825 9826#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9827#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:201 9828msgid "has serpent in his hand" 9829msgstr "手里有蛇" 9830 9831#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9832#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:202 9833msgid "a star added as neck star" 9834msgstr "一颗星添加为颈部之星" 9835 9836#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9837#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:207 9838msgid "Snake" 9839msgstr "蛇" 9840 9841#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9842#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:209 9843msgid "two separate parts of the snake (head and tail); square is head" 9844msgstr "蛇的两部分(头和尾)，方形是头" 9845 9846#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9847#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:215 9848#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:103 9849msgid "Arrow" 9850msgstr "天矢" 9851 9852#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9853#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:217 9854msgid "Like IAU constellation, η Sge is missing" 9855msgstr "类似IAU星座，η Sge缺失" 9856 9857#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9858#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:223 9859#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:109 9860msgid "Eagle" 9861msgstr "鹰" 9862 9863#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9864#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:225 9865msgid "" 9866"τ Aql as head star, β as neck, Altair is between shoulders, γ" 9867" and μ are shoulders" 9868msgstr "τ Aql 是头部之星，β 是颈部，Altair是肩膀之间，γ 和 μ 是双肩" 9869 9870#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9871#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:231 9872#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:115 9873#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:95 9874msgid "Dolphin" 9875msgstr "海豚" 9876 9877#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9878#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:234 9879msgid "refined shape" 9880msgstr "精致的形状" 9881 9882#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9883#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:239 9884#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:121 9885msgid "Bust [of a horse]" 9886msgstr "马胸" 9887 9888#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9889#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:247 9890msgid "Horse" 9891msgstr "马" 9892 9893#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9894#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:249 9895msgid "with mane and one wing" 9896msgstr "带有鬃毛和一只翅膀" 9897 9898#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9899#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:255 9900msgid "Andromeda" 9901msgstr "仙女座" 9902 9903#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9904#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:257 9905msgid "dress and belt" 9906msgstr "衣服和皮带" 9907 9908#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9909#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:265 9910msgid "four given stars  middle star of one side" 9911msgstr "四颗给定的星  一侧的中间星" 9912 9913#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9914#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:271 9915#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:145 9916#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:119 9917msgid "Ram" 9918msgstr "公羊" 9919 9920#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9921#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:273 9922msgid "turned head; only one horn" 9923msgstr "转过头；只有一个角" 9924 9925#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9926#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:279 9927#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:151 9928#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:125 9929msgid "Bull" 9930msgstr "公牛" 9931 9932#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9933#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:281 9934msgid "half body, only two legs visible; direction of view to observer" 9935msgstr "半身，只有两条腿可见；观察者的视角" 9936 9937#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9938#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:287 9939#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:157 9940#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:137 9941msgid "Twins" 9942msgstr "双胞胎" 9943 9944#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9945#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:289 9946msgid "one star in common; touching each other with hands" 9947msgstr "一颗共有的星；用手触摸对方" 9948 9949#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9950#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:295 9951msgid "Crab" 9952msgstr "蟹" 9953 9954#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9955#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:297 9956msgid "square body" 9957msgstr "方形身体" 9958 9959#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9960#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:303 9961#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:169 9962#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:149 9963msgid "Lion" 9964msgstr "狮子座" 9965 9966#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9967#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:305 9968msgid "opens jaw" 9969msgstr "张开下巴" 9970 9971#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9972#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:311 9973msgid "Maiden" 9974msgstr "处女" 9975 9976#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9977#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:313 9978msgid "no separate head" 9979msgstr "没有单独的头" 9980 9981#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9982#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:314 9983msgid "fainter stars added to draw the wings" 9984msgstr "暗星画出翅膀" 9985 9986#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9987#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:319 9988msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion]" 9989msgstr "蝎钳" 9990 9991#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 9992#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:321 9993msgid "" 9994"Ptolemy always uses the term "claws", never "the " 9995"balance"." 9996msgstr "托勒密总是用 "claws"这个词，从不用"the balance"这个词。" 9997 9998#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 9999#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:327 10000#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:187 10001msgid "Scorpion" 10002msgstr "蝎子" 10003 10004#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10005#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:330 10006msgid "arms added around the head: ν and ρ" 10007msgstr "手臂环绕头部: ν and ρ" 10008 10009#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10010#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:335 10011#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:174 10012msgid "Archer" 10013msgstr "射手" 10014 10015#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10016#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:337 10017msgid "a centaur with bow ahead; „cloak“ behind" 10018msgstr "一个半人马和弓箭；„cloak“ behind" 10019 10020#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10021#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:338 10022msgid "" 10023"we included many faint stars in our stick figure in order to make the " 10024"picture clear." 10025msgstr "为了使画面清晰，我们在线条图中加入了许多暗淡的星。" 10026 10027#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10028#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:343 10029msgid "The One with the Goat's Horn" 10030msgstr "长山羊角者" 10031 10032#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10033#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:345 10034msgid "fish tail; two legs visible" 10035msgstr "鱼尾巴，可见两条腿" 10036 10037#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10038#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:351 10039msgid "Water-Carrier" 10040msgstr "水瓶" 10041 10042#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10043#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:353 10044msgid "water out of jug" 10045msgstr "水从水罐里出来" 10046 10047#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10048#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:359 10049msgid "[2] Fish" 10050msgstr "双鱼" 10051 10052#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10053#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:362 10054msgid "" 10055"northern fish: 68(h), 67(k), and 65(i) described as head in Almagest but we " 10056"took them as fin because mouth should be at g and τ Psc. Additional " 10057"change on tail fin: extended to ρ" 10058msgstr "" 10059"北鱼：68(h), 67(k), 及65(i) 在《天文学大成》中被描述为头，但我们把它们当做鳍。因为嘴应在g和τ " 10060"Psc。尾翼的额外扩展到ρ" 10061 10062#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10063#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:367 10064#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:217 10065msgid "Sea Monster" 10066msgstr "海怪" 10067 10068#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10069#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:370 10070msgid "Body does not go through star τ, but through star υ" 10071msgstr "身体不经过星 τ,但经过υ" 10072 10073#. type: Content of: <h3> 10074#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:375 10075#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:223 10076#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204 10077#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:116 10078#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:22 10079msgid "Orion" 10080msgstr "猎户座" 10081 10082#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10083#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:378 10084msgid "" 10085"The "head" is labeled as "nebulous" which means Ptolemy " 10086"interpreted φ<sub>1</sub>, φ<sub>2</sub>, and λ, together " 10087"with fainter stars between them as a "cluster" (or association " 10088"which is more extended than the modern "λ Ori Assoc."). " 10089"Head does not have direct connection to the shoulder stars anymore, but a " 10090"connection to a star between the stars in the shoulders." 10091msgstr "" 10092"“头”被标记为“星云”，这意味着托勒密φ<sub>1</sub>, φ<sub>2</sub>,和 " 10093"λ以及它们之间的较暗恒星解释为一个"星团" （或比现代"lam Ori " 10094"Assoc."更广泛的关联）。头不再直接与肩上的星相连，而是与肩上星星之间的星相连。" 10095 10096#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10097#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:383 10098msgid "River [nameless]" 10099msgstr "河流" 10100 10101#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10102#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:385 10103msgid "Like IAU constellation, but shorter" 10104msgstr "像IAU星座，但更短" 10105 10106#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10107#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:391 10108#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:235 10109#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:216 10110msgid "Hare" 10111msgstr "兔子" 10112 10113#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10114#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:394 10115msgid "took the \"4 stars over the ear\" as ear" 10116msgstr "将“ 4星放在耳朵上”作为耳朵" 10117 10118#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10119#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:407 10120msgid "The One before the Dog" 10121msgstr "在狗（Dog）之前" 10122 10123#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10124#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:410 10125msgid "" 10126"In Almagest, the name of the constellation is "The One before the " 10127"Dog" or "Harbinger of Sirius" as Toomer puts it. However, " 10128"β CMi is called "the neck" (of whom is unknown). We drew a " 10129"little dog with γ and ε as head; α, β, η and " 10130"HIP36889 as body; forelegs with HIP 35509 and HIP 35614; hindlegs with " 10131"δ<sub>2</sub> and δ<sub>3</sub>; tail with HIP 37634" 10132msgstr "" 10133"在《天文学大成》中，正如Toomer所说，这个星座的名称是s "The One before the Dog" 或者 " 10134""Harbinger of Sirius" 。 但是，β CMi被称为“脖子”。 " 10135"我们画了一条以γ和ε为头的小狗。α, β, η和HIP 36889为主体； HIP 35509和HIP 35614的前腿;" 10136" 后腿有δ<sub>2</sub> and δ<sub>3</sub>; 尾巴是HIP 37634" 10137 10138#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10139#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:415 10140#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:253 10141#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:234 10142msgid "Ship "Argo"" 10143msgstr "大船阿尔戈号" 10144 10145#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10146#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:417 10147msgid "smaller than the sum of the IAU-constellations Pup+Pyx+Car+Vel" 10148msgstr "小于IAU星座船尾座、船底座、船帆座、罗盘座之和" 10149 10150#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10151#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:418 10152msgid "" 10153"Many stars not integrated in the constellation, to create a boat-like shape;" 10154" in many depictions (including the ancient Farnese globe), only a half of a " 10155"ship is painted." 10156msgstr "许多不整合在星座中的恒星形成船形。 在许多描绘中（包括古代的Farnese地球仪），只画了半条船。" 10157 10158#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10159#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:423 10160msgid "Water Snake" 10161msgstr "水蛇" 10162 10163#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10164#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:431 10165msgid "Krater (vessel)" 10166msgstr "酒杯" 10167 10168#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10169#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:434 10170msgid "" 10171"a Krater is special Greek wine mixing vessel which looks like an amphora or " 10172"vase: <a " 10173"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater</a>" 10174" Ptolemy describes only one star in the foot (α Crt) and two handles " 10175"(η, θ Crt)" 10176msgstr "" 10177"Krater是一种特殊的希腊葡萄酒混合容器，它看起来像一个双耳瓶或花瓶：<a " 10178"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater托勒密只描述了脚下的一颗星" 10179" (α Crt) 和两个手柄(η, θ Crt)" 10180 10181#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10182#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:439 10183msgid "Raven" 10184msgstr "乌鸦" 10185 10186#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10187#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:447 10188#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:265 10189#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246 10190msgid "Kentauros" 10191msgstr "半人马" 10192 10193#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10194#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:450 10195msgid "" 10196"deviation from description: HIP 65373 instead of ω Cen (cluster) taken" 10197" as star on the back. ‘Thyrsus‘ not drawn (to avoid confusion), " 10198"backward arm added." 10199msgstr "" 10200"偏离描述：臀部是HIP65373而不是 ω Cen (星团)后面的恒星。‘手仗‘ " 10201"没有画出（以避免混淆），增加了后臂。" 10202 10203#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10204#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:455 10205msgid "Beast" 10206msgstr "野兽" 10207 10208#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10209#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:458 10210msgid "" 10211"β described as ‘End of hind leg‘ -> taken as star in the " 10212"belly; τ<sub>1</sub> as hindleg Χ removed from head, because " 10213"otherwise shapelessness arises; HIP 73493 taken as foreleg" 10214msgstr "" 10215"β 描述为“后腿末端”->腹部为星; τ<sub>1</sub>表示后腿，Χ 从头部移除，因为否则会出现不规则形状；臀部HIP" 10216" 73493被视为前腿" 10217 10218#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10219#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:463 10220#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:277 10221#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:258 10222msgid "Altar" 10223msgstr "圣坛" 10224 10225#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10226#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:471 10227msgid "Southern Crown" 10228msgstr "南冕" 10229 10230#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10231#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:473 10232msgid "" 10233"like IAU constellation; only uncertainty with stars that only got a BSC " 10234"number in the Almagest, because these are not clearly to identify in " 10235"Stellarium" 10236msgstr "像IAU星座； 只有在《天文学大成》中仅获得BSC编号的恒星才具有不确定性，因为在Stellarium中无法明确识别这些恒星" 10237 10238#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10239#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:479 10240#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:289 10241#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270 10242msgid "Southern Fish" 10243msgstr "南鱼" 10244 10245#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10246#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:481 10247msgid "the fish is laying on his back" 10248msgstr "鱼躺在他的背上" 10249 10250#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 10251#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:482 10252msgid "" 10253"we added a few stars to mark the tail as such (β should be the tip of " 10254"the tail but we used it as its root)" 10255msgstr "我们添加了一些星来标记尾巴(β 应该是尾巴尖，但我们用它作为尾巴根)" 10256 10257#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10258#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:488 10259msgid "" 10260"Grasshoff, G.: The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalog, Springer, New York, " 10261"1990" 10262msgstr "" 10263"Grasshoff, G.: The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalog, Springer, New York, " 10264"1990" 10265 10266#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10267#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:489 10268#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:295 10269#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:284 10270msgid "" 10271"Heiberg, J. L. (Ed.): Claudii Ptolemaei: Syntaxis Mathematica, Teubner, " 10272"Leipzig, 1898" 10273msgstr "" 10274"Heiberg, J. L. (Ed.): Claudii Ptolemaei: Syntaxis Mathematica, Teubner, " 10275"Leipzig, 1898" 10276 10277#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10278#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:490 10279msgid "" 10280"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden / New York, " 10281"2017" 10282msgstr "" 10283"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden/ New York, " 10284"2017" 10285 10286#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10287#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:491 10288#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:297 10289#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:286 10290msgid "Toomer, G. J.: Ptolemy's Almagest, Duckworth, London, 1984" 10291msgstr "Toomer, G. J.: Ptolemy's Almagest, Duckworth, London, 1984" 10292 10293#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10294#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:492 10295msgid "" 10296"Ernie Wright: <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" " 10297"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\"> Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization " 10298"of the Almagest Catalog</a>, 2006" 10299msgstr "" 10300"Ernie Wright: <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" " 10301"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\"> Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization " 10302"of the Almagest Catalog</a>, 2006" 10303 10304#. type: Content of: <p> 10305#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:497 10306msgid "" 10307"This sky culture originates from a student's year of research. We provide " 10308"this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to be cited " 10309"according to the common rules. This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND " 10310"4.0 International Public Licence (share-alike, do not change it without " 10311"consulting the contributors, and cite the contributors). Thank you!" 10312msgstr "" 10313"此星空文化源于学生一年的研究。我们提供免费的，但作者的贡献当然值得引用，根据共同的规则。星空文化执行CC BY-ND 4.0 International" 10314" Public Licence许可证 (相同方式分享, 在没有咨询贡献者之前不要改变它，并引用贡献者)。谢谢你！" 10315 10316#. type: Content of: <h2> 10317#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:502 10318msgid "Thanks" 10319msgstr "感谢" 10320 10321#. type: Content of: <p> 10322#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:503 10323msgid "" 10324"The authors thank Patrick Gleason and Georg Zotti for English proofreading " 10325"and interesting discussions." 10326msgstr "作者感谢Patrick Gleason和Georg Zotti进行了英语校对和有趣的讨论。" 10327 10328#. type: Content of: <p> 10329#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:506 10330msgid "" 10331"This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Alina Schmidt, Lea " 10332"Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern and Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-" 10333"uraniae.com" 10334msgstr "" 10335"Alina Schmidt，Lea Jabschinski，Marie von Seggern和Susanne " 10336"M.Hoffmann将这种星空文化汇编并添加到Stellarium中：service@uhura-uraniae.com" 10337 10338#. type: Content of: <p> 10339#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:507 10340msgid "Written in English: the authors" 10341msgstr "中文翻译：Sun Shuwei" 10342 10343#. type: Content of: <h1> 10344#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:1 10345msgid "The Globe of the Atlas Farnese Statue" 10346msgstr "" 10347 10348#. type: Content of: <p> 10349#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:2 10350msgid "" 10351"This ancient Greek celestial culture is based on the marble globe of the " 10352"Atlas statue in the Villa Farnese (Naples). The statue dates to the 2nd " 10353"century AD, i.e. Roman times. However, it is a copy of an older Greek model," 10354" which itself has not survived." 10355msgstr "" 10356 10357#. type: Content of: <p> 10358#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:3 10359msgid "" 10360"The marble globe only depicts figures and no stars. The globe has a diameter" 10361" of about 65 cm. The figures were not aligned according to exact point " 10362"coordinates, but in a grid: the ecliptic, the celestial equator, the tropics" 10363" and the polar circles provide orientation in terms of position in " 10364"\"latitude circles\" on the celestial sphere, while the coluric circles " 10365"provide a four-way division in \"longitude circles\". Ancient globe makers " 10366"used this very coarse-meshed grid to adjust the figure drawings." 10367msgstr "" 10368 10369#. type: Content of: <p> 10370#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:4 10371msgid "" 10372"The images of the globe therefore clearly show that the stonemason who " 10373"created the globe had the popular doctrinal poem by Aratos of Soloi (~300 " 10374"BCE) in mind. There is no reason for the claim - often inflated by popular " 10375"science - that this marble globe was carved according to Hipparchus' star " 10376"catalogue. This thesis has been repeatedly raised over the past ~200 years, " 10377"but regularly dismissed: Both mathematical arguments and artistic " 10378"representations speak against it." 10379msgstr "" 10380 10381#. type: Content of: <p> 10382#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:6 10383msgid "" 10384"<i>Photograph of the reconstructed statue of the Atlas Farnese (Gabriel " 10385"Seah, CC BY-SA-3.0, 9. Juli 2006, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples).</i>" 10386msgstr "" 10387 10388#. type: Content of: <p> 10389#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:7 10390msgid "" 10391"Only the torso of the man was preserved and with broken elbows: everything " 10392"below the hip has been supplemented in a modern way. In this form, the " 10393"sculpture is 2.10 m high. The sculpture of the globe with constellations, " 10394"which is important for us, is original, but has a large hole at the north " 10395"pole - presumably it was anchored there to other parts of the architecture. " 10396"Therefore, the circumpolar constellations of the two she-bears and parts of " 10397"the dragon are missing." 10398msgstr "" 10399 10400#. type: Content of: <h2> 10401#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:9 10402msgid "How was this Sky Culture made?" 10403msgstr "" 10404 10405#. type: Content of: <p> 10406#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:10 10407msgid "" 10408"The illustrations of the individual figures were copied from the marble " 10409"globe as pencil sketches. Stellarium works with point coordinates of the " 10410"modern HIPPARCOS catalogue (produced by an astrometry satellite), so that " 10411"the historical drawings have to be locked at three points (stars) each. " 10412"Since this sometimes leads to distortions in historical figures (the marble " 10413"globe is not a perfect sphere, the figures were not fitted according to " 10414"point coordinates), this was done here \"by eye\" - just as by the " 10415"historical stonemason." 10416msgstr "" 10417 10418#. type: Content of: <p> 10419#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:11 10420msgid "" 10421"The names of the constellations and individual stars were taken from the " 10422"Almagest star catalogue, which also dates from the 2nd century (i.e. the " 10423"reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) and - as was customary at the time - was" 10424" written in Greek as scientific literature." 10425msgstr "" 10426 10427#. type: Content of: <p> 10428#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:12 10429msgid "" 10430"The marble globe was a decorative element in a building, probably a " 10431"particularly elaborate capital. It has no scientific accuracy. Therefore, " 10432"some drawings in relief deviate from the exact star positions of the star " 10433"catalogue: e.g. the Twins (Gemini) are moved slightly to the side to show " 10434"the figure completely, although the lower part of this celestial region " 10435"would be covered by the hand of the Atlas statue. There are similar " 10436"distortions in the Scorpion." 10437msgstr "" 10438 10439#. type: Content of: <p> 10440#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:13 10441msgid "" 10442"The following table lists the original Greek names of the constellations in " 10443"columns 2 and 3, and in column 4 the image on the globe." 10444msgstr "" 10445 10446#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10447#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:18 10448msgid "<b>Original Name</b>" 10449msgstr "" 10450 10451#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10452#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:19 10453#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:23 10454msgid "<b>Translation</b> (literally)" 10455msgstr "" 10456 10457#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10458#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:20 10459#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:24 10460msgid "<b>Picture</b>" 10461msgstr "" 10462 10463#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10464#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:25 10465msgid "Little She-Bear" 10466msgstr "" 10467 10468#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10469#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:26 10470#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:32 10471#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:104 10472#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:140 10473#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:156 10474#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:163 10475#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:247 10476#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:253 10477#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:265 10478msgid "missing" 10479msgstr "" 10480 10481#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10482#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:38 10483msgid "only the head and one bend are depicted" 10484msgstr "" 10485 10486#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10487#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:43 10488msgid "King Kepheus" 10489msgstr "" 10490 10491#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10492#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:49 10493msgid "Ploughing Man" 10494msgstr "" 10495 10496#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10497#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:55 10498msgid "Wreath" 10499msgstr "" 10500 10501#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10502#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:67 10503msgid "Lyre (a Greek instrument)" 10504msgstr "" 10505 10506#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10507#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:73 10508#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:65 10509msgid "Bird [not specified]" 10510msgstr "" 10511 10512#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10513#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:79 10514#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:71 10515msgid "Queen Kassiepeia" 10516msgstr "" 10517 10518#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10519#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:97 10520msgid "Snake Carrier, Snake" 10521msgstr "" 10522 10523#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10524#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:122 10525msgid "missing (stars belong to Dolphin)" 10526msgstr "" 10527 10528#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10529#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:127 10530msgid "Horse [unnamed]" 10531msgstr "" 10532 10533#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10534#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:133 10535#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:107 10536msgid "Princess Andromeda" 10537msgstr "" 10538 10539#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10540#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:163 10541#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:143 10542msgid "Cancer" 10543msgstr "巨蟹座" 10544 10545#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10546#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:175 10547#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:155 10548msgid "Young Lady" 10549msgstr "" 10550 10551#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10552#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:181 10553msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion carrying a Balance]" 10554msgstr "" 10555 10556#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10557#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:193 10558msgid "Archer (two legs: this is satyr Kroton, not the centaur Cheiron)" 10559msgstr "" 10560 10561#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10562#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:199 10563msgid "the One with Horns of a Goat" 10564msgstr "" 10565 10566#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10567#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:205 10568msgid "Water-Pourer" 10569msgstr "" 10570 10571#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10572#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:211 10573msgid "Two Fishes" 10574msgstr "" 10575 10576#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10577#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:229 10578msgid "River [unnamed]" 10579msgstr "" 10580 10581#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10582#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:247 10583msgid "The asterism before the Dog" 10584msgstr "" 10585 10586#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10587#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:248 10588msgid "missing [covered by the hand of Atlas]" 10589msgstr "" 10590 10591#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10592#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:259 10593msgid "Watersnake + Crater + Raven" 10594msgstr "" 10595 10596#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10597#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:271 10598msgid "Monster" 10599msgstr "" 10600 10601#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10602#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:283 10603msgid "Southern Wreath" 10604msgstr "" 10605 10606#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10607#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:290 10608msgid "missing [covered by the shoulder of Atlas]" 10609msgstr "" 10610 10611#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 10612#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:296 10613#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:285 10614msgid "" 10615"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden/ New York, " 10616"2017" 10617msgstr "" 10618 10619#. type: Content of: <p> 10620#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:300 10621#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:289 10622msgid "" 10623"We provide this sky culture free of charge, but the authors deserve to be " 10624"cited according to the usual rules. This sky culture is provided under CC " 10625"BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (cite, share under equal terms, do " 10626"not modify without consulting the authors). Thank you!" 10627msgstr "" 10628 10629#. type: Content of: <p> 10630#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:303 10631msgid "" 10632"This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann " 10633"(service@uhura-uraniae.com)." 10634msgstr "" 10635 10636#. type: Content of: <h5> 10637#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:305 10638msgid "the author" 10639msgstr "" 10640 10641#. type: Content of: <h1> 10642#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:1 10643msgid "Leiden Aratea" 10644msgstr "莱顿·阿拉图" 10645 10646#. type: Content of: <p> 10647#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:2 10648msgid "" 10649"This is a manuscript from the Carolingian period, two copies of which are " 10650"known so far. One was found in Metz (France), the other in Leiden " 10651"(Netherlands). It dates to the reign of the Carolingian king Louis the Pious" 10652" (778-840), who may have been the patron himself (or his wife)." 10653msgstr "" 10654"《莱顿·阿拉图》(Leiden " 10655"Aratea)，是一份来自加洛林王朝时期的手稿，目前已知有两份。一个发现于法国的梅斯(Metz)，另一个发现于荷兰的莱顿( " 10656"Leiden)。它可以追溯到加洛林王朝国王虔诚者路易(778-840)的统治时期，他本人(或他的妻子)可能就是赞助人。" 10657 10658#. type: Content of: <p> 10659#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:3 10660msgid "" 10661"The manuscript was probably created around 816 to 825 in Aachen or Metz " 10662"(Lorraine) and was made with such expensive material that a royal patron is " 10663"suspected. It comprises 99 parchment leaves, each of which measures 22.5 by " 10664"20.0 cm (i.e. approximately square with the width of DIN A4). In addition to" 10665" graphic representations of planetary orbits and other didactic " 10666"visualisations, this manuscript also contains 35 full-page miniatures " 10667"depicting the ancient figures behind the constellations." 10668msgstr "" 10669"这份手稿可能是在816年至825年在亚琛或梅茨(洛林)创作的，制作材料非常昂贵，以至于怀疑是取得了皇家赞助。它由99张羊皮纸组成，每张纸尺寸为 22.5" 10670" x 20.0 厘米（即大约为 DIN A4 " 10671"宽度的正方形）。了行星轨道的图形表示和其他说教可视化之外，这份手稿还包含了35张整页的微缩图，描绘了星座背后的古代人物。" 10672 10673#. type: Content of: <p> 10674#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:4 10675msgid "" 10676"The figures are drawn from a non-preserved Roman model, but not from a " 10677"globe, so that there is no fit to the stars. The stars themselves are only " 10678"symbolically distributed on the figures, i.e. the number of stars per figure" 10679" is marked in the manuscript in the form of applied gold leaves. The gold " 10680"leaves, however, are not located at the true places of the stars in view of " 10681"the figure in the sky, but are only indicated summarily. Elly Decker's essay" 10682" discusses her proposed identifications in detail." 10683msgstr "" 10684"这些人物是从一个未保存的罗马模型上绘制的，而不是从一个地球仪上绘制的，因此不适合星星。星星本身只是象征性地分布在数字上，也就是说，每个数字的星星数量在手稿中以应用金叶的形式标注出来。然而，从天上的身影看来，金叶并不位于星星的真实位置，而只是粗略地指出。艾丽·德克尔(Elly" 10685" Decker)的文章详细讨论了她提出的身份证明。" 10686 10687#. type: Content of: <p> 10688#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:6 10689msgid "" 10690"<i>A sample page from the medieval manuscript shows the three cushion images" 10691" Draco, Ursa Maior and Ursa Minor with the text opposite.</i>" 10692msgstr "<i>中世纪手稿的一页样本显示了三个与文字反向的软垫图，即天龙座，大熊座和小熊座。</i>" 10693 10694#. type: Content of: <h2> 10695#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:8 10696msgid "How this Sky Culture was made" 10697msgstr "此星空文化如何形成" 10698 10699#. type: Content of: <p> 10700#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:9 10701msgid "" 10702"The illustrations of the individual figures were taken directly from the " 10703"manuscript (provided by Prof. D. Blume, Jena, for planetarium applications)." 10704" Stellarium works with point coordinates for stars in the catalogue of the " 10705"astrometry satellite HIPPARCOS, so that the historical drawings have to be " 10706"locked at three points each. Some of the flat book illustrations had to be " 10707"distorted slightly on the planetarium dome to fit the stars. Except for the " 10708"illustration of Scorpius and Ophiuchus, an approximate adjustment was " 10709"possible." 10710msgstr "" 10711"每个人物的插图直接取自(由耶拿的D. " 10712"Blume教授提供，用于天文馆的应用的)手稿。Stellarium使用天体测量卫星HIPPARCOS目录中的恒星的点坐标，因此历史图纸必须被锁定在每个点的三个点上。天文馆圆顶上的一些平面插图不得不稍微变形，以适应恒星。除了天蝎座和蛇夫座的插图，一个大致的调整是可能的。" 10713 10714#. type: Content of: <p> 10715#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:10 10716msgid "" 10717"In a planetarium dome, i.e. against a dark background, the dark blue and " 10718"black parts of the manuscript are not recognisable. That is why these parts " 10719"(e.g. the crab as a figure, the horns of the ibex, the goats of the " 10720"carter...) were colour-inverted. The female bears, which are supposed to be " 10721"dark, have only been shifted slightly into the red. How the image looks in " 10722"the original (with its lapis lazuli blue background and the original dark " 10723"colours) is shown in the table below." 10724msgstr "" 10725"在天文馆的圆顶上，也就是在黑暗的背景下，手稿的深蓝色和黑色部分是无法辨认的。这就是为什么这些部分(例如，作为一个图形的螃蟹，山羊的角，山羊的车夫……)是颜色倒置的。母熊本应是黑色的，但只稍微变红了一点。图像在原始图像中的外观（带有青金石蓝色背景和原始深色）如下表所示。" 10726 10727#. type: Content of: <p> 10728#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:11 10729msgid "" 10730"There are some constellations in the Leiden Aratea, in particular Cen + Lup," 10731" Vir, Lib are leaving a huge gap in the sky. Both, Virgo and Centaur are " 10732"probably not painted because the painter thought it were variants of the " 10733"images of Sgr (Cen) and And (Vir). The artist of the Leiden Aratea never " 10734"mapped the images onto the stars. In order to make these depictions " 10735"understandable for us, I mapped them in Stellarium and added the names and " 10736"stickfigures of the constellations and the names of individual stars from " 10737"the Almagest. The Almagest is a book of mathematical astronomy of the 2nd " 10738"century (i.e. the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) while Aratos's poem " 10739"describes a much earlier (~300 BCE) Greek sky culture. Both, the Almagest " 10740"and the poem, are written in Greek originally but the Leiden Aratea " 10741"presumably refers to a Latin translation of Aratus' poem and Roman artwork." 10742msgstr "" 10743"《莱顿·阿拉图》中有一些星座，特别是Cen + Lup、Vir、Lib在天空中留下了巨大的空隙。 室女座和半人马座可能都没有被画，因为画家认为它是 " 10744"Sgr (Cen) 和 And (Vir) 图像的变体。 《莱顿·阿拉图》的艺术家从未将图像映射到星星上。 为了让我们能够理解这些描述，我将它们映射到 " 10745"Stellarium 并添加了星座的名称和简笔画以及来自 《天文学大成》 的单个恒星的名称。 《天文学大成》 是一本关于 2 " 10746"世纪（即罗马皇帝哈德良统治时期）的数学天文学书籍，而阿拉托斯的诗则描述了更早（约公元前 300 年）的希腊天空文化。 《天文学大成》 " 10747"和这首诗最初都是用希腊语写成的，但 《莱顿·阿拉图》大概是指 Aratus 的诗和罗马艺术品的拉丁语翻译。" 10748 10749#. type: Content of: <p> 10750#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:17 10751msgid "" 10752"The following table lists the original names of the constellations in " 10753"columns 2 and 3. constellations, in column 4 the illustration in the " 10754"manuscript." 10755msgstr "下表第2栏和第3栏列出了星座的原始名称。星座，在第四栏，手稿中的插图。" 10756 10757#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10758#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:21 10759msgid "<b>Latin Name, Abbreviation</b>" 10760msgstr "<b>拉丁名称，缩写</b>" 10761 10762#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10763#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:22 10764msgid "<b>Original Greek Name</b>" 10765msgstr "<b>希腊原生名称</b>" 10766 10767#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10768#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:29 10769msgid "Little She-Bear, Great She-Bear, Dragon (Latin) / Snake (Greek)" 10770msgstr "" 10771 10772#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10773#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:41 10774msgid "Ox driver (Latin), Ploughing Man (Greek)" 10775msgstr "" 10776 10777#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10778#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:47 10779msgid "Crown (Latin), Wreath (Greek)" 10780msgstr "" 10781 10782#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10783#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:53 10784msgid "Hercules (Latin), Kneeler (Greek)" 10785msgstr "" 10786 10787#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10788#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:53 10789msgid "" 10790"The star between the legs is a well-known mistake in the picture: for this " 10791"figure the draughtsman obviously took Bootes as a model; leg position, " 10792"shepherd's crook (instead of club for Hercules) and star between the knees " 10793"are the same." 10794msgstr "" 10795 10796#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10797#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:77 10798#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:149 10799#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:168 10800#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228 10801#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:234 10802msgid "mirrored depiction" 10803msgstr "" 10804 10805#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10806#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:87 10807#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:88 10808#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:166 10809#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:167 10810msgid "and" 10811msgstr "" 10812 10813#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10814#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:89 10815msgid "Eagle with Arrow" 10816msgstr "" 10817 10818#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10819#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:95 10820msgid "" 10821"In the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), there was no constellation " 10822"Equuleus. The Farnese Globe (as well as the Mainz Globe and the Kugel Globe)" 10823" depicts the Dolphin rather largely, covering the space of Equ. That is why " 10824"I chose to follow this Aratean tradition also for the Leiden Aratea." 10825msgstr "" 10826 10827#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10828#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:101 10829msgid "Pegasus (name of a winged horse; Latin), a Horse (Greek)" 10830msgstr "" 10831 10832#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10833#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:119 10834msgid "" 10835"(jumping through a ring which is a symbol for the year; Roman new year was " 10836"in spring)." 10837msgstr "" 10838 10839#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10840#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:131 10841msgid "The Pleiades" 10842msgstr "" 10843 10844#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10845#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:131 10846msgid "or Seven Sisters" 10847msgstr "" 10848 10849#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10850#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:143 10851msgid "<i>The cancer was lightened.</i>" 10852msgstr "" 10853 10854#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10855#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:155 10856msgid "" 10857"Apparently, the manuscript only contains one drawing for figures that are " 10858"depicted twice: like Sagittarius is depicted as centaur and the " 10859"constellation Centaur is missing, Andromeda is painted as young lady but the" 10860" second young lady for the constellation of Virgo is missing." 10861msgstr "" 10862 10863#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10864#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:161 10865msgid "" 10866"Balance (Latin, since 1st century CE in Geminos and Manilius; transferred in" 10867" a style epoch of Babylonian revival)," 10868msgstr "" 10869 10870#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10871#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:162 10872msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion] (Greek)" 10873msgstr "" 10874 10875#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10876#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:162 10877msgid "The claws of the Scorpion indeed to cover this area." 10878msgstr "" 10879 10880#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10881#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:168 10882msgid "Snake Carrier and Scorpion (both in the zodiac ever since)" 10883msgstr "" 10884 10885#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10886#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:180 10887msgid "The Goat-Horned One" 10888msgstr "" 10889 10890#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10891#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:186 10892msgid "Water Pourer" 10893msgstr "" 10894 10895#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10896#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:186 10897msgid "mirrored depiction (although front view)" 10898msgstr "" 10899 10900#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10901#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:192 10902msgid "Fishes" 10903msgstr "" 10904 10905#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10906#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:198 10907msgid "a Sea Monster named Cetus" 10908msgstr "" 10909 10910#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10911#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204 10912msgid "<i>mirrored depiction</i>" 10913msgstr "" 10914 10915#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10916#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204 10917msgid "" 10918"The Hare in this depiction had been deleted and replaced by the Hare from " 10919"his own single-page painting." 10920msgstr "" 10921 10922#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10923#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:210 10924msgid "the river Eridanus (Latin), an unnamed River (Greek);" 10925msgstr "" 10926 10927#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10928#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:210 10929msgid "here a river god is depicted" 10930msgstr "" 10931 10932#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10933#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:216 10934msgid "" 10935"<i>shown twice: once between Orion's legs, once separately; for the " 10936"visualisation we have removed the hare between Orion's legs. The separately " 10937"illustrated hare runs in the direction of writing, but the hare between " 10938"Orion's legs runs in the direction of the true course of the sun. The " 10939"constellation figure should therefore be thought of as mirrored in relation " 10940"to the illustration in the book: this can be seen in the sketch of the hare " 10941"between Orion's legs.</i>" 10942msgstr "" 10943 10944#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10945#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:222 10946msgid "mirrored depiction of a little dog" 10947msgstr "" 10948 10949#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10950#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228 10951msgid "The star in front of the dog" 10952msgstr "" 10953 10954#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10955#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228 10956msgid "" 10957"(an asterism of three stars forming a small dog is already mentioned by " 10958"Eratosthenes, but the name of the figure was always \"Prokyon\"). Procyon is" 10959" a Greek term (with \"k\") latinized." 10960msgstr "" 10961 10962#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10963#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:240 10964msgid "Water Snake, a particular vessel (crater), Raven" 10965msgstr "" 10966 10967#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10968#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246 10969msgid "" 10970"apparently the constellations that are double have been painted only once: " 10971"Sagittarius is depicted as centaur in the manuscript, the constellation " 10972"Centaurus (a centaur with a sacrificial animal) is not depicted" 10973msgstr "" 10974 10975#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10976#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246 10977msgid "(likewise, Andromeda is depicted but not Virgo)" 10978msgstr "" 10979 10980#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10981#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:252 10982msgid "monster" 10983msgstr "" 10984 10985#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10986#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:252 10987msgid "" 10988"(in the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), Lupus is not a standalone " 10989"constellation but a composite of the constellation of Centaurus that is " 10990"missing here)." 10991msgstr "" 10992 10993#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10994#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:264 10995msgid "Southern Crown (Latin), Southern Wreath (Greek)" 10996msgstr "" 10997 10998#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 10999#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270 11000msgid "(had been \"Great Fish\" for Eratosthenes and Aratus in Greek)" 11001msgstr "" 11002 11003#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11004#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270 11005msgid "" 11006"It is so darkly drawn here that you would not recognise it in the stars. " 11007"That is why the colours have been dipped into a blue-green scheme instead of" 11008" the original red-purple one." 11009msgstr "" 11010 11011#. type: Content of: <h3> 11012#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:276 11013msgid "For the Aratea itself:" 11014msgstr "" 11015 11016#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11017#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:278 11018msgid "" 11019"Blume, Dieter; Haffner, Mechthild; Metzger, Wolfgang: Sternbilder des " 11020"Mittelalters und der Renaissance: Porträts aus der Geschichte der " 11021"Leibnizschen Wissenschaftsakademie, Band I-II, de Gruyter, 2012-2016" 11022msgstr "" 11023 11024#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11025#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:279 11026msgid "" 11027"Dekker, Elly: The Provenance of the Stars in the Leiden Aratea Picture Book," 11028" Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes Vol. 73 (2010), pp. 1-37" 11029msgstr "" 11030 11031#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11032#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:280 11033msgid "" 11034"Katzenstein, Ranee and Savage-Smith, Emily: The Leiden Aratea — " 11035"Ancient Constellations in a medieval manuscript, The Paul Getty Museum, " 11036"Malibu California, 1988" 11037msgstr "" 11038 11039#. type: Content of: <h3> 11040#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:282 11041msgid "For Ptolemaios (in comparison): Almagest star catalogue" 11042msgstr "" 11043 11044#. type: Content of: <p> 11045#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:292 11046msgid "" 11047"This sky culture was added to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann " 11048"(service@uhura-uraniae.com) and originally created in collaboration with " 11049"Prof. Dr. Dieter Blume (Art History, FSU Jena, Germany) for Planetarium " 11050"Jena." 11051msgstr "" 11052 11053#. type: Content of: <h5> 11054#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:294 11055msgid "the authors" 11056msgstr "" 11057 11058#. type: Content of: <h2> 11059#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:1 11060msgid "Hawaiian Starlines" 11061msgstr "" 11062 11063#. type: Content of: <p> 11064#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:2 11065msgid "" 11066"These are the star lines developed by Nainoa Thompson and used by the " 11067"Polynesian Voyaging Society to navigate Polynesian sailing canoes using " 11068"traditional techniques of non instrument navigation across thousands of " 11069"miles of open ocean. For years, Hawaiian navigators have memorized the " 11070"position of stars as they rise and set in order to know oneʻs bearing. " 11071"Wayfinder Nainoa Thompson developed a system of organization to help " 11072"memorize the position of stars throughout the celestial sphere by dividing " 11073"the sky into four evenly sized star lines." 11074msgstr "" 11075 11076#. type: Content of: <h2> 11077#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:8 11078msgid "History" 11079msgstr "" 11080 11081#. type: Content of: <p> 11082#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:9 11083msgid "" 11084"The knowledge of Hawaiian star navigation has been passed down orally for " 11085"many generations. Much of the knowledge regarding stars and navigation " 11086"were lost until the Hawaiian Renaissance in the early 1970s. Polynesian " 11087"Voyage Society (PVS), founded in 1973, created Hokule’a in 1975. Hokule’a " 11088"is a traditional Hawaiian voyaging canoe with the mission to revive the art " 11089"of way finding. A man from Satawal, Micronesia named Mau Piailug was a " 11090"master navigator/wayfinder. The knowledge of wayfinding and using the sky " 11091"to navigate was passed down to Mau from his ancestors. Nainoa Thompson, " 11092"current President of PVS, asked Mau to teach his knowledge of navigation to " 11093"him with the intention of reviving the knowledge that was once lost to the " 11094"Hawaiians. With the knowledge learned from Mau, the Hawaiian star compass " 11095"and star lines were created." 11096msgstr "" 11097 11098#. type: Content of: <h2> 11099#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:19 11100msgid "Star Lines" 11101msgstr "" 11102 11103#. type: Content of: <p> 11104#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:20 11105msgid "" 11106"Each star line is a group of main stars that will be remembered by the " 11107"navigators. The stars connect making constellations. Navigators remember " 11108"the rising/setting houses of these stars, the stars that connect in each " 11109"line, and the lines that point directly to North and South. The star lines’" 11110" position in the night sky slowly change over time, each starline being more" 11111" prevalent at night according to the season. The star lines with their " 11112"according season are as follows:" 11113msgstr "" 11114 11115#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11116#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:27 11117msgid "November to April" 11118msgstr "" 11119 11120#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11121#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:28 11122msgid "April to July" 11123msgstr "" 11124 11125#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11126#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:29 11127msgid "May to October" 11128msgstr "" 11129 11130#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 11131#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:30 11132msgid "September to February" 11133msgstr "" 11134 11135#. type: Content of: <p> 11136#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:35 11137msgid "" 11138"The direct translation means the “Bailer of <em>Makali’i</em>”. The lines " 11139"are shaped as a canoe bailer which scoops <em>Ka Hei-Hei o Na Keiki</em> " 11140"(Orion) and <em>Makali’i</em> (Pleiades) up into the night sky. In voyaging" 11141" a bailer is used to scoop up water out of the hulls." 11142msgstr "" 11143 11144#. type: Content of: <p> 11145#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:38 11146msgid "" 11147"The main stars of <em>Ke Ka o Makali’i</em> from North to South are " 11148"<em>Hokulei</em> (Capella), <em>Nanamua</em> (Castor), <em>Nanahope</em> " 11149"(Pollux), <em>Puana</em> (Procyon), and <em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius). These stars" 11150" connect together to create the bailer in the sky. Mintaka in Orion is an " 11151"important star in this line because it rises/sets directly east or west " 11152"giving the navigator an easy pointer star for direction. Mirzim (next to " 11153"<em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius)) and <em>Ke Ali’i Kona i Ka Lewa</em> (Canopus) " 11154"connect together to create a southern pointer. <em>‘Ekekeuehuehu</em> " 11155"(θ Aur, Mahasim) and <em>‘Ekekeu’ena’ena</em> (β Aur, Menkalinan)" 11156" connect to create a northern pointer. Different north/south pointers are " 11157"found in the star lines and used heavily by navigators." 11158msgstr "" 11159 11160#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11161#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:46 11162msgid "" 11163"<em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em> translates to the backbone (directly: Bone back-" 11164"lizard). This star line is depicted as the backbone of a lizard or " 11165"<em>mo’o</em> in this sky culture. It can also be representing a " 11166"genealogical backbone, each star representing a generation." 11167msgstr "" 11168 11169#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11170#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:50 11171msgid "" 11172"The star line itself starts with <em>Hokupa’a</em> (North Star), the " 11173"ultimate northern pointer due to the star never moving in the sky, always " 11174"above north. <em>Hokupa’a</em> connects down to <em>Na Hiku</em> (Big " 11175"Dipper). <em>Na Hiku</em> translates to “The Seven” as there is seven stars " 11176"in the Big Dipper. <em>Hokule’a</em> (Arcturus) and <em>Hikianalia</em> " 11177"(Spica) are the two stars in the middle of the star line. The two PVS " 11178"canoes are named after these two stars. <em>Hokule’a</em> is the “zenith” " 11179"star of Hawai’i, meaning it will be directly overhead when you are at the " 11180"latitude of the Hawaiian Islands. <em>Hokule’a</em> is very important to " 11181"navigators on finding their way back to Hawai’i. The meaning of " 11182"<em>Hokule’a</em> is “the star of gladness” because it is the star used to " 11183"find home bringing joy. Next to <em>Hikianalia</em> is <em>Me’e</em>, a " 11184"combination of four stars that create a box. <em>Me’e</em> connects down to" 11185" <em>Hanaiakamalama</em> (Southern Cross) which is the southern pointer for " 11186"<em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em>." 11187msgstr "" 11188 11189#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11190#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:61 11191msgid "" 11192"<em>Manaiakalani</em> translates to “The Chief's Fishline”. This refers to " 11193"the legend of the demi god Maui and his fish hook. Maui is credited for " 11194"pulling up the islands with his magical fish hook." 11195msgstr "" 11196 11197#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11198#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:64 11199msgid "" 11200"This star line consists of two constellations. The Navigator’s Triangle on " 11201"the north and Maui’s fish hook on the south. The Navigator’s Triangle is " 11202"made of three stars <em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb), <em>Keoe</em> (Vega), and " 11203"<em>Humu</em> (Altair). (It is the same figure as the Summer Triangle for " 11204"modern amateur astronomers.) These stars also represent the Polynesian " 11205"triangle: Hawai’i (<em>Hawaiki</em>), Rapanui (<em>Keoe</em>), and Aotearoa " 11206"(<em>Humu</em>). These three islands are pulled by the fish hook of Maui " 11207"(Scorpius)." 11208msgstr "" 11209 11210#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11211#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:70 11212msgid "" 11213"The northern pointer is found in the Navigator’s Triangle when you connect " 11214"<em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb) and <em>Momonapikowalu</em> (γ Cyg, Sadr). " 11215"Southern pointers are in the fish hook when you connect <em>Mili’opu</em> " 11216"(δ Sco, Dschubba) and <em>Kahe</em> (π Sco, Nur), the stars on the " 11217"top of the hook." 11218msgstr "" 11219 11220#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11221#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:74 11222msgid "" 11223"<em>Ka Lupe o Kawelo</em> translates to “The Kite of Kawelo”. Kawelo was a " 11224"great chief of Kaua’i and O’ahu and this star line represents the kite which" 11225" was lost as a child." 11226msgstr "" 11227 11228#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11229#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:76 11230msgid "" 11231"The star line starts with <em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>, meaning Chief Frigate Bird " 11232"(<em>Fregata Minor</em>). The shape of this constellation (which is " 11233"Cassiopeia's W in the West) resembles the <em>‘iwa</em> bird that is known " 11234"for leading voyagers to land. The center of the star line is the Kite of " 11235"Kawelo (equal to the Great Square of Pegasus). The four stars that make the" 11236" kite are named after Kawelo’s greatest ancestors: <em>Manokalanipo</em> " 11237"(δ Peg, Alpheratz), <em>Kakuhihewa</em> (β Peg, Scheat), " 11238"<em>Pi’ilani</em> (γ Peg, Algenib), and <em>Keawe</em> (α Peg, " 11239"Markab). All four were famous chiefs of their time. The star line then " 11240"connects south to two stars <em>Pi’ikea</em> (β Cet, Deneb Kaitos) and " 11241"<em>Kukaniloko</em> (α PsA, Fomalhaut)." 11242msgstr "" 11243 11244#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11245#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:83 11246msgid "" 11247"The northern pointer is found in <em>Manokalanipo</em> (δ Peg, " 11248"Alpheratz) and <em>Kealohalani-po-keao</em> (β Cas, Caph) of " 11249"<em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>. The southern pointer is connected with <em>Keawe</em> " 11250"(α Peg, Markab) and <em>Kukaniloko</em> (α PsA, Fomalhaut)." 11251msgstr "" 11252 11253#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 11254#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:88 11255msgid "<a href=\"http://hokulea.com\">Polynesian Voyaging Society</a>" 11256msgstr "" 11257 11258#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 11259#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:89 11260msgid "" 11261"<a " 11262"href=\"http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html\">Hawaiian" 11263" Voyaging Society</a>" 11264msgstr "" 11265 11266#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 11267#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:90 11268msgid "<a href=\"http://www.imiloahawaii.org/71/star-paths\">Imiloa</a>" 11269msgstr "" 11270 11271#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 11272#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:91 11273msgid "" 11274"<a " 11275"href=\"http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html\">Hawaiian" 11276" Star Lines and Names for Stars</a>" 11277msgstr "" 11278 11279#. type: Content of: <p><p> 11280#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:94 11281msgid "" 11282"The Hawaiian Star Compass landscape which should be used with this " 11283"skyculture is available at the <a " 11284"href=\"https://stellarium.org/landscapes.html\">Stellarium Landscapes</a> " 11285"collection." 11286msgstr "" 11287 11288#. type: Content of: <p><p><h2> 11289#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:96 11290msgid "Background and Acknowledgements" 11291msgstr "" 11292 11293#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11294#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:98 11295msgid "" 11296"The <em>master navigator</em> behind this sky culture was Mau Piailug of " 11297"Satawal, who taught the Polynesian art of celestial navigation to Nainoa " 11298"Thompson, who developed this version of the sky culture that was used from " 11299"2013-17 by Hawaiians to sail around the world during the Malama Honua Voyage" 11300" of Hokule’a, the Polynesian voyaging canoe. Stellarium has been used as a " 11301"tool by the navigators of Hokule’a and this sky culture serves as a tool for" 11302" practicing Polynesian navigation." 11303msgstr "" 11304 11305#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 11306#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:102 11307msgid "" 11308"The technical implementation of the sky culture included here was " 11309"contributed in 2017 by teachers Darren Kamalu and Christopher Blake, " 11310"Students Jonah Apo, Nicholas Koanui, Brenden Aila and the Celestial " 11311"Navigation class at Kamehameha Schools Kapalama, Honolulu, Hawai’i. Artwork" 11312" by Kealoha Kaneakua." 11313msgstr "" 11314 11315#. type: Content of: <h2> 11316#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:1 11317msgid "Indian Vedic" 11318msgstr "" 11319 11320#. type: Content of: <p> 11321#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:2 11322msgid "" 11323"Vedic sky culture with some commonly known constellations related to " 11324"Nakṣatra-s." 11325msgstr "" 11326 11327#. type: Content of: <p> 11328#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:6 11329msgid "" 11330"The sidereal zodiac is an imaginary belt of 360 degrees (like the tropical " 11331"zodiac), divided into 12 equal parts. Each twelfth part (of 30 degrees) is " 11332"called a sign or rashi. Their names are shown in (brackets)." 11333msgstr "" 11334 11335#. type: Content of: <p> 11336#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:7 11337msgid "" 11338"In stellarium, we show Rāśi constellations attached to the corresponding " 11339"asterisms, and not as divisions of the ecliptic offset away from their " 11340"original locations to account for precession." 11341msgstr "" 11342 11343#. type: Content of: <p> 11344#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:8 11345msgid "" 11346"In traditional astronomy there are two systems of measuring time - Lunar " 11347"Calender & Solar calender. In both cases one year is divided into 12 months " 11348"or \"māsā\". Name of the solar months originated from these constellation' " 11349"names." 11350msgstr "" 11351 11352#. type: Content of: <p> 11353#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:11 11354msgid "" 11355"In Hindu tradition the ecliptic is divided into 27 parts of approximately " 11356"13°20\", which correspond with 27 asterisms known as the nakṣatra-s (full " 11357"list, with western equivalents here: https://goo.gl/2PVi28 ). In the " 11358"earliest extant layers of the tradition this number is 28. This division is " 11359"critical for several purposes including timing rituals and determining the " 11360"birth lunar mansions. Since these asterisms define an area in the sky, they " 11361"are also technically constellations." 11362msgstr "" 11363 11364#. type: Content of: <p> 11365#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:12 11366msgid "" 11367"sUrya-siddhAnta and vedAnga-jyotiSha specify start coordinates for the " 11368"13°20\" divisions using some stars (Please see penultimate paragraph in <a " 11369"href=\"https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-" 11370"of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n42/mode/1up\">this page</a>)" 11371msgstr "" 11372 11373#. type: Content of: <p> 11374#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:13 11375msgid "" 11376"The earliest complete nakṣatra lists are found in the Taittirīya-śruti and " 11377"the Atharvaveda where they are recited as part of the nakṣatreṣṭi ritual " 11378"which places the deities of pantheon in these celestial compartments. Some " 11379"scholars opine that the tradition shows that by the early medieval period, " 11380"the nakṣatra identification had changed to a small degree from the Vedic " 11381"period." 11382msgstr "" 11383 11384#. type: Content of: <p> 11385#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:14 11386msgid "" 11387"There are multiple rich mythologies and symbolisms associated with the same " 11388"constellations and stars (Example: <a " 11389"href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq__DXtfeXw\">Raj Vedam on " 11390"Rohini</a>) - it wouldn't do to rely on one to the exclusion of others " 11391"during translation or truncated description. Hence we stick to etymological " 11392"translations; and rather than including long mythological accounts here, " 11393"just suggest that interested readers delve into them separately. (See " 11394"references below.)" 11395msgstr "" 11396 11397#. type: Content of: <p> 11398#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:15 11399msgid "" 11400"Name of the lunar months originated from those 12 divisions' names in which " 11401"full moon or \"Purnimā\" occurs. Unlike a solar day which defined by a " 11402"sunrise to next sunrise, a lunar day or moon's position in a nakshatra " 11403"doesn't depends on sun rising or moon rising. Thus a lunar day may start in " 11404"any time of a solar day. Like other ancient human cultures, vedic people " 11405"innovated a number of systems of which intercalary lunar months became most " 11406"used, that is adding another month every 32.5 months on average or 4 months " 11407"in every 11 years to correct the mismatch between lunar and solar year." 11408msgstr "" 11409 11410#. type: Content of: <p> 11411#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:16 11412msgid "" 11413"A few of the yogatārā-s or prominent asterisms in the nakṣatra-s (going by " 11414"their mainstream identification) lie slightly outside their constellation " 11415"boundaries - in which case, any resultant problem (with regards to ritual " 11416"timing or astrology) should be solved by other means (some people propose " 11417"alternate identifications for such yogatārā-s)." 11418msgstr "" 11419 11420#. type: Content of: <h3> 11421#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:18 11422msgid "Navagraha - Nine \"planets\"" 11423msgstr "" 11424 11425#. type: Content of: <p> 11426#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:19 11427msgid "" 11428"They observed that some celestial body moves independently relative to " 11429"background stars and named them \"planets\" or \"graha\". As such The sun " 11430"and moon are also treated as graha. They also named the lunar nodes as " 11431"graha-s as these points are very important to calculate the eclipses. Name " 11432"of vedic days originated from these planet's names." 11433msgstr "" 11434 11435#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 11436#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22 11437msgid "Graha" 11438msgstr "" 11439 11440#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 11441#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22 11442#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:45 11443msgid "Designation" 11444msgstr "" 11445 11446#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 11447#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22 11448msgid "Name of Solar days" 11449msgstr "" 11450 11451#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11452#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23 11453msgid "(Sun)" 11454msgstr "" 11455 11456#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11457#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23 11458msgid "Sun God" 11459msgstr "" 11460 11461#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11462#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23 11463msgid "(Sunday)" 11464msgstr "" 11465 11466#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11467#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24 11468msgid "(Moon)" 11469msgstr "" 11470 11471#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11472#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24 11473msgid "Moon god" 11474msgstr "月神" 11475 11476#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11477#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24 11478msgid "(Monday)" 11479msgstr "" 11480 11481#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11482#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25 11483msgid "(Mars)" 11484msgstr "" 11485 11486#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11487#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25 11488msgid "God of war" 11489msgstr "" 11490 11491#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11492#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25 11493msgid "(Tuesday)" 11494msgstr "" 11495 11496#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11497#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26 11498msgid "(Mercury)" 11499msgstr "" 11500 11501#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11502#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26 11503msgid "Son of Moon" 11504msgstr "月之子" 11505 11506#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11507#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26 11508msgid "(Wednesday)" 11509msgstr "" 11510 11511#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11512#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27 11513msgid "(Jupiter)" 11514msgstr "" 11515 11516#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11517#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27 11518msgid "Teacher of Gods" 11519msgstr "" 11520 11521#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11522#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27 11523msgid "(Thursday)" 11524msgstr "" 11525 11526#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11527#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28 11528msgid "(Venus)" 11529msgstr "" 11530 11531#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11532#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28 11533msgid "Mentor of Demons" 11534msgstr "" 11535 11536#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11537#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28 11538msgid "(Friday)" 11539msgstr "" 11540 11541#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11542#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29 11543msgid "(Saturn)" 11544msgstr "" 11545 11546#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11547#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29 11548msgid "God of Misfortune" 11549msgstr "" 11550 11551#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11552#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29 11553msgid "(Saturday)" 11554msgstr "" 11555 11556#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11557#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:30 11558#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:31 11559msgid "lunar node" 11560msgstr "" 11561 11562#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11563#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:30 11564#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:31 11565msgid "-" 11566msgstr "" 11567 11568#. type: Content of: <h4> 11569#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:36 11570msgid "General" 11571msgstr "" 11572 11573#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11574#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:38 11575msgid "" 11576"<a href=\"https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/नक्षत्रम्\" class='external text' " 11577"rel=\"nofollow\">Nakshatra</a> article at Sanskrit Wikipedia" 11578msgstr "" 11579 11580#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11581#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:39 11582msgid "" 11583"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra\" class='external text' " 11584"rel=\"nofollow\">Nakshatra</a> article at English Wikipedia" 11585msgstr "" 11586 11587#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11588#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:40 11589msgid "" 11590"<a " 11591"href=\"https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-" 11592"of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n77/mode/2up\" class='external text' " 11593"rel=\"nofollow\">History Of Calendar-Panchanga Committee Report</a>" 11594msgstr "" 11595 11596#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11597#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:41 11598msgid "" 11599"<a " 11600"href=\"http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Others/Possible%20period%20of%20the%20design%20of%20Nakshatras.pdf\"" 11601" class='external text'> \"Possible period of the design of Nakshatras and " 11602"Abhijit\"</a>" 11603msgstr "" 11604 11605#. type: Content of: <h4> 11606#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:44 11607msgid "Mythology" 11608msgstr "" 11609 11610#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?) 11611#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:45 11612msgid "Much of the below is available online for free at archive.org." 11613msgstr "" 11614 11615#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11616#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:48 11617msgid "" 11618"Secondary references such as: Purana Encyclopedia, Purana Index, Mahabharata" 11619" Index, Vedic Indix" 11620msgstr "" 11621 11622#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11623#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:49 11624#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:54 11625msgid "Vedas, Agamas" 11626msgstr "" 11627 11628#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11629#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:50 11630msgid "" 11631"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/vedicchronologya033083mbp/page/n5\" " 11632"class='external text'> Vedic Chronology And Vedanga Jyotisha by Bala " 11633"Gangadhar Tilak</a>" 11634msgstr "" 11635 11636#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11637#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:51 11638msgid "" 11639"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.5110\" class='external " 11640"text'> Orion The Antiquity Of The Vedas by Bala Gangadhar Tilak</a>" 11641msgstr "" 11642 11643#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11644#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:52 11645msgid "" 11646"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/arctichm/page/n21/mode/2up\" " 11647"class='external text'> The Arctic Home in the Vedas by Bal Gangadhar " 11648"Tilak</a>" 11649msgstr "" 11650 11651#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11652#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:53 11653msgid "" 11654"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/HamletsMill\" class='external " 11655"text'>Hamlet's Mill: An Essay on Myth & the Frame of Time by Giorgio de " 11656"Santillana, Hertha von Dechend</a>" 11657msgstr "" 11658 11659#. type: Content of: <h3> 11660#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:58 11661msgid "Contributors" 11662msgstr "" 11663 11664#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11665#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:60 11666msgid "Tanmoy Saha" 11667msgstr "" 11668 11669#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11670#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:61 11671msgid "" 11672"Contributors from the <a href=\"https://github.com/sanskrit-" 11673"coders\">sanskrit-coders community</a> (esp <a " 11674"href=\"https://github.com/vvasuki/\">Vishvas Vasuki</a>." 11675msgstr "" 11676 11677#. type: Content of: <h2> 11678#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:1 11679msgid "Inuit" 11680msgstr "" 11681 11682#. type: Content of: <p> 11683#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:2 11684msgid "" 11685"The Inuit sky culture files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of " 11686"John MacDonald's research in his book <b>The Arctic Sky: Inuit Astronomy, " 11687"Star Lore and Legend</b>. While placements and specifics of Inuit " 11688"constellations might differ from tribe to tribe, the information in " 11689"Stellarium presents the constellations and general themes of the arctic " 11690"universe." 11691msgstr "" 11692 11693#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11694#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:27 11695msgid "" 11696"<a href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Arctic-Sky-Inuit-Astronomy-" 11697"Legend/dp/0888544278\">The Arctic Sky, Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and " 11698"Legend</a> book at amazon.com" 11699msgstr "" 11700 11701#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 11702#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:28 11703msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_astronomy\">Wikipedia</a>" 11704msgstr "" 11705 11706#. type: Content of: <p> 11707#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:32 11708msgid "" 11709"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis " 11710"Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book <b>The Arctic Sky: " 11711"Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and Legend</b> by John MacDonald." 11712msgstr "" 11713 11714#. type: Content of: <p> 11715#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:34 11716msgid "" 11717"Illustrations are done by Johan Meuris, released under the Free Art License." 11718msgstr "" 11719 11720#. type: Content of: <h2> 11721#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:1 11722msgid "Japanese Moon Stations" 11723msgstr "日本二十八宿" 11724 11725#. type: Content of: <p> 11726#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:2 11727msgid "" 11728"Most astronomical observation in the Japan until the Meiji Restoration was " 11729"closely tied to astrological purposes. For ancient Chinese and later Korean" 11730" and Japanese cartographers four seasons and four cardinal directions is " 11731"marked as four talismanic animals - the Azure Dragon of the East (Spring), " 11732"the Red Bird of the South (Summer), the White Tiger of the West (Fall), and " 11733"the \"Genbu\" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter). Corresponding to each " 11734"of the talismanic animals the celestial \"palaces\" were seven <em>sei " 11735"shuku</em> or what are sometimes called \"lunar lodges\". The moon " 11736"\"stations\" or \"lodges\" probably may be used to determine position of sun" 11737" and planets as well as the moon, and their number may or may not have been " 11738"related to the period of the moon's orbit. Origins of these associations are" 11739" obscure and even controversial." 11740msgstr "" 11741 11742#. type: Content of: <p> 11743#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:10 11744msgid "" 11745"Determination of the talismanic animals and associated star \"palaces\" " 11746"together with the associated 28 <em>sei shuku</em> or lunar lodges represent" 11747" some of the most complex aspects of Asian \"astronomy\". An apparent " 11748"anomaly is the fact that the actual positional path of the sun seems to move" 11749" in a direction opposite the seasonal associations of Spring and Fall. Some" 11750" scientists argues that this is due to the animals and sei shuku being " 11751"created some 17 to 18 millennia ago (precession creating the anomaly), but " 11752"it does not really explain the apparent \"backward\" motion of the sun " 11753"through seasons." 11754msgstr "" 11755 11756#. type: Content of: <p> 11757#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:15 11758msgid "" 11759"According to some scientists, the talismanic animals with their associated " 11760"sei shuku were probably used in conjunction with the direction to which the " 11761"handle of the big dipper (often called the \"North Seven Stars\" in China, " 11762"Korea, and Japan) pointed at the equinoxes and solstices. Before the " 11763"Christian Era, when the sei shuku were created, the big dipper did not " 11764"appear to set, because they had a relatively \"higher\" position than now." 11765msgstr "" 11766 11767#. type: Content of: <p> 11768#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:19 11769msgid "" 11770"Like myths and traditions in Western cultures, these views still wield " 11771"influence in the daily life of people in China, Korea, and Japan (this " 11772"despite quite prominent scientific literacy). However, it should be pointed " 11773"out that astrological divination in China, Korea and Japan was and is rather" 11774" complex." 11775msgstr "" 11776 11777#. type: Content of: <p> 11778#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:22 11779msgid "" 11780"The lore related to moon stations is one of the most interesting aspects of " 11781"Asian Ethnoastronomy. Japanese interpretations of these associations tended " 11782"to revolve around agricultural needs and animistic views of nature. Unlike " 11783"many Western myths and traditions, japanese gods in the similitude of the " 11784"talismanic animals can be seen as manifestations of nature." 11785msgstr "" 11786 11787#. type: Content of: <p> 11788#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:25 11789msgid "Below is an example of a star chart from Edo Era Japan." 11790msgstr "" 11791 11792#. type: Content of: <p> 11793#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:26 11794msgid "<em>Close-Up of Yasui's Map Showing the First 15 Moon Stations</em>" 11795msgstr "" 11796 11797#. type: Content of: <h3> 11798#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:28 11799msgid "The Azure Dragon of the East (Spring)" 11800msgstr "" 11801 11802#. type: Content of: <p> 11803#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:29 11804msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"East\" or \"Blue Dragon\"." 11805msgstr "东方七宿，亦“青龙”。" 11806 11807#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11808#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:33 11809#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:95 11810#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:156 11811#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:217 11812msgid "Chinese Character" 11813msgstr "" 11814 11815#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11816#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:34 11817#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:96 11818#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:157 11819#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:218 11820msgid "Meaning" 11821msgstr "" 11822 11823#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11824#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:35 11825#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:97 11826#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:158 11827#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:219 11828msgid "Key Star" 11829msgstr "" 11830 11831#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11832#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:36 11833#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:98 11834#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:159 11835#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:220 11836msgid "Japanese Name" 11837msgstr "" 11838 11839#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11840#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:41 11841msgid "Horn(s), perhaps Angle, Corner" 11842msgstr "" 11843 11844#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11845#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:48 11846msgid "Neck, Throat" 11847msgstr "" 11848 11849#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11850#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:55 11851msgid "Root, perhaps Shoulder or Base" 11852msgstr "" 11853 11854#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11855#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:56 11856#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:63 11857#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:84 11858#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:186 11859#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:207 11860#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:233 11861msgid "sometimes" 11862msgstr "" 11863 11864#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11865#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:62 11866msgid "Chamber, perhaps Breasts" 11867msgstr "" 11868 11869#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11870#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:83 11871msgid "Basket" 11872msgstr "" 11873 11874#. type: Content of: <h3> 11875#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:90 11876msgid "The \"Genbu\" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter)" 11877msgstr "" 11878 11879#. type: Content of: <p> 11880#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:91 11881msgid "" 11882"The 7 Moon Stations of the \"North\" (Genbu) or \"Black Tortoise of Winter\"" 11883" (also \"Somber\" or \"Black\" Warrior)." 11884msgstr "北方七宿，亦“玄武”。" 11885 11886#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11887#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:103 11888msgid "Dipper; Measure" 11889msgstr "" 11890 11891#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11892#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:110 11893msgid "Cow" 11894msgstr "" 11895 11896#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11897#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:117 11898msgid "Woman; perhaps Waiting Maid" 11899msgstr "" 11900 11901#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11902#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:131 11903msgid "Roof Top, perhaps Danger, Steep" 11904msgstr "" 11905 11906#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11907#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:138 11908msgid "Room, perhaps Encampment" 11909msgstr "" 11910 11911#. type: Content of: <h3> 11912#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:151 11913msgid "The White Tiger of the West (Fall)" 11914msgstr "" 11915 11916#. type: Content of: <p> 11917#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:152 11918msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"West\" or \"White Tiger\"." 11919msgstr "西方七宿，亦“白虎”。" 11920 11921#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11922#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:164 11923msgid "Stride, Foot" 11924msgstr "" 11925 11926#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11927#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:171 11928msgid "Hill, Lasso; perhaps Bellows" 11929msgstr "" 11930 11931#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11932#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:185 11933msgid "Stopping Place, United; perhaps \"Getting Together\"" 11934msgstr "" 11935 11936#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11937#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:192 11938msgid "Net; perhaps related to Rain" 11939msgstr "" 11940 11941#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11942#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:199 11943msgid "Turtle Snout, perhaps Tuft on Owl's Head" 11944msgstr "" 11945 11946#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11947#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:206 11948msgid "Investigator, Three" 11949msgstr "" 11950 11951#. type: Content of: <h3> 11952#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:212 11953msgid "The Red Bird of the South (Summer)" 11954msgstr "" 11955 11956#. type: Content of: <p> 11957#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:213 11958msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"South\" or \"Red Bird\"." 11959msgstr "南方七宿，亦“朱雀”。" 11960 11961#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11962#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:232 11963msgid "Ogre, Devil, perhaps Ghost" 11964msgstr "" 11965 11966#. type: Content of: <h3> 11967#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:246 11968#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:25 11969msgid "Stars" 11970msgstr "" 11971 11972#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11973#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:253 11974msgid "Stretched Net" 11975msgstr "" 11976 11977#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 11978#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:267 11979msgid "Chariot Cross-Board, perhaps strings of Koto" 11980msgstr "" 11981 11982#. type: Content of: <ul><li><notr><a> 11983#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:275 11984msgid "A Cultural History of Astronomy in Japan" 11985msgstr "" 11986 11987#. type: Content of: <h2> 11988#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:1 11989msgid "Kamilaroi/Euahlayi" 11990msgstr "卡米勒罗伊/尤阿拉伊" 11991 11992#. type: Content of: <p> 11993#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:2 11994msgid "" 11995"The Kamilaroi (also known as Gomeroi) and Euahlayi peoples are Australian " 11996"Aboriginal cultural groups located in the northern part of New South Wales. " 11997"They have survived European invasion and loss of much of their country. " 11998"Their culture and connection to country remains strong, including an " 11999"extensive cultural astronomy first recorded in the 1860s." 12000msgstr "" 12001"Kamilaroi（中译卡米勒罗伊，也称为Gomeroi）和Euahlayi（中译尤阿拉伊）人是澳大利亚土著文化群体，位于新南威尔士州北部。他们在欧洲的入侵和大部分家园的丧失中幸存下来。他们的文化和与家园的联系仍然很牢固，包括在19世纪60年代首次记录的广泛的文化天文学。" 12002 12003#. type: Content of: <h3> 12004#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:4 12005msgid "Background" 12006msgstr "背景" 12007 12008#. type: Content of: <p> 12009#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:5 12010msgid "" 12011"This Stellarium Skyculture is the result of a Higher Degree Research project" 12012" by Robert Fuller at Macquarie University, Sydney, finishing in 2014. " 12013"Stellarium was chosen as a part of the project for Giving Back of the " 12014"collected knowledge to the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi communities in the form of" 12015" a documentary video (Star Stories of the Dreaming) and a student's Study " 12016"Guide. Clips from the Stellarium were used in the documentary to illustrate" 12017" certain sky objects." 12018msgstr "" 12019"此星空文化是悉尼麦格理大学罗伯特·富勒（Robert " 12020"Fuller）在2014年完成的一项更高学位研究项目的成果。Stellarium被选为该项目的一部分，以纪录片（Star Stories of the " 12021"Dreaming）和学生学习指南的形式，将收集到的知识回馈给Kamilaroi和Euahlayi社区。纪录片中使用了Stellarium的剪辑来说明某些天空物体。" 12022 12023#. type: Content of: <h2> 12024#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:7 12025msgid "Cultural objects" 12026msgstr "文化传承" 12027 12028#. type: Content of: <h3> 12029#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:9 12030msgid "Gawaargay" 12031msgstr "Gawaargay" 12032 12033#. type: Content of: <p> 12034#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:10 12035msgid "" 12036"Gawaargay is the spirit Emu in the Sky, located with its head in the Coal " 12037"Sack, and its neck and body stretching out through the dust lanes of the " 12038"Milky Way (Warrambul) past Scorpius. The Euahlayi and the Kamilaroi see it " 12039"with legs in April and May, when it is female and chasing the males. From " 12040"June to August it is male and sitting on its nest without legs (the males " 12041"brood the chicks), and this is a signal to collect the eggs. In the evening" 12042" in late August it is vertical in the sky, and the head and body form two " 12043"\"eggs\", meaning the eggs should not be collected. Later in the year, it " 12044"appears on the horizon, so it is believed to be sitting in a waterhole, " 12045"meaning the waterholes are full. When it is below the horizon, then it is " 12046"on Earth as the Black Emu, which is rarely seen." 12047msgstr "" 12048"Gawaargay是天空中的精灵鸸鹋，在其头部位于煤袋中里，其颈部和身体从银河系（Warrambul）的尘埃带伸出，经过天蝎座。Euahlayi人和Kamilaroi人在4月和5月看到它的腿，那时它是雌性，追逐雄性。从六月到八月，它是雄性的，没有腿坐在它的巢上（雄性孵化小鸡），这是收集蛋的信号。在八月下旬的晚上，它垂直于天空，头和身体形成两个“蛋”，意思是鸡蛋不应该被收集。今年晚些时候，它出现在地平线上，因此人们相信它是坐在一个水坑里，这意味着水坑是满的。当它在地平线以下时，它就成了地球上很少见到的黑色鸸鹋。" 12049 12050#. type: Content of: <h3> 12051#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:12 12052msgid "Birringoloo" 12053msgstr "Birringoloo" 12054 12055#. type: Content of: <p> 12056#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:13 12057msgid "" 12058"Birringoloo is the second wife of Byaame, the creator/culture hero. She sits" 12059" by the campfire of Byaame's camp (the star Alpha Muscae), and all women " 12060"with girl children who die come to this camp before going on to Bulimah " 12061"(Heaven behind Warrambul). They wait at this camp until all their girl " 12062"children have died and come to the camp, and then they can proceed to " 12063"Bulimah." 12064msgstr "" 12065"Birringoloo是造物主/文化英雄Byaame的第二任妻子。 " 12066"她坐在Byaame的营地（恒星苍蝇座α）的篝火旁，所有带着死去女童的妇女都会在前往Bulimah（Warrambul后面的天堂）之前来到这个营地。他们在这个营地等待，直到所有女童都死了，然后来到营地，然后他们才能前往Bulimah。" 12067 12068#. type: Content of: <h3> 12069#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:15 12070msgid "Yarran" 12071msgstr "" 12072 12073#. type: Content of: <p> 12074#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:16 12075msgid "" 12076"Yarran (also called mingga) is the roots of the Yarran tree, an Acacia, " 12077"which is the tree that Byaame took up to the Warrambul with the first man to" 12078" die (and the Cockatoos). It is actually centred on the Coal Sack, and the " 12079"dark nebula is the hollow of the tree seen from below, with the roots " 12080"spreading around. When someone dies and goes to Bulimah, they go through " 12081"the hollow of the Yarran." 12082msgstr "" 12083 12084#. type: Content of: <h3> 12085#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:18 12086msgid "Old Wiringin" 12087msgstr "" 12088 12089#. type: Content of: <p> 12090#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:19 12091msgid "" 12092"A Wiringin is a \"Clever Man\" or Aboriginal doctor. This Wiringin located " 12093"in the Small Magellanic Cloud is there because he controls who can go on to " 12094"Bulimah. If the person who died is not initiated, they are not allowed, " 12095"because they don't know the rules, so he sends them to Wadhaagudjaaylwan in " 12096"the Large Magellanic Cloud. This birth spirit will send the unitiated back " 12097"to Earth as a new baby, so they can be initiated. This Wiringin is " 12098"represented in every Aboriginal cemetary as the Wilga tree (Native Willow)." 12099msgstr "" 12100 12101#. type: Content of: <h3> 12102#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:21 12103msgid "Birray Birray" 12104msgstr "" 12105 12106#. type: Content of: <p> 12107#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:22 12108msgid "" 12109"The Birray Birray are a group of uninitiated boys who are in love with the " 12110"seven young women (sisters), Miyay Miyay, who make up the Pleiades star " 12111"cluster. They chased the Miyay Miyay, who ended up in the sky, and for this" 12112" they were placed in Orion, as the three stars that make up the belt of " 12113"Orion. Rigel is their fire, and the sword of Orion is their fire poker. " 12114"They are kept from the Miyay Miyay by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is " 12115"Aldebaran." 12116msgstr "" 12117 12118#. type: Content of: <h3> 12119#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:24 12120msgid "Miyay Miyay" 12121msgstr "" 12122 12123#. type: Content of: <p> 12124#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:25 12125msgid "" 12126"The Miyay Miyay are the seven young women (sisters) who were chased into the" 12127" sky, depending on the story, by the Birray Birray, or by various Wiringins " 12128"or other bad persons. They form the Pleiades star cluster, and as one " 12129"sister is shy, normally we only see six stars. They are protected from the " 12130"Birray Birray in Orion by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is Aldebaran." 12131msgstr "" 12132 12133#. type: Content of: <h3> 12134#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:27 12135msgid "Old Dthillar" 12136msgstr "" 12137 12138#. type: Content of: <p> 12139#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:28 12140msgid "" 12141"Old Dthillar is a Wiringin, in this case the Wiringin of the Birray Birray, " 12142"the unitiated boys in Orion who pine for the Miyaay Miyaay (Seven Sisters) " 12143"in the Pleiades. Old Dthillar is the star Aldebaran, which is also Alpha " 12144"Tauri, and he stands there to protect the Miyaay Miyaay from the Birray " 12145"Birray. The inverted \"V\" shape made up by Alpha, Epsilon, and Gamma Tauri" 12146" is Old Dthillar's gunya (hut)." 12147msgstr "" 12148 12149#. type: Content of: <h3> 12150#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:30 12151msgid "Wamba Wamba" 12152msgstr "" 12153 12154#. type: Content of: <p> 12155#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:31 12156msgid "" 12157"\"Wamba\" means \"crazy\" or \"mad\". In this case, the star Canopus is " 12158"called Wamba Wamba because of various reasons, depending on whose story is " 12159"told. The planet Venus is also called Wamba. One speculation is that both " 12160"Canopus and Venus are seen close to the horizon in the summer, and due to " 12161"atmospheric defraction, can \"scintillate\" (twinkle srongly), which results" 12162" in rapid changes in colour. This might be interpreted as madness." 12163msgstr "" 12164 12165#. type: Content of: <h3> 12166#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:33 12167msgid "Wadhaagudjaaylwan" 12168msgstr "" 12169 12170#. type: Content of: <p> 12171#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:34 12172msgid "" 12173"Wadhaagudjaaylwan is Byaame's third wife, who is in the Large Magellanic " 12174"Cloud, and sings to women who are going to have babies. She \"sings\" the " 12175"babies to the women on Earth, and she takes the persons that the Old " 12176"Wiringin in the Small Magellanic Cloud sends to her, and sends them back to " 12177"Earth as babies." 12178msgstr "" 12179 12180#. type: Content of: <h3> 12181#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:36 12182msgid "Bandaarr" 12183msgstr "" 12184 12185#. type: Content of: <p> 12186#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:37 12187msgid "" 12188"Bandaarr is Kamilaroi/Euahlayi for Kangaroo, and this kangaroo is located " 12189"under the belly of the Emu in the Milky Way, looking away from the Emu. " 12190"Bandaarr is either a grey or red kangaroo, depending on the culture, and has" 12191" significance in ceremony." 12192msgstr "" 12193 12194#. type: Content of: <h3> 12195#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:39 12196msgid "Muraay Muyaay" 12197msgstr "" 12198 12199#. type: Content of: <p> 12200#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:40 12201msgid "" 12202"Muraay is Kamilaroi, and Muyaay is Euahlayi for the sulfur-crested cockatoo," 12203" who are the Pointer stars (Alpha Centauri and Hadar/Beta Centauri). They " 12204"ended up in the constellation Crux when their tree, the Yarran, was dragged " 12205"into the sky with the first man to die, and they are always chasing Yarran." 12206msgstr "" 12207 12208#. type: Content of: <h3> 12209#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:42 12210msgid "Warrawilbaarru" 12211msgstr "" 12212 12213#. type: Content of: <p> 12214#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:43 12215msgid "" 12216"Warrawilbaarru is the whirlwind spirit who lives in the constellation " 12217"Scorpius. Byaame normally keeps him from coming to Earth, but in September " 12218"he comes out of one of three holes (dark nebulae) in Scorpius during " 12219"September, and doesn't go back until around March. During this time he is " 12220"on earth as the \"willy willy\" or whirlwind, and can be dangerous to " 12221"children and uninitiated men." 12222msgstr "" 12223 12224#. type: Content of: <p> 12225#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:46 12226msgid "" 12227"More detailed information on the astronomy of the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi " 12228"peoples can be found at <a href=\"https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller\" " 12229"class=\"external\">https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller</a>." 12230msgstr "" 12231 12232#. type: Content of: <h2> 12233#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:1 12234msgid "Korean" 12235msgstr "" 12236 12237#. type: Content of: <h3> 12238#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:2 12239msgid "Origin" 12240msgstr "" 12241 12242#. type: Content of: <p> 12243#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:3 12244msgid "" 12245"The Chinese, Korean, and Japanese constellations have the same origin and " 12246"look very similar in shape. They are represented respectively in the Dun " 12247"Huang starmap from the 8th century, the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do map" 12248" and in the Kitora skymap painted in A.D.7C ~ 8C. Their positions and their " 12249"names are similar in the Chinese alphabet. The name of the constellations " 12250"first appear in the Records of the Grand Historian(史記) in Han dynasty " 12251"describing Xia dynasty in about 2000 B.C." 12252msgstr "" 12253 12254#. type: Content of: <p> 12255#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:5 12256msgid "" 12257"The 272 constellations displayed in this Stellarium sky culture are based on" 12258" the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do, the Korean Constellation map, which " 12259"was carved on the stone on 1395 but has its origin from another sky map " 12260"which existed about 2,000 years ago. This map represents 1467 stars in about" 12261" 190 constellations whose shapes are slightly different from the chinese " 12262"ones. The interpretation of the map is not easy: the map is so old that only" 12263" about 300 stars are found to match with the real stars. All the stars of " 12264"the map were drawn on a circle, so the equator seems smaller than the " 12265"southern limit. Because the density of constellation does not change with " 12266"respect to the position, the position and the size of the constellations " 12267"were somewhat altered in a way unknown by the author. It is assumed that " 12268"there should be no bright stars which do not belong to any constellations. " 12269"The work of the author is subject to interpretation, and could be changed at" 12270" a later time. It will however roughly show what the Korean Constellation " 12271"are like." 12272msgstr "" 12273 12274#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 12275#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:9 12276msgid "" 12277"<a " 12278"href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonsang_Yeolcha_Bunyajido\">Cheonsang " 12279"Yeolcha Bunyajido</a>" 12280msgstr "" 12281 12282#. type: Content of: <p><p> 12283#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:13 12284msgid "" 12285"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i><a " 12286"href=\"http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/\">Jeong, Tae-Min</a></i>" 12287msgstr "" 12288 12289#. type: Content of: <h2> 12290#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:1 12291msgid "Lokono (or Arawak)" 12292msgstr "" 12293 12294#. type: Content of: <p> 12295#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:3 12296msgid "" 12297"The <em>Lokono</em>, also known as <em>Arawak</em>, are an indigenous people" 12298" of the Guianas, whose territory stretches along the coast of the Atlantic " 12299"Ocean, from northwestern Guyana, through Suriname, to northwestern French " 12300"Guiana (see map).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup> The Lokono speak" 12301" a language that belongs to the Arawakan language family—one of the " 12302"largest linguistic groupings on the continent. Like many of their linguistic" 12303" relatives, the Lokono are agriculturalists specializing in the farming of " 12304"manioc (<em>Manihot esculenta</em>), who also practice fishing, hunting, and" 12305" gathering of wild plant. However, as one of the first indigenous groups " 12306"that was encountered by the Europeans at the time of conquest, the Lokono " 12307"have been in contact with non-indigenous populations for over 500 " 12308"years.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup> This contact has " 12309"intensified in the last century, leading to a substantial loss of the Lokono" 12310" language, traditional material and immaterial culture, changes in " 12311"subsistence practices, and in particular to the disappearance of " 12312"<em>medicine-men</em>—the traditional carriers of spiritual knowledge," 12313" most likely including ethnoastronomical knowledge. As a consequence, the " 12314"modern knowledge about celestial bodies appears to be but a fraction of what" 12315" the Lokono knew about stars in the past. Several constellations mentioned " 12316"in older sources are forgotten or are only known from their names, while the" 12317" combinations of stars they represent and the oral traditions explaining " 12318"their origin and significance have been forgotten. The Skyculture presented " 12319"here includes only identified constellations but the following description " 12320"provides a more comprehensive account of Lokono astronomical knowledge " 12321"including information extracted from historical sources about all the " 12322"celestial objects named in the table below." 12323msgstr "" 12324 12325#. type: Content of: <p><table><caption> 12326#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:7 12327msgid "Lokono constellations and other celestial objects" 12328msgstr "" 12329 12330#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th> 12331#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:9 12332msgid "<b>Lokono name</b>" 12333msgstr "" 12334 12335#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th> 12336#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:10 12337msgid "Literal translation in English" 12338msgstr "" 12339 12340#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th> 12341#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:11 12342msgid "Approximate location" 12343msgstr "" 12344 12345#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12346#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:30 12347msgid "Path of the carriers of clay" 12348msgstr "" 12349 12350#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12351#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:40 12352msgid "Scores of stars" 12353msgstr "" 12354 12355#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12356#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:45 12357msgid "Shining star" 12358msgstr "" 12359 12360#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12361#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:50 12362msgid "Grill" 12363msgstr "" 12364 12365#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12366#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:51 12367msgid "Pegasus" 12368msgstr "飞马座" 12369 12370#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12371#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:55 12372msgid "Spirit of the green anaconda" 12373msgstr "" 12374 12375#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12376#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:56 12377msgid "unclear" 12378msgstr "" 12379 12380#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12381#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:60 12382msgid "Spirit of the capibara" 12383msgstr "" 12384 12385#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12386#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:61 12387#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:96 12388#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:111 12389#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:131 12390#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:136 12391#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:141 12392#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:146 12393#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:151 12394#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:156 12395#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:161 12396#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:166 12397#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:171 12398#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:176 12399#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:181 12400#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:186 12401#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:191 12402#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:196 12403#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:201 12404#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:206 12405#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:211 12406#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:216 12407msgid "unknown" 12408msgstr "" 12409 12410#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12411#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:65 12412msgid "Man without a thigh" 12413msgstr "" 12414 12415#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12416#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:70 12417msgid "Jaw of the tapir" 12418msgstr "" 12419 12420#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 12421#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:71 12422#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:67 12423msgid "Hyades" 12424msgstr "" 12425 12426#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12427#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:75 12428msgid "Spirit of the black curassow" 12429msgstr "" 12430 12431#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12432#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:76 12433msgid "Crux" 12434msgstr "" 12435 12436#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12437#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:80 12438msgid "Hunter" 12439msgstr "" 12440 12441#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12442#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:81 12443msgid "α Centauri" 12444msgstr "" 12445 12446#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12447#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:85 12448msgid "Torch" 12449msgstr "" 12450 12451#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12452#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:86 12453msgid "β Centauri" 12454msgstr "" 12455 12456#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12457#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:90 12458msgid "Spirit of the cocoi heron" 12459msgstr "" 12460 12461#. type: Content of: <h3> 12462#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:91 12463#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:18 12464msgid "Ursa Major" 12465msgstr "大熊座" 12466 12467#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12468#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:95 12469msgid "Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron" 12470msgstr "" 12471 12472#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12473#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:100 12474msgid "Spirit of the four-eyed fish" 12475msgstr "" 12476 12477#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12478#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:101 12479msgid "λ Sco and υ Sco" 12480msgstr "" 12481 12482#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12483#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:105 12484msgid "Spirit of the green sea turtle" 12485msgstr "" 12486 12487#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12488#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:106 12489msgid "Hercules" 12490msgstr "武仙座" 12491 12492#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12493#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:110 12494msgid "Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise" 12495msgstr "" 12496 12497#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12498#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:115 12499msgid "Spirit of the blue crab" 12500msgstr "" 12501 12502#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12503#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:120 12504msgid "Spirit of the Muscovy duck" 12505msgstr "" 12506 12507#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12508#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:125 12509msgid "Spirit of the awara palm" 12510msgstr "" 12511 12512#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12513#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:130 12514msgid "Spirit of the red acouchi" 12515msgstr "" 12516 12517#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12518#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:135 12519msgid "Spirit of the red-rumped agouti" 12520msgstr "" 12521 12522#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12523#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:140 12524msgid "Spirit of the jaguar" 12525msgstr "" 12526 12527#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12528#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:145 12529msgid "Spirit of the ocelot" 12530msgstr "" 12531 12532#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12533#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:150 12534msgid "Spirit of the pale-throated sloth" 12535msgstr "" 12536 12537#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12538#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:155 12539msgid "Spirit of the two-toed sloth" 12540msgstr "" 12541 12542#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12543#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:160 12544msgid "Spirit of the green iguana" 12545msgstr "" 12546 12547#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12548#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:165 12549msgid "Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot" 12550msgstr "" 12551 12552#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12553#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:170 12554msgid "Spirit of the marail guan" 12555msgstr "" 12556 12557#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12558#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:175 12559msgid "Spirit of the little cuckoo" 12560msgstr "" 12561 12562#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12563#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:180 12564msgid "Spirit of the red-handed tamarin" 12565msgstr "" 12566 12567#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12568#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:185 12569msgid "Spirit of the white-faced saki" 12570msgstr "" 12571 12572#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12573#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:190 12574msgid "Spirit of the scorpion" 12575msgstr "" 12576 12577#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12578#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:195 12579msgid "Spirit of the parrot" 12580msgstr "" 12581 12582#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12583#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:200 12584msgid "Spirit of a tortoise" 12585msgstr "" 12586 12587#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12588#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:205 12589msgid "Spirit of the bow and arrow" 12590msgstr "" 12591 12592#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12593#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:210 12594msgid "Spirit of the gun" 12595msgstr "" 12596 12597#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td> 12598#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:215 12599msgid "Medicine-men’s rattle" 12600msgstr "" 12601 12602#. type: Content of: <h3> 12603#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:221 12604msgid "Lokono astronomical knowledge: an introduction" 12605msgstr "" 12606 12607#. type: Content of: <p> 12608#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:222 12609msgid "" 12610"From contemporary and historical accounts, it appears that astronomical " 12611"knowledge was not restricted to particular members of the Lokono society. " 12612"However, it was the medicine-men in particular—the spiritual leaders " 12613"of the Lokono known as <i>semethi</i>—who were required to master the " 12614"various aspects of star knowledge and who might have been responsible for " 12615"passing the oral traditions associated with them from one generation to " 12616"another. From Rodrigo de Navarette, who around 1550 wrote one of the first " 12617"accounts of the Lokono, we learn, for instance, that:" 12618msgstr "" 12619 12620#. type: Content of: <p> 12621#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:223 12622msgid "" 12623"<em>“old and wise men whom they call Cemetu assemble in the houses " 12624"designed for their meetings and […] recount the traditions and " 12625"exploits of their ancestors and great men, and also narrate what those " 12626"ancestors heard from their forefathers; so that in this manner they remember" 12627" the most ancient events of their country and people. And, in like manner " 12628"they recount or preach about events relating to the heavens, the sun, moon, " 12629"and stars.”</em><sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[3]</a></sup>" 12630msgstr "" 12631 12632#. type: Content of: <p> 12633#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:224 12634msgid "" 12635"Navarette's <i>cemetu</i>, the medicine-men known in modern Lokono as " 12636"<i>semethi</i>, have largely given up their practices today, which may be " 12637"the reason why the transmission of astronomical knowledge has been " 12638"interrupted. Many Lokono constellations appear to have been forgotten today." 12639" Our sources are therefore often limited to historical accounts written by " 12640"early explorers and ethnographers of the Guianas, one of the oldest examples" 12641" of which is illustrated below." 12642msgstr "" 12643 12644#. type: Content of: <p><figure><p><figcaption> 12645#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:229 12646msgid "" 12647"Fig.1 List of Lokono stars by Theodor Schulz, circa 1803.<sup><a " 12648"href=\"#footnote-23\">[23]</a></sup>" 12649msgstr "" 12650 12651#. type: Content of: <p> 12652#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:233 12653msgid "" 12654"It is this literature that allows us to party reconstruct the Lokono stellar" 12655" knowledge, described below. Before discussing the individual celestial " 12656"bodies, however, several general features of Lokono astronomy merit a " 12657"mention, namely:" 12658msgstr "" 12659 12660#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 12661#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:235 12662msgid "" 12663"the overlap with the astronomical traditions of neighboring indigenous " 12664"groups." 12665msgstr "" 12666 12667#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 12668#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:236 12669msgid "" 12670"the oral traditions explaining the origin and significance of celestial " 12671"bodies." 12672msgstr "" 12673 12674#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 12675#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:237 12676msgid "" 12677"the use of the term <em>koya</em> ‘spirit’ in the names of " 12678"numerous constellations." 12679msgstr "" 12680 12681#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 12682#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:238 12683msgid "" 12684"the use of the general term <em>wiwa</em> ‘star, year’ and the " 12685"lack of other astronomical terms." 12686msgstr "" 12687 12688#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 12689#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:239 12690msgid "the sky watching practices of the Lokono." 12691msgstr "" 12692 12693#. type: Content of: <h3> 12694#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:243 12695msgid "1. Shared Guianan knowledge" 12696msgstr "" 12697 12698#. type: Content of: <p> 12699#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:244 12700msgid "" 12701"The Lokono territory borders that of two linguistically unrelated indigenous" 12702" peoples, the Kari’na, speaking a Cariban language, and the Warao, " 12703"speaking a language isolate. Though unrelated and traditionally not " 12704"intermarrying, the three groups share a great deal of material and " 12705"immaterial culture. Ethnoastronomical tradition of the three peoples also " 12706"shows a number of striking similarities, such as shared stellar myths, " 12707"similar names of constellations, and parallels in the stellar calendar. This" 12708" speaks to the contacts between the three groups and to the exchange of " 12709"astronomical knowledge, possibly facilitated by their respective spiritual " 12710"leaders, such as the Lokono <em>semethi</em>. The degree to which these " 12711"traditions overlap and the directionality of their exchange require further " 12712"study. Here, we focus on the Lokono and therefore do not discuss these " 12713"cultural borrowings in detail, unless they shed light on the Lokono " 12714"ethnoastronomy." 12715msgstr "" 12716 12717#. type: Content of: <h3> 12718#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:246 12719msgid "2. Stellar oral traditions" 12720msgstr "" 12721 12722#. type: Content of: <p> 12723#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:247 12724msgid "" 12725"One of such shared features are myths about stars. Such oral traditions tell" 12726" of the origins of particular celestial bodies, link them to one another, " 12727"and explain their influence on the natural world. The Lokono constellation " 12728"<em>Hithikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the black curassow’, for instance," 12729" is linked in a Lokono myth to that of <em>Yokhârhin</em> " 12730"‘Hunter’ and <em>Alêti</em> ‘Torch’, all three" 12731" of which have Kari’na and Warao equivalents. It is these oral " 12732"traditions, preserved by the medicine-men, that likely served as the main " 12733"vehicle through which astronomical knowledge was passed from one generation " 12734"to another. For this reason, summaries of the relevant myths are given in " 12735"the description of particular constellations. Occasionally, when the " 12736"relevant Lokono myth is not documented, myths of the neighboring groups are " 12737"referred to in order to illuminate the significance of particular celestial " 12738"bodies. Given that many of such oral traditions are shared by the Lokono and" 12739" the neighboring groups, this enhancement of the poorly preserved Lokono " 12740"astronomical knowledge is justified." 12741msgstr "" 12742 12743#. type: Content of: <h3> 12744#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:249 12745msgid "3. Calendar of spirits" 12746msgstr "" 12747 12748#. type: Content of: <p> 12749#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:250 12750msgid "" 12751"The term <em>koya</em> ‘spirit’, found in numerous constellation" 12752" names typically following a term for a particular plant or animal, is a key" 12753" feature of Lokono astronomy. Walter Roth, an ethnographer of the Guianas, " 12754"explains that such constellations are the spirits of the corresponding " 12755"beings.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup> At a time of the year when" 12756" the constellation appears, the spirit travels from the sky to earth to " 12757"breathe life into the beings it represents. As such, the " 12758"<em>koya</em>-constellations formed a calendar, indicating what the best " 12759"time is to engage in subsistence activities related to these plants and " 12760"animals (e.g. hunting or gathering). The Lokono may have also known where " 12761"such spirits would descend on earth; Walter Roth suggests that they called " 12762"these places with the same names as the constellations but the evidence of " 12763"that remains poor. Thus, <em>Hadorhikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the red " 12764"acouchi’ would refer to the spirit, the constellation, and the place " 12765"where the <em>hadorhi</em> is found in plenty when its constellation " 12766"appears. While this toponymic knowledge is forgotten today, the " 12767"<em>koya</em>-constellations remind us of the great understanding of the " 12768"plant and animal life that the Lokono possessed." 12769msgstr "" 12770 12771#. type: Content of: <h3> 12772#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:252 12773msgid "4.<em> Wiwa</em>, the star and the year" 12774msgstr "" 12775 12776#. type: Content of: <p> 12777#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:253 12778msgid "" 12779"The Lokono also have another general term that is used to refer to stars, " 12780"<em>wiwa</em>. The term lacks the spiritual connotations of <em>koya. " 12781"</em>It refers, on the one hand, to the physical quality of stars as " 12782"something shining and, on the other hand, to the calendar year. As such, it " 12783"is used, for instance, when talking about one’s age. While it can " 12784"apply to any star, <em>wiwa</em> appears only in two proper names of " 12785"celestial bodies. <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em>, literally ‘Scores of " 12786"stars’ (Pleiades), is the most important of all Lokono constellations," 12787" whose appearance traditionally commences the Lokono calendar year. " 12788"Following <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> are the numerous " 12789"<em>koya</em>-constellations, each signaling a different season in the " 12790"Lokono calendar. On the other hand, <em>Wiwa kalemero</em>, literally " 12791"‘Shining star’ (Jupiter) appears to have been singled out solely" 12792" due to its brightness. Apart from <em>wiwa </em>and <em>koya</em>, there " 12793"are no generic terms distinguishing planets, stars, moons, suns, galaxies " 12794"and so on in the Lokono language. For this reason, the Lokono equivalent of " 12795"the Milky Way, for instance, is included among other constellations." 12796msgstr "" 12797 12798#. type: Content of: <h3> 12799#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:255 12800msgid "5. Sky watching practices" 12801msgstr "" 12802 12803#. type: Content of: <p> 12804#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:256 12805msgid "" 12806"While the Lokono can admire the sky in the evening, to follow the Lokono " 12807"stellar calendar, one has to look at the constellations around 4 am in the " 12808"morning, the time when the Lokono usually wake up. The Lokono thus observe " 12809"the rising of the constellations in the morning. To get the right idea of " 12810"the yearly cycle of constellations, one should also set the viewing location" 12811" to the Guianas (e.g. Georgetown, Paramaribo, or Cayenne in the location " 12812"menu). It merits a mention that many Lokono, when drawing constellations, " 12813"did not connect the stars with lines and that in some cases, there was " 12814"little agreement among speakers as to which star within a constellation " 12815"corresponds to which parts of the plant or animal it represents. In " 12816"Stellarium, we represent constellations with lines, but it should be kept in" 12817" mind that this may be a distortion of the Lokono tradition, which allows " 12818"for more flexibility in interpreting particular star groups. Finally, there " 12819"are restrictions on looking at some celestial bodies, since it is believed " 12820"that a spirit can harm one if looked at.<sup><a " 12821"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> For instance, by full moon, mothers " 12822"covered the eyes of their children so that they would not become " 12823"sick.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> Young people were also told " 12824"not to look at <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> (Pleiades), or else they would not" 12825" grow.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> Such practices applied also" 12826" to other objects believed to harbor powerful spirits and included other " 12827"ways of avoiding eye-contact with spirits such rubbing peppers, limes, or " 12828"salt into one’s eyes." 12829msgstr "" 12830 12831#. type: Content of: <h3> 12832#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:258 12833msgid "Lokono celestial bodies" 12834msgstr "" 12835 12836#. type: Content of: <p> 12837#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:259 12838msgid "<em>Hadali</em> 'Sun'" 12839msgstr "" 12840 12841#. type: Content of: <p> 12842#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:260 12843msgid "" 12844"The Lokono term for the Sun is <em>Hadali</em>, also pronounced as " 12845"<em>Adali</em>. Claaudius de Goeje suggests that the variously spelled names" 12846" of the Lokono culture hero, the first medicine-man known as " 12847"<em>Harlitvanli</em>, <em>Haliwalika</em>, <em>Halwanli</em>, " 12848"<em>Hariwalli</em>, and <em>Arawanili</em>, and sometimes <em>Arawidi,</em> " 12849"may all refer to the same hero identified as the Sun.<sup><a " 12850"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup> While we cannot confirm this hypothesis, " 12851"the myth of <em>Arawidi</em> is worth mentioning. In the Lokono myth, " 12852"<em>Arawidi</em>, the Sun, is the father of a man that becomes the " 12853"constellation <em>Mabukuli</em> ‘Man without a thigh’ " 12854"(Orion’s belt).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a " 12855"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a " 12856"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, the Sun used to" 12857" come to earth in the shape of a man called <em>Arawidi</em> to meet his " 12858"lover with whom he had twins. In a later episode of the myth, one of the " 12859"twins marries a woman, whose mother the couple decide to kill. When they try" 12860" to escape, the wife’s sister chases them and manages to cut off his " 12861"leg in revenge. As a result, the man ascends to the sky and becomes the " 12862"constellation <em>Mabukuli</em>. Another Lokono myth warns against offending" 12863" the Sun: a man, stuck on an uninhabited island in the middle of a swamp, " 12864"cries out for help. A boat passes him, but inside the boat is the Sun, which" 12865" does not want to help the man, since people always complain that the Sun " 12866"shines too hard.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>. As far as " 12867"practices related to the Sun, Im Thurn reported that among the Lokono, the " 12868"eclipse of the Sun was considered a war between <em>Hadali</em> and " 12869"<em>Kathi</em>, the Moon, and that the Lokono would shout and make all kinds" 12870" of noises to stop them from fighting.<sup><a " 12871"href=\"#footnote-12\">[12]</a></sup>" 12872msgstr "" 12873 12874#. type: Content of: <p> 12875#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:262 12876msgid "<em>Kathi</em> 'Moon'" 12877msgstr "" 12878 12879#. type: Content of: <p> 12880#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:263 12881msgid "" 12882"The moon is known as <em>Kathi</em>, a term first recorded by Joannes de " 12883"Laet as <em>cattehee</em> around 1598, and used also to refer to the lunar " 12884"month.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-13\">[13]</a></sup> According to the Lokono, " 12885"the Moon, like the Sun, was once a man. Walter Roth reports a Lokono myth, " 12886"in which a young woman was visited by a mysterious lover night after " 12887"night.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> To find out who the lover" 12888" was, the woman smeared her hands with the soot from the bottom of a pot. " 12889"Next day, when she woke up, she found that her brother’s face was " 12890"covered in soot and realized it was him who visited her at night. Everybody " 12891"in her community started to avoid the incestuous brother, who became so " 12892"ashamed that he kept away from the people and ultimately ascended to the " 12893"sky, becoming the Moon. This is why, according to the Lokono, the face of " 12894"the moon is dirty today. The Moon appears also in another myth. In the " 12895"Lokono myth about a man stuck on an uninhabited island mentioned above, " 12896"another boat passes the man, but this time inside is the Moon, which decides" 12897" to help the man, since people are always happy to see the Moon come out at " 12898"night.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The Moon and Sun are also" 12899" depicted as opponents. In previous times, the Lokono believed that the " 12900"eclipse of the Moon is its death (<em>kathi ôdon</em> ‘moon " 12901"dying’) and would keep watch all night.<sup><a " 12902"href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> The Lokono say during the eclipse of the " 12903"Moon that the Moon has fallen asleep on the Sun’s path.<sup><a " 12904"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> Therefore, they make a lot of noise, " 12905"play drums, and blow shell trumpets to wake him up. By full moon, mothers " 12906"would cover the eyes of their children so that they do not become sick." 12907msgstr "" 12908 12909#. type: Content of: <p> 12910#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:265 12911msgid "<em>Warhokoma</em> 'Venus'" 12912msgstr "" 12913 12914#. type: Content of: <p> 12915#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:266 12916msgid "" 12917"The planet Venus, both when it appears in the morning as the Morning Star " 12918"and when it appears in the evening as the Evening Star, is called " 12919"<em>Warhokoma</em> by the Lokono.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], " 12920"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-14\">[14], </a></sup><sup><a " 12921"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> Charles Dance, on the other hand, " 12922"reports the terms <em>Eweiwah</em> and <em>Huewah</em>, probably the " 12923"equivalents of the general term <em>wiwa</em> ‘star’ which can " 12924"be used for any shining celestial body.<sup><a " 12925"href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> The Lokono also speak of Venus as " 12926"<em>Hiyaro wiwa</em> ‘women’s star’. In relation to this, " 12927"it merits a mention that Claudius de Goeje reports that when <em>Hiyaro " 12928"wiwa</em> appears close to the Moon, and a girl is about to have her first " 12929"menstruation, the Lokono say that the girl will soon be touched by the " 12930"Moon.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> There is no myth about " 12931"<em>Warhokoma</em> specifically and its relation to the Moon, but it is " 12932"worth reminding that the Lokono know a story, in which the Moon was " 12933"originally a man who committed incest with his sister (see the myth " 12934"mentioned under <em>Kathi</em>), and has a name as a womanizer.<sup><a " 12935"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> Interestingly, the name " 12936"<em>Warhokoma</em> for Morning or Evening Star appears also in " 12937"Kari’na, who see it also as the Moon's wife.<sup><a " 12938"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17],</a></sup> <sup><a " 12939"href=\"#footnote-18\">[18]</a></sup>" 12940msgstr "" 12941 12942#. type: Content of: <p> 12943#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:268 12944msgid "<em>Waya nukuthi bunaha</em> 'Milky Way'" 12945msgstr "" 12946 12947#. type: Content of: <p> 12948#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:269 12949msgid "" 12950"The Milky Way is known among the Lokono as <em>Waya nukuthi bunaha, " 12951"</em>literally ‘Path of the carriers of clay’. The Milky Way " 12952"represents the footprints of men who once went to fetch clay for making " 12953"pots, an art that is, rarely if at all, practiced by the Lokono today. The " 12954"origin of the name, however, is still known, and is summarized in a " 12955"myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-19\">[19]</a></sup> The same name for Milky " 12956"Way was noted by William Brett who adds that it is named after a specific " 12957"whitish type of clay.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-14\">[14]</a></sup> Charles " 12958"Dance, on the other hand, says that the Milky Way represents the footprints " 12959"of peccaries rooting up the clay, while Walter Roth mentions a different " 12960"Lokono explanation, according to which the Milky way represents a tapir " 12961"chased by a dog and jaguar.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], " 12962"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> However, these two " 12963"sources do not give the corresponding Lokono name for the Milky Way, and it " 12964"is possible that these two explanations are a Kari’na influence, who " 12965"recognize a constellation of a tiger following the constellation of a tapir " 12966"within that of the Milky Way.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>" 12967msgstr "" 12968 12969#. type: Content of: <p> 12970#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:271 12971msgid "<em>Mali</em> 'Sirius'" 12972msgstr "" 12973 12974#. type: Content of: <p> 12975#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:272 12976msgid "" 12977"The modern Lokono call Sirius <em>Mali</em>, the literal meaning of which is" 12978" unknown. Cornelius van Coll describes a Lokono star called <em>Mali</em> " 12979"and explains that it is a very powerful star.<sup><a " 12980"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a " 12981"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> When it comes up in the morning in " 12982"August, it kills the fish in the swamps, and one should not point at it or " 12983"one’s finger will become lame. Cornelius van Coll’s " 12984"<em>Mali</em> marks the beginning of the big dry season (August to " 12985"December), called in Lokono <em>malidalithe</em>, a term derived from " 12986"<em>Mali</em>. Older sources identified <em>Mali</em> tentatively as Lyra, " 12987"Aquila, or Crux, but given that the big dry season starts around August and " 12988"that the Lokono observe the stars in the morning, these identifications must" 12989" be incorrect; Lyra, Aquila, and Crux cannot be seen at this time from the " 12990"Lokono territories.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 12991"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> There are no Lokono myths about " 12992"<em>Mali</em>, but there is evidence that is may correspond to the " 12993"Kari’na constellation <em>Ombatapo</em> ‘Previous face’. " 12994"The Kari’na myths explain the origin of the constellation and its " 12995"name, which, like the Lokono <em>Mali</em>, is believed to kill the fish in " 12996"the swamps and announces the beginning of the big dry season. Moreover, the " 12997"Kari’na <em>Ombatapo </em>is identified as parts of Puppis and Canis " 12998"Major, the latter of which includes Sirius.<sup><a " 12999"href=\"#footnote-18\">[18], </a></sup><sup><a " 13000"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>" 13001msgstr "" 13002 13003#. type: Content of: <p> 13004#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:274 13005msgid "<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> 'Scores of stars'" 13006msgstr "" 13007 13008#. type: Content of: <p> 13009#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:275 13010msgid "" 13011"The constellation <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> or <em>Wiwa yôkoro</em>, " 13012"literally ‘Score of stars’, refers to the Pleiades and is easily" 13013" recognized by the contemporary Lokono. This is likely because " 13014"<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> is described as the most important of Lokono " 13015"constellations, since it announce the beginning of the Lokono year.<sup><a " 13016"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> After it comes out first in June in the" 13017" east, it is followed by the numerous <em>koya</em>-constellations referring" 13018" to the spirits of animals and plants that constitute the Lokono calendar. " 13019"At that time of the year, the Lokono say <em>Yôkoro wiwa kayaran</em> " 13020"‘the birth of <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em>’. It is said that if " 13021"<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> shines strong when it appears for the first time," 13022" many people will die in the coming year.<sup><a " 13023"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> Cornelius van Coll also warns that young " 13024"people should not look at it, or else they will not grow.<sup><a " 13025"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> These omens and warnings are related to a" 13026" Lokono myth. According to the story, there were once twin brothers, one of " 13027"which had a wife, and said that death would come when their star, " 13028"<em>Yôkoro Wiwa</em>, rises.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>" 13029" Death came indeed, killing even his wife, roasting her on the fire, and the" 13030" Lokono became angry and brought a giant green anaconda to swallow the " 13031"twins. The snake ate one of the brothers, but because it was already 5 am " 13032"and the day broke, the snake could not eat the other brother. The snake is " 13033"now the constellation <em>Kamodokoya </em>‘Spirit of the green " 13034"anaconda’, in the belly of which <em>Yôkoro Wiwa</em> is said to" 13035" be located (see also the <em>Yorhada</em> myth). In another narrative, the " 13036"Lokono explain that the <em>Yôkoro Wiwa </em>represents seven brothers" 13037" lost in a savannah on their way back home, a motif also known from a " 13038"Kari'na story.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>" 13039msgstr "" 13040 13041#. type: Content of: <p> 13042#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:277 13043msgid "<em>Yorhada</em> 'Grill'" 13044msgstr "" 13045 13046#. type: Content of: <p> 13047#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:278 13048msgid "" 13049"The constellation <em>Yorhada</em> ‘Grill’, or <em>Wiwa " 13050"yorhadale</em> ‘Star’s grill’, represents a wooden grill, " 13051"on which meat is roasted.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4], </a></sup><sup><a" 13052" href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 13053"href=\"#footnote-21\">[21]</a></sup> Its origin is explained in a myth " 13054"related by Walter Roth about a man who killed his wife, roasted her, and fed" 13055" her liver to his mother-in-law because she called him a worthless " 13056"hunter.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> In revenge, the mother " 13057"asked her brother, <em>Kamodo</em> to kill the man when he went hunting. The" 13058" man suspected the woman set a trap and escaped death by sending his brother" 13059" instead. The grill on which the wife was roasted became the Western " 13060"constellation Pegasus, according to contemporary Lokono, marking the " 13061"beginning of the small dry season (April), the time when the Lokono roast a " 13062"lot of fish. The myth is similar to that of <em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> and " 13063"the twins, in which the older brother is responsible for roasting his wife " 13064"and may be the same as the man who roasted his wife in the <em>Yorhada</em> " 13065"myth. In both myths, the younger brother killed by the anaconda becomes " 13066"<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em>, while the grill becomes <em>Yorhada</em>. " 13067"Claudius de Goeje suggested that <em>Yorhada</em> is the Western " 13068"constellation Corvus, but Corvus does not appear at beginning of the small " 13069"dry season.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The neighboring " 13070"Warao also know Pegasus as the grill, and are familiar with the myth.<sup><a" 13071" href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup>" 13072msgstr "" 13073 13074#. type: Content of: <p> 13075#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:280 13076msgid "<em>Kamodokoya</em> 'Spirit of the green anaconda'" 13077msgstr "" 13078 13079#. type: Content of: <p> 13080#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:281 13081msgid "" 13082"<em>The constellation Kamodokoya</em>, ‘Spirit of the green anaconda " 13083"(<em>Eunectes murinus</em>)', also called <em>Waroboshi</em> remains poorly " 13084"described.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> Older sources suggest " 13085"it is Perseus, Pleiades, Scorpio, or Ophiuchus, but the exact stars remain " 13086"unidentified.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a " 13087"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 13088"href=\"#footnote-21\">[21]</a></sup> Several myths explain its origin. " 13089"According to Walter Roth, a man killed his wife, roasted her, and fed her " 13090"liver to her mother because she called him a worthless hunter.<sup><a " 13091"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10],</a></sup> In revenge, she asked <em>Kamodo</em> " 13092"to kill him, but the man escaped the snake who ate his younger brother " 13093"instead. The constellation <em>Kamodokoya</em> has <em>Yôkoro " 13094"wiwa</em>, the brother, inside, and is close to <em>Yorhada</em> " 13095"‘Grill’, on which the wife was roasted. Notably, Theodor Schultz" 13096" list the constellation <em>Waroboshi yorhadale</em> 'The grill of the green" 13097" anaconda' which could be the same as the constellation " 13098"<em>Yorhada</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-23\">[23]</a></sup> Cornelius van " 13099"Coll speaks of twins, one of whom had a wife, and warned that their star " 13100"brings death.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> Indeed, even his " 13101"wife died, roasted on the fire. The Lokono had the snake kill the man, and " 13102"ascend to the sky as <em>Kamodokoya</em>. Finally, Claudius de Goeje relates" 13103" a myth of a woman who felt a desire for men, and put a <em>katuburi</em> " 13104"flower in her vagina, and became pregnant. Her child was partly a snake, and" 13105" people wanted to kill it, so it ascended to the sky." 13106msgstr "" 13107 13108#. type: Content of: <p> 13109#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:283 13110msgid "<em> Kibiwarhakoya </em> 'Spirit of the capybara'" 13111msgstr "" 13112 13113#. type: Content of: <p> 13114#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:284 13115msgid "" 13116"The constellation <em>Kibiwarhakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the " 13117"capybara’ (<em>Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris</em>) was mentioned by the " 13118"Penard brothers.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The same source" 13119" also informs us that it is followed by the constellation " 13120"<em>Kamodokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the green anaconda’. The " 13121"constellation remains unidentified and its significance is unknown. No " 13122"related myths have been documented." 13123msgstr "" 13124 13125#. type: Content of: <p> 13126#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:286 13127msgid "<em>Mabukuli</em> 'Man without a thigh'" 13128msgstr "" 13129 13130#. type: Content of: <p> 13131#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:287 13132msgid "" 13133"The constellation <em>Mabukuli</em> ‘Man without a thigh’ is " 13134"well known among the Lokono and appears in a few myths. According to Charles" 13135" Dance, an unsuccessful huntsman cut off his own leg, wrapped it up in a " 13136"leaf, and gave to his step mother so that she had something to eat, and " 13137"ascended to sky.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> Similarly, the " 13138"Penard brothers speak of an unsuccessful hunter who cut off his leg and gave" 13139" it to his wife and mother-in-law, telling them it was tapir meat.<sup><a " 13140"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> He then asked other people to follow " 13141"his traces to help him bring the rest of the tapir, but when they arrived at" 13142" the place they only found the <em>akalali</em> plant with which he treated " 13143"his wounds. His body turned into the <em>Kama tâla</em> constellation " 13144"and his spirit into <em>Mabukuli</em>. Claudius de Goeje relates a " 13145"strikingly different myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The " 13146"Sun, once a man called <em>Arawidi </em>(see the myth about <em>Hadali</em> " 13147"'Sun'), took a woman as his wife, who followed him with unborn twins inside " 13148"her. One day, she lost the way and ended up being eaten by vulture spirits, " 13149"but her twins were brought up by an old woman, whom they later killed and " 13150"ran away. While hiding in a treetop, they saw a woman catching fish with a " 13151"sifter. She saw their reflection in the water and tried to catch it, at " 13152"which they laughed. She then realized they were up in the tree, and sent " 13153"ants up the tree to make them come down. When they came down, she killed one" 13154" of them and took the other home. One of her daughters fell in love with the" 13155" man and married him. Now the husband had to catch a lot of fish every day " 13156"for the mother-in-law. One day, tired of his demanding mother-in-law, he " 13157"tricked her into getting into the water to help him unload a boat full of " 13158"fish, where she was eaten by a shark. When her other daughter arrived, the " 13159"liver of her mother was still floating on the water and told her that the " 13160"man killed her. The daughter wanted to kill him but he flew away on wings of" 13161" cotton that his wife made for him, so she only cut his thigh off, which is " 13162"why he is now the constellation <em>Mabukuli</em>. It appears the Orion's " 13163"belt represents the cut-off leg, not the man himself." 13164msgstr "" 13165 13166#. type: Content of: <p> 13167#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:289 13168msgid "<em>Kama tâla</em> 'Jaw of the tapir'" 13169msgstr "" 13170 13171#. type: Content of: <p> 13172#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:290 13173msgid "" 13174"The constellation <em>Kama tâla</em> ‘Jaw of the tapir’ is" 13175" one of the few constellations identified easily by the contemporary Lokono," 13176" just like <em>Mabukuli</em>, to which it is related in a myth.<sup><a " 13177"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], </a></sup><sup><a " 13178"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> The Penard brothers recount the story " 13179"of an unsuccessful hunter, who cuts meat off his leg and gives it to his " 13180"wife and mother-in-law, telling them it is tapir meat (<em>Tapirus " 13181"terrestris</em>).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> He then asks " 13182"his fellow people to follow him and help bring the rest of the tapir, but " 13183"when they arrive at the place they only find the <em>akalali</em> plant with" 13184" which he treated his wounds. His body turned into <em>Kama tâla</em> " 13185"and his spirit into <em>Mabukuli</em>. In a Kari’na story, on the " 13186"other hand, <em>Kama tâla</em> was the remains of a tapir that the " 13187"mythical twins were hunting, one of whom accidentally gets his leg severed " 13188"and becomes the constellation of man without a thigh." 13189msgstr "" 13190 13191#. type: Content of: <p> 13192#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:292 13193msgid "<em>Hithikoya</em> 'Spirit of the black curassow'" 13194msgstr "" 13195 13196#. type: Content of: <p> 13197#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:293 13198msgid "" 13199"The constellation <em>Hithikoya</em> is the ‘Spirit of the black " 13200"curassow’ (<em>Crax alector</em>), a commonly hunted bird, often kept " 13201"as a pet for its feathers and eggs. According to a Lokono myth, " 13202"<em>Hithikoya</em> lived on earth, but the Lokono kept shooting him.<sup><a " 13203"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> As a result, he ascended to the sky to " 13204"warn black curassows about the approaching hunter (see " 13205"<em>Yokhârhin</em>) and his companion with a torch (see " 13206"<em>Alêti</em>). The Lokono identify <em>Hithikoya</em> as the Western" 13207" constellation Crux. When it appears just above the trees in January, the " 13208"curassows roam on the ground and are easy to catch. Over the following " 13209"months, the higher <em>Hithikoya</em> rises in the morning, the higher the " 13210"birds climb up the trees. By March, it appears high in the sky and the birds" 13211" are found in the tops of the trees. <em>Hithikoya </em>thus informs the " 13212"Lokono where to search for the birds at a given time of the year. The Lokono" 13213" even make hunting charms (<em>bina</em>) from a plant, whose leaves " 13214"resemble the bird, rubbed into the lips of the hunter so that he can imitate" 13215" the calls of the bird, increasing his chances of catching one.<sup><a " 13216"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a " 13217"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>" 13218msgstr "" 13219 13220#. type: Content of: <p> 13221#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:295 13222msgid "<em>Yokhârhin</em> 'Hunter'" 13223msgstr "" 13224 13225#. type: Content of: <p> 13226#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:296 13227msgid "" 13228"The constellation <em>Yokhârhin</em> ‘Hunter’ corresponds " 13229"to α Centauri and represents the man hunting <em>Hithikoya</em>, the " 13230"‘Spirit of the black curassow’ (see <em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a " 13231"href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], " 13232"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> His companion holding" 13233" a torch known as <em>Alêti</em> is represented by β Centauri. " 13234"The myth reported by the Penard brothers that explains the origin of " 13235"<em>Hithikoya</em> includes also these two characters.<sup><a " 13236"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, " 13237"<em>Hithikoya</em> used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept tracking him " 13238"down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the sky to serve as" 13239" a signal for black curassows warning them about the approaching hunter " 13240"(<em>Yokhârhin</em>) and his companion with a torch " 13241"(<em>Alêti</em>). As <em>Hithikoya</em> appears higher and higher in " 13242"the morning between January and March, <em>Yokhârhin</em> and " 13243"subsequently <em>Alêti</em> appear on the horizon following it. This " 13244"indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the" 13245" tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops." 13246msgstr "" 13247 13248#. type: Content of: <p> 13249#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:298 13250msgid "<em>Alêti</em> 'Torch'" 13251msgstr "" 13252 13253#. type: Content of: <p> 13254#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:299 13255msgid "" 13256"The constellation <em>Alêti</em> ‘Torch’ corresponds " 13257"to β Centauri and represents the companion of the hunter " 13258"<em>Yokhârhin</em>, holding a torch torch made from a piece of cloth " 13259"dipped in beeswax known as <em>Alêti</em>.<sup><a " 13260"href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], " 13261"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> " 13262"<em>Alêti</em> follows <em>Yokhârhin</em> so as not to scare the" 13263" black curassow bird with the light of the torch. The myth reported by the " 13264"Penard brothers that explains the origin of <em>Hithikoya</em> 'Spirit of " 13265"the black curassow' includes also these two characters (see " 13266"<em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According " 13267"to the story, <em>Hithikoya</em> used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept " 13268"tracking him down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the " 13269"sky to serve as a signal for black curassows warning them about the " 13270"approaching hunter (<em>Yokhârhin</em>) and his companion with a torch" 13271" (<em>Alêti</em>). As <em>Hithikoya</em> appears higher and higher in " 13272"the morning between January and March, <em>Yokhârhin</em> and " 13273"subsequently <em>Alêti</em> appear on the horizon following it. This " 13274"indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the" 13275" tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops." 13276msgstr "" 13277 13278#. type: Content of: <p> 13279#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:301 13280msgid "<em>Anorhâkoya</em> 'Spirit of the cocoi heron'" 13281msgstr "" 13282 13283#. type: Content of: <p> 13284#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:302 13285msgid "" 13286"The constellation <em>Anorhâkoya </em>represents the spirit of the " 13287"cocoi heron (<em>Ardea cocoi</em>). It is recognized by contemporary Lokono " 13288"as Ursa Major, in keeping with earlier identifications.<sup><a " 13289"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 13290"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> Claudius de Geoje reports that when it " 13291"shines strong, the Lokono believe that strong winds will come, bringing dust" 13292" into peoples’ eyes and consequently diseases: the heron picks their " 13293"eyes with its beak, it is said.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> " 13294"Similarly, according to Cornelius van Coll, <em>Anorhâkoya</em> is a " 13295"heron whose beak is upside down. Should its beak be turned downwards, people" 13296" would get all kinds of eye diseases.<sup><a " 13297"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> This can still happen when strong winds " 13298"blow and carry the light from the beak into peoples’ eyes, since the " 13299"light of <em>Anorhâkoya</em> (and other stars) travels with the wind " 13300"according to the Lokono. The constellation is associated with the big dry " 13301"season (August to December) and the storms and winds that are typical of " 13302"this time. It appears in the morning in mid-November in the northeast with " 13303"its beak down." 13304msgstr "" 13305 13306#. type: Content of: <p> 13307#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:304 13308msgid "<em>Honolikoya</em> 'Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron'" 13309msgstr "" 13310 13311#. type: Content of: <p> 13312#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:305 13313msgid "" 13314"Another Lokono constellation named after a species of a heron is " 13315"<em>Honolikoya</em> ‘<em>Spirit of the rufescent tiger " 13316"heron</em>’ (<em>Tigrisoma lineatum</em>). It is reported in " 13317"historical sources as the equivalent of the Kari’na constellation " 13318"<em>Kumawari yumï</em> (‘Father of the cocoi heron’). This is " 13319"likely a mistake as <em>honoli</em> is a different and well-known species of" 13320" a heron. It is possible that <em>Honolikoya</em> refers to the same " 13321"constellation as <em>Anorhâkoya</em>, interpreted differently by different " 13322"Lokono consultants, but it is also possible it is a different constellation." 13323" In any case, <em>Honolikoya</em> remains unidentified.<sup><a " 13324"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> Just like <em>Anorhâkoya</em>, " 13325"the constellation is said to bring diseases of the eyes when it appears in " 13326"the morning sky. From the Penard brothers' description we can infer that " 13327"<em>Honolikoya</em> should appear between June and the big dry season, which" 13328" lasts from end of August until the beginning of December. There appears to " 13329"be no specific myth associated with this constellation.<sup><a " 13330"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>" 13331msgstr "" 13332 13333#. type: Content of: <p> 13334#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:307 13335msgid "<em>Kasorhowakoya</em> 'Spirit of the four-eyed fish'" 13336msgstr "" 13337 13338#. type: Content of: <p> 13339#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:308 13340msgid "" 13341"The constellation <em>Kasorhowakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the four-eyed " 13342"fish’ (<em>Anableps anableps</em>) was identified by the contemporary " 13343"Lokono as λ Scorpii and υ Scorpii. In earlier sources it is " 13344"identified as the upper part of Scorpio’s tail, which is in keeping " 13345"with the 21st century data.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup> The " 13346"constellation represents the two eyes of the four-eyed fish, which is known " 13347"for the fact that its eyes are always sticking above the water, and is " 13348"therefore sometimes considered an incarnation of the water spirit. There is " 13349"no Lokono myth concerning the four-eyed fish, and it remains unknown what " 13350"the appearance of this constellation signifies. However, it merits a mention" 13351" that the Kari’na have a constellation representing the same fish, " 13352"which corresponds to the same two stars. Magaña and Jara explain that" 13353" the appearance of the Kari’na constellation announces the fishing " 13354"season for this species.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-18\">[18]</a></sup> It is " 13355"not unlikely that the Lokono constellation had the same function." 13356msgstr "" 13357 13358#. type: Content of: <p> 13359#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:310 13360msgid "<em>Katarhokoya</em> 'Spirit of the green sea turtle'" 13361msgstr "" 13362 13363#. type: Content of: <p> 13364#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:311 13365msgid "" 13366"The constellation <em>Katarhokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the green sea " 13367"turtle’ is still known on the Pomeroon River in Guyana. It represents " 13368"the <em>katarho</em> turtle (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>), swimming towards the " 13369"shore, represented in turn by the Milky Way. When the constellation appears " 13370"in the morning high in the sky, it is a signal that turtles are arriving on " 13371"the beaches to lay eggs. The constellation was identified in earlier sources" 13372" as <em>Corona Borealis</em> and <em>Orion's belt.</em> <sup><a " 13373"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], </a></sup><sup><a " 13374"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> While the former overlaps with the " 13375"stars indicated by the Lokono on the Pomeroon, the latter is likely a " 13376"mistake as <em>Orion’s belt</em> is consistently recognized as " 13377"<em>Mabukuli</em> ‘Man without a thigh’. The constellation " 13378"<em>Katarhokoya</em> rises early in the year, but it appears upside down " 13379"most of the time from the vistas of the Lokono in the Guianas. Only by mid-" 13380"March, a time when several species of turtles indeed lay their eggs on the " 13381"Atlantic coast of the Guianas, does it look like a turtle swimming to the " 13382"shore (Milky Way)." 13383msgstr "" 13384 13385#. type: Content of: <p> 13386#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:313 13387msgid "<em>Hikorhikoya</em> 'Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise'" 13388msgstr "" 13389 13390#. type: Content of: <p> 13391#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:314 13392msgid "" 13393"The constellation <em>Hikorhikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the yellow-footed " 13394"tortoise’ was documented by the Penard brothers for the Lokono in " 13395"Suriname; it remains unidentified but it should appear around August (i.e. " 13396"around the beginning of the big dry season).<sup><a " 13397"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 13398"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The Penard brothers explain that when " 13399"the water in the swamps rises, the yellow-footed tortoise, known in Lokono " 13400"as <em>hikorhi</em> (<em>Chelonoidis denticulatus</em>), seeks higher " 13401"grounds, and, presumably, can be more easily found. There are no myths " 13402"related to the constellation specifically. However, it is worth pointing out" 13403" that the tortoise is considered a delicacy among the Lokono. When caught, " 13404"they are often kept around the house in small corrals for long periods of " 13405"time until they are consumed. The Lokono joke that they are " 13406"‘fridges’ since if fed, the tortoise will stay alive for a long " 13407"time, as opposed to an animal that was shot and has to be prepared and eaten" 13408" immediately." 13409msgstr "" 13410 13411#. type: Content of: <p> 13412#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:316 13413msgid "<em>Kwakoya</em> 'Spirit of the blue crab'" 13414msgstr "" 13415 13416#. type: Content of: <p> 13417#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:317 13418msgid "" 13419"The constellation <em>Kwakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the blue crab’ is " 13420"still known in the Lokono communities closer to the coast, which practice " 13421"the annual crab feats. The crab species is likely the same as that " 13422"represented by the Kari’na constellation <em>Kusa yumï</em> " 13423"‘Father of the blue crab’ (<em>Ucides cordatus</em>). The " 13424"constellation appears in the east in the middle of July. By the beginning of" 13425" August, it is high in the sky, signaling that the crabs arrive at the " 13426"beaches to lay their eggs. At this time, the Lokono and other indigenous " 13427"groups of the area congregate to the shore of the Atlantic to catch the " 13428"marching crabs. The crabs are considered a delicacy and when the villagers " 13429"return to the communities with the catch, large feasts are organized during " 13430"which the crabs are eaten. The Penard brothers write that <em>Kwakoya</em> " 13431"appears when the crabs come to lay their eggs in May and June but this " 13432"appears to be incorrect, both given that crabs march later and that the " 13433"constellation recognized by the modern Lokono is not visible in May and June" 13434" from the Guianas.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>" 13435msgstr "" 13436 13437#. type: Content of: <p> 13438#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:319 13439msgid "<em>Ifakoya</em> 'Spirit of the Muscovy duck'" 13440msgstr "" 13441 13442#. type: Content of: <p> 13443#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:321 13444msgid "" 13445"The constellation <em>Ifakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the Muscovy duck’ " 13446"(<em>Cairina moschata</em>) was mentioned by the Penard brothers and " 13447"Claudius de Goeje but remained unidentified until now.<sup><a " 13448"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a " 13449"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The contemporary Lokono on the Pomeroon" 13450" River in Guyana recognize it in parts of the Western constellation Corona " 13451"Australis. There are no myths related to this constellation but the Lokono " 13452"say that when the head of the duck points toward the ground, looking as if " 13453"the duck has its head under the water, the ducks are busy feeding on plants." 13454" The constellation assumes this position from mid-May. At this time, it is " 13455"said that the birds are easier to catch. The Muscovy duck is considered a " 13456"delicacy and is also often kept around the house like chickens. The Kari'na " 13457"and the Warao also recognize the constellation of the Muscovy duck, and at " 13458"least the Warao one corresponds to the same stars.<sup><a " 13459"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>" 13460msgstr "" 13461 13462#. type: Content of: <p> 13463#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:322 13464msgid "<em>Awarhakoya</em> 'Spirit of the awara palm'" 13465msgstr "" 13466 13467#. type: Content of: <p> 13468#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:324 13469msgid "" 13470"The constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the awara palm’" 13471" has the shape of an awara palm (<em>Astrocaryum vulgare</em>). Its " 13472"appearance high in the sky in January means that awara fruits are ripening. " 13473"In the following months, <em>Awarhakoya</em> moves closer to the horizon, " 13474"meaning that the fruits will soon fall to the ground to be picked. This " 13475"occurs in the small dry season (mid-February to April), known as " 13476"<em>awarhadlithe</em>, a term derived from the name of the palm.<sup><a " 13477"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a " 13478"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> There are no myths about <em>Awarhakoya" 13479" </em>but it is said that the constellation is followed by that of the " 13480"<em>Hadorhikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the red acouchi’ and " 13481"<em>Hokorherokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the red-rumped agouti’. Their " 13482"appearance signals that the rodents are gathering by the palms to eat the " 13483"fallen fruit. <em>Awarhakoya</em> is recognized today in stars close to the " 13484"Western constellation Coma Berenices, but older sources suggest it is near " 13485"Sirius.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It is the only " 13486"constellation named after a plant, which speaks to the importance of the " 13487"awara palm to the Lokono. The Kari'na also have a constellation of the " 13488"awara, sometimes recognized in the same stars.<sup><a " 13489"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], </a></sup><sup><a " 13490"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>" 13491msgstr "" 13492 13493#. type: Content of: <p> 13494#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:325 13495msgid "<em>Hadorhikoya</em> 'Spirit of the red acouchi'" 13496msgstr "" 13497 13498#. type: Content of: <p> 13499#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:327 13500msgid "" 13501"The unidentified constellation <em>Hadorhikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the red" 13502" acouchi’ (<em>Myoprocta acouchy</em>) was mentioned by the Penard " 13503"brothers.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It should follow the " 13504"constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> appearing near it sometime after February." 13505" Its appearance signals that the ripe fruits of the palm attract the red " 13506"acouchi to the awara grooves, where they can be hunted. There is no Lokono " 13507"myth about <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, but a Kari’na myth about the " 13508"unidentified Kari’na constellation of the red acouchi relates it to " 13509"the several other constellations. According to the story, there were two " 13510"brothers, of which one had a wife. The unmarried brother killed his brother," 13511" fed his liver to the wife, took her as his wife, and had a child with her. " 13512"The spirit of the dead brother told the woman that his brother killed him, " 13513"so she and her child decided to run away and ascend to the sky as the " 13514"constellation of the agouti and acouchi. The spirit also told his brother to" 13515" cut open his corpse and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, " 13516"while the killer became the constellation of the anaconda.<sup><a " 13517"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>" 13518msgstr "" 13519 13520#. type: Content of: <p> 13521#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:328 13522msgid "<em>Hakorherokoya</em> 'Spirit of the red-rumped agouti'" 13523msgstr "" 13524 13525#. type: Content of: <p> 13526#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:330 13527msgid "" 13528"The unidentified constellation <em>Hokorherokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the " 13529"red-rumped agouti’ was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who explain " 13530"that like <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, it follows <em>Awarhakoya</em>.<sup><a " 13531"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It signals that the ripe fruit attracts" 13532" the agouti (<em>Dasyprocta leporina</em>) to the awara palms, where they " 13533"can be hunted. Claudius de Goeje adds that it is followed by " 13534"<em>Kabadarokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the tiger’, which, like humans," 13535" knows agouti's habits.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> There is" 13536" no Lokono myth about <em>Hokorherokoya</em>, but a Kari’na myth about" 13537" the unidentified constellation of the agouti explains its origin. According" 13538" to the story, there were two brothers, one married, the other not. The " 13539"unmarried one killed the other, fed his liver to the wife, took her as his " 13540"wife, and had a child with her. The dead brother's spirit told her that his " 13541"brother killed him, so she and her child ran away, becoming the agouti and " 13542"acouchi constellations. The spirit then told his brother to open his corpse " 13543"and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, while the killer became " 13544"the anaconda constellation.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>" 13545msgstr "" 13546 13547#. type: Content of: <p> 13548#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:332 13549msgid "<em>Kabadarokoya</em> 'Spirit of the jaguar'" 13550msgstr "" 13551 13552#. type: Content of: <p> 13553#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:333 13554msgid "" 13555"<em>Kabadarokoya</em> or <em>Arhwakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the " 13556"jaguar’ was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to a Lokono " 13557"myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a " 13558"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, " 13559"<em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) was the father of " 13560"<em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), whom he loved so much, " 13561"he did not want to marry her out.<sup><a " 13562"href=\"#footnote-33\">[33]</a></sup> One day a thorn got stuck in his paw " 13563"and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his " 13564"wife. The family always had meat, so other people were jealous and told the " 13565"man that his wife cheated on him. He started mistreating her. When the " 13566"jaguar learned about this, he ran away with his daughter but the man " 13567"followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky. But when the " 13568"Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to earth to kill people. According " 13569"to Claudius de Goeje, it follows the agouti star, a delicacy of the " 13570"jaguars.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is " 13571"unidentified. The Kari’na constellation of the jaguar is said to " 13572"appear around the small dry season, when jaguars roar more because they " 13573"suffer from insects.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], </a></sup><sup><a " 13574"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>" 13575msgstr "" 13576 13577#. type: Content of: <p> 13578#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:335 13579msgid "<em>Korhirhwathekoya</em> 'Spirit of the ocelot'" 13580msgstr "" 13581 13582#. type: Content of: <p> 13583#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:336 13584msgid "" 13585"The constellation <em>Korhirhwathe</em> ‘Spirit of the ocelot’ " 13586"was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to the same Lokono myth " 13587"summarized above for <em>Kabadarokoya</em>.<sup><a " 13588"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, " 13589"<em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) was the father of " 13590"<em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), whom he loved so much, " 13591"he did not want to marry her out. However, one day a thorn got stuck in his " 13592"paw and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his" 13593" wife. The family always had plenty of meat, so other people became jealous " 13594"and told the man that his wife cheated on him. As a result, he started " 13595"mistreating <em>Korhirhwathe</em>. When the jaguar learned about this, he " 13596"took his daughter, and ran away with her into the forest, but the man " 13597"followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky becoming " 13598"constellations. Now, when the Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to " 13599"earth to kill people." 13600msgstr "" 13601 13602#. type: Content of: <p> 13603#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:338 13604msgid "<em>Hawkoya</em> 'Spirit of the pale-throated sloth'" 13605msgstr "" 13606 13607#. type: Content of: <p> 13608#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:339 13609msgid "" 13610"The constellation <em>Hawkoya</em> ‘Spirit of the pale-throated " 13611"sloth’ was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13612"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It represents a species of a sloth " 13613"(<em>Bradypus tridactylus</em>) and is an omen of storms and windy weather " 13614"that occur at the beginning of the big dry season (between August and " 13615"December). At this time, the sloths start to wander about more, and the " 13616"Lokono say that it is because of the winds.<sup><a " 13617"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The constellation remains unidentified." 13618msgstr "" 13619 13620#. type: Content of: <p> 13621#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:341 13622msgid "<em> Warhemedokoya </em> 'Spirit of the two-toed sloth'" 13623msgstr "" 13624 13625#. type: Content of: <p> 13626#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:342 13627msgid "" 13628"Similarly, <em>Warhemedokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the two-toed " 13629"sloth’, mentioned by the Penard brothers, is said to appear when the " 13630"storms and winds of the big dry season are about to start and make the " 13631"sloths move about more.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It " 13632"represents the two-toed sloth (<em>Choloepus didactylus</em>). The " 13633"constellation remains unidentified." 13634msgstr "" 13635 13636#. type: Content of: <p> 13637#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:344 13638msgid "<em> Yôwanakoya </em> 'Spirit of the green iguana'" 13639msgstr "" 13640 13641#. type: Content of: <p> 13642#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:345 13643msgid "" 13644"The constellation <em>Yôwanakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the green " 13645"iguana’ is mentioned by the Penard brothers.<sup><a " 13646"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It represents the green iguana " 13647"(<em>Iguana iguana</em>) and appears when the iguanas lay their eggs in the " 13648"sand, which should be sometime in April and May, but the constellation " 13649"remains unidentified." 13650msgstr "" 13651 13652#. type: Content of: <p> 13653#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:347 13654msgid "<em> Yarheyarherokoya </em> 'Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot'" 13655msgstr "" 13656 13657#. type: Content of: <p> 13658#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:348 13659msgid "" 13660"The constellation <em>Yarheyarherokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the lilac-" 13661"tailed parrot’ (<em>Touit batavicus</em>) was mentioned by Claudius de" 13662" Goeje.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is not" 13663" known to contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used " 13664"to signify." 13665msgstr "" 13666 13667#. type: Content of: <p> 13668#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:350 13669msgid "<em> Marodirokoya </em> 'Spirit of the marail guan'" 13670msgstr "" 13671 13672#. type: Content of: <p> 13673#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:351 13674msgid "" 13675"The constellation <em>Marodikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the marail " 13676"guan’ was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, who comments that it has the" 13677" shape of the marail guan (<em>Penelope marail</em>).<sup><a " 13678"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is not known to " 13679"contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used to signify." 13680msgstr "" 13681 13682#. type: Content of: <p> 13683#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:353 13684msgid "<em> Hikarowanakoya </em> 'Spirit of the little cuckoo'" 13685msgstr "" 13686 13687#. type: Content of: <p> 13688#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:354 13689msgid "" 13690"The constellation <em>Hikarowanakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the little " 13691"cuckoo’ was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13692"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It represents the little cuckoo " 13693"(<em>Coccycua minuta</em>). The constellation remains unidentified; neither " 13694"do we know what its appearance used to signify. However, the Penard brothers" 13695" mention the Kari’na constellation of a cuckoo species identified as " 13696"the very similar <em>Piaya cayana</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], " 13697"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-22\">[22]</a></sup> The Kari'na " 13698"constellation is said to bring luck to hunters. Interestingly, the Lokono " 13699"link hunter’s luck to the little cuckoo as well. They say that if the " 13700"bird passes you calling <em>pikwan pikwan pikwan</em>, you have to watch " 13701"out, as something bad might happen to you." 13702msgstr "" 13703 13704#. type: Content of: <p> 13705#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:356 13706msgid "<em> Sûtukoya </em> 'Spirit of the red-handed tamarin'" 13707msgstr "" 13708 13709#. type: Content of: <p> 13710#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:357 13711msgid "" 13712"The constellation <em>Sûtukoya</em> ‘Spirit of the red-handed " 13713"tamarin’ (<em>Saguinus midas</em>) was mentioned by Cornelius van Coll" 13714" and the Penard brothers but it remains poorly identified.<sup><a " 13715"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], " 13716"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-43\">[43]</a></sup> According to Claudius" 13717" de Goeje, it should correspond to the Western constellation Coma " 13718"Berenices.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It is not clear " 13719"whether this is correct, however, given that today we find the constellation" 13720" <em>Awarhakoya</em> in this part of the sky, which is easily recognized by " 13721"numerous speakers. There are no myths related to this constellation." 13722msgstr "" 13723 13724#. type: Content of: <p> 13725#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:359 13726msgid "<em> Howakoya </em> 'Spirit of the white-faced saki'" 13727msgstr "" 13728 13729#. type: Content of: <p> 13730#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:360 13731msgid "" 13732"The constellation <em>Howakoya</em> 'Spirit of the white-faced saki’ " 13733"was only mentioned by de Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13734"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It represents the spirit of white-faced" 13735" saki (<em>Pithecia pithecia</em>) but the constellation and its " 13736"significance remain unknown.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-44\">[44]</a></sup>" 13737msgstr "" 13738 13739#. type: Content of: <p> 13740#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:362 13741msgid "<em> Imenarikoya </em> 'Spirit of the scorpion'" 13742msgstr "" 13743 13744#. type: Content of: <p> 13745#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:363 13746msgid "" 13747"The constellation <em>Imenarikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the scorpion’ " 13748"was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13749"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation refers to a spirit of" 13750" an unidentified species of a large poisonous scorpion. There are no known " 13751"myths about <em>Imenarikoya</em>. The constellation could be a case of " 13752"cultural borrowing from non-indigenous populations, as has been suggested " 13753"for the Kari'na constellation representing a scorpion." 13754msgstr "" 13755 13756#. type: Content of: <p> 13757#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:365 13758msgid "<em> Maraka </em> 'Rattle of the medicine-man'" 13759msgstr "" 13760 13761#. type: Content of: <p> 13762#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:366 13763msgid "" 13764"The constellation <em> Maraka </em> 'Rattle of the medicine-man' was " 13765"mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, and refers to a rattle used by the Lokono " 13766"medicine-men, which is made of a calabash pierced with a stick, adorned with" 13767" feathers of a certain parrot, and filled with numerous small crystals, each" 13768" of which harbors a different spirit, that is a different type of " 13769"<em>koya</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation" 13770" remains unidentified; there is no Karin'a or Warao equivalent and there are" 13771" no myths related to it." 13772msgstr "" 13773 13774#. type: Content of: <p> 13775#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:368 13776msgid "" 13777"<em> Shimarhabokoya </em> 'Spirit of the bow and arrow' and <em> " 13778"Arakabosakoya </em> 'Spirit of the gun'" 13779msgstr "" 13780 13781#. type: Content of: <p> 13782#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:369 13783msgid "" 13784"The constellation <em>Shimarhabokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the bow and arrow’ and " 13785"<em>Arakabosakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the gun’ were mentioned by Claudius de " 13786"Goeje.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> Both constellations " 13787"remain unidentified and do not have Kari’na and Warao counterparts, and " 13788"there are no myths related to them." 13789msgstr "" 13790 13791#. type: Content of: <p> 13792#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:371 13793msgid "<em> Korherokoya </em> 'Spirit of the parrot'" 13794msgstr "" 13795 13796#. type: Content of: <p> 13797#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:372 13798msgid "" 13799"The constellation <em>Korherokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the " 13800"parrot’ was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13801"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation refers to a spirit of" 13802" an unidentified species of a parrot, but it was mentioned as the equivalent" 13803" of the Kari’na constellation <em>Kurewako yumï</em> ‘Father of the orange-" 13804"winged parrot’, representing the orange-winged parrot (<em>Amazona " 13805"amazonica</em>). There are no known myths about <em>Korherokoya</em>. It " 13806"should appear in February when the parrots are big enough to be taken out of" 13807" their nests, but the constellation remains unidentified." 13808msgstr "" 13809 13810#. type: Content of: <p> 13811#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:374 13812msgid "<em> Kasipenikoya </em> 'Spirit of the sea turtle'" 13813msgstr "" 13814 13815#. type: Content of: <p> 13816#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:375 13817msgid "" 13818"The constellation <em>Kasipenikoya</em> ‘Spirit of the sea " 13819"turtle’ was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a " 13820"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It refers to the spirit of an " 13821"unidentified species of a turtle. It may be the case that it is the same as " 13822"<em>Katarokoya</em>. The term <em>kataro</em> (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>) " 13823"appears to be a term borrowed from Kari’na, it is thus possible that " 13824"<em>kasipeni</em> is the original Lokono term for the same turtle. However, " 13825"there are several species of turtles in the Guianas, thus <em>kataro</em> " 13826"and <em>kasipeni</em> can also refer to different species, and their spirits" 13827" be identified with different constellations." 13828msgstr "" 13829 13830#. type: Content of: <p> 13831#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:378 13832msgid "" 13833"This sky culture was contributed by <a " 13834"href=\"https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka\" class='external text' " 13835"title=\"https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka\" rel=\"nofollow\">Konrad " 13836"Rybka</a> and produced with the help of Lokono speakers in Suriname " 13837"(Cassipora) and Guyana (Wakapoa). The research was carried out as part of " 13838"the project supported by a Rubicon postdoctoral grant from the Netherlands " 13839"Organization for Scientific Research (project number 446-15-012). Quote as: " 13840"Rybka, Konrad 2018. <em>Lokono sky culture: a description of Lokono " 13841"ethnoastronomical knowledge for Stellarium software. </em> Version 1.0" 13842msgstr "" 13843 13844#. type: Content of: <p> 13845#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:383 13846msgid "" 13847"[1] Rybka, Konrad. 2015. <a " 13848"href=\"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24635\">“State-of-" 13849"the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language.”</a> Language " 13850"Documentation and Conservation 9: 110–13." 13851msgstr "" 13852 13853#. type: Content of: <p> 13854#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:385 13855msgid "" 13856"[2] Rybka, Konrad. 2017. <a " 13857"href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781614514886/9781614514886-010/9781614514886-010.xml" 13858" \">“Contact-Induced Phenomena in Lokono (Arawakan).”</a> In Boundaries and " 13859"Bridges, edited by Kofi Yakpo and Pieter C. Muysken. Berlin, Boston: De " 13860"Gruyter, pp 257-281." 13861msgstr "" 13862 13863#. type: Content of: <p> 13864#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:388 13865msgid "" 13866"[3] Navarette, Rodrigo Pérez de. 1964. “Relación de Las Provicias y Naciones" 13867" Que Los Indios Llamados Aruacas [Tienen] [...].” In Relaciones Geográficas " 13868"de Venezuela, edited by Antonio Arellano Moreno, 83–87. Caracas: Academia " 13869"Nacional de la Historia." 13870msgstr "" 13871 13872#. type: Content of: <p> 13873#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:390 13874msgid "" 13875"[4] Roth, Walter Edmund. 1924. An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, " 13876"and Customs of the Guiana Indians. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing " 13877"Office." 13878msgstr "" 13879 13880#. type: Content of: <p> 13881#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:392 13882msgid "" 13883"[5] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1943. Philosophy, Initiation and Myths of " 13884"the Indians of Guiana and Adjacent Countries. Archives Internationales " 13885"d’ethnographie. 44." 13886msgstr "" 13887 13888#. type: Content of: <p> 13889#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:394 13890msgid "" 13891"[6] Abbenhuis, M.F. 1939. Arawakken in Suriname: Enquête-Materiaal Voor Een " 13892"Volkenkundige Studie. Paramaribo: Leo Victor." 13893msgstr "" 13894 13895#. type: Content of: <p> 13896#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:396 13897msgid "" 13898"[7] Coll, Cornelius van. 1903. “Gegevens over Land En Volk van Suriname I - " 13899"Suriname’s Oorspronkelijke Bevolking.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En " 13900"Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast " 13901"Asia 55 (1): 453–529." 13902msgstr "" 13903 13904#. type: Content of: <p> 13905#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:398 13906msgid "" 13907"[8] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1928. The Arawak Language of Guiana. " 13908"Amsterdam: Uitgave van der Koninklijke Akademie von Wetenschappen te " 13909"Amsterdam." 13910msgstr "" 13911 13912#. type: Content of: <p> 13913#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:400 13914msgid "" 13915"[9] Brett, William Henry. 1880. Legends and Myths of the Aboriginal Indians " 13916"of British Guiana. London: Williams Wells Gardner." 13917msgstr "" 13918 13919#. type: Content of: <p> 13920#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:402 13921msgid "" 13922"[10] Roth, Walter Edmund. 1915. An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-Lore of" 13923" the Guiana Indians. Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of " 13924"American Ethnology 30. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office." 13925msgstr "" 13926 13927#. type: Content of: <p> 13928#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:404 13929msgid "" 13930"[11] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1942. “De Inwijding Tot Medicijnman Bij de" 13931" Arawakken (Guyana) in Tekst En Mythe.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En " 13932"Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 101: 211–76." 13933msgstr "" 13934 13935#. type: Content of: <p> 13936#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:406 13937msgid "" 13938"[12] Im Thurn, Everard Ferdinand. 1883. Among the Indians of Guiana: Being " 13939"Sketches Chiefly Anthropologic from the Interior of British Guiana. London: " 13940"K. Paul, Trench & Company." 13941msgstr "" 13942 13943#. type: Content of: <p> 13944#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:408 13945msgid "" 13946"[13] Laet, Joannes de. 1633. Novus Orbis, Seu Descriptionis Indiae " 13947"Occidentalis Libri XVIII. Leiden: Apud Elzevirios." 13948msgstr "" 13949 13950#. type: Content of: <p> 13951#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:410 13952msgid "" 13953"[14] Brett, William Henry. 1868. The Indian Tribes of Guiana: Their " 13954"Condition and Habits. London: Bell and Daldy." 13955msgstr "" 13956 13957#. type: Content of: <p> 13958#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:412 13959msgid "" 13960"[15] Baarle, Peter van, Mauricius Alberto Sabajo, van der Stap Gerdy, Sabajo" 13961" Andreas L., and Sabajo Lucia L. 1989. Arhwaka lokonong djang: Arowakse " 13962"taalkursus en woordenboek. Haarlem; Amsterdam: Sociaal-culturele Vereniging " 13963"Ikyoshie ; Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van " 13964"Amsterdam." 13965msgstr "" 13966 13967#. type: Content of: <p> 13968#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:414 13969msgid "" 13970"[16] Dance, Charles D. 1881. Chapters from a Guianese Log Book. Georgetown, " 13971"Guyana." 13972msgstr "" 13973 13974#. type: Content of: <p> 13975#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:416 13976msgid "" 13977"[17] Penard, Frederik Paul, and Arthur Philip Penard. 1907. De Menschetende " 13978"Aanbidders Der Zonneslang. Paramaribo: H.B. Heyde." 13979msgstr "" 13980 13981#. type: Content of: <p> 13982#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:418 13983msgid "" 13984"[18] Magaña, Edmundo, and Fabiola Jara. 1982. “The Carib sky.” Journal de la" 13985" Société des Américanistes 68 (1): 105–32." 13986msgstr "" 13987 13988#. type: Content of: <p> 13989#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:420 13990msgid "" 13991"[19] Bennett, John P. 1995. Twenty-Eight Lessons in Loko (Arawak): A " 13992"Teaching Guide. Georgetown, Guyana: Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology." 13993msgstr "" 13994 13995#. type: Content of: <p> 13996#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:422 13997msgid "" 13998"[20] Ahlbrinck, Willem. 1931. Encyclopaedie Der Karaïben. Amsterdam: " 13999"Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen." 14000msgstr "" 14001 14002#. type: Content of: <p> 14003#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:424 14004msgid "" 14005"[21] Schumann, Christian Ludwig. 1882. “Arawakish-Deutsches Wörterbuch.” In " 14006"Grammaires Et Vocabulaires Roucouyenne, Arrouague, Piapoco Et D’autres " 14007"Langues De La Région Des Guyanes, Par J. Crevaux, P . Sagot, L. Adam..., " 14008"edited by Jules Nicolas Crevaux, Paul Antoine Sagot, and Lucien Adam, 7–165." 14009" Paris: Maisonneuve." 14010msgstr "" 14011 14012#. type: Content of: <p> 14013#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:426 14014msgid "" 14015"[22] Courtz, H. 2008. A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Toronto, ON, Canada: " 14016"Magoria Books." 14017msgstr "" 14018 14019#. type: Content of: <p> 14020#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:428 14021msgid "" 14022"[23] Arawak manuscripts, American Philosophical Society, manuscript " 14023"number:<a " 14024"href=\"https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.498.3.Sch8-ead.xml\">" 14025" Mss.498.3.Sch8. </a>Page 562 in the original manuscript, which corresponds " 14026"to page 576 in the digitalized document. The image was reduced in size, " 14027"cropped, and reproduced here with the kind permission of the American " 14028"Philosophical Society." 14029msgstr "" 14030 14031#. type: Content of: <h2> 14032#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:1 14033msgid "Sky Map of Macedonian People" 14034msgstr "" 14035 14036#. type: Content of: <p> 14037#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:2 14038msgid "" 14039"Ethnoastronomical research among Macedonian people began in 1982, organized " 14040"by the Planetarium at Youth Cultural Centre. In the past years, around 140 " 14041"villages in Republic of Macedonia have been visited and over 1500 " 14042"inhabitants have been interviewed and surveyed. All collected information " 14043"from the population have been published in the book “Sky over Macedonia” " 14044"(Cenev G, 2004). An integral part of this book is the Sky map of Macedonian " 14045"people which has been reconstructed based on the descriptions of " 14046"constellations known to elderly inhabitants of Macedonian villages (Cenev " 14047"G., 2000)." 14048msgstr "" 14049 14050#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14051#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:8 14052msgid "Mother Hen (Kvachka) <i>[Quatʃka]</i>" 14053msgstr "" 14054 14055#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14056#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:9 14057msgid "" 14058"is the best-known constellation, which is recognized by all elderly people " 14059"in Macedonian villages, without any exception. This name people use for the " 14060"star cluster Pleiades" 14061msgstr "" 14062 14063#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14064#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:11 14065msgid "Rooster (Petal) <i>[Petel]</i>" 14066msgstr "" 14067 14068#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14069#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:12 14070msgid "" 14071"This is the name of the star Alnath (or Elnath) from the constellation " 14072"Taurus." 14073msgstr "" 14074 14075#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14076#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:14 14077msgid "Hawk (Јastreb) <i>[Yastreb]</i>" 14078msgstr "" 14079 14080#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14081#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:14 14082msgid "" 14083"Hawk, as one of the most famous enemies of the Mother Hen and the Rooster, " 14084"is right above them in an attacking position. Bright star Capella (Kapela) " 14085"from the constellation Auriga is actually known among people as Hawk." 14086msgstr "" 14087 14088#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14089#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:16 14090msgid "Fox (Lisica) <i>[Lysitsa]</i>" 14091msgstr "" 14092 14093#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14094#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:17 14095msgid "" 14096"Fox is the second by importance natural enemy of the Mother Hen and the " 14097"Rooster so it is obvious why people also “see” it on the sky. The red color" 14098" of the bright star Aldebaran from the constellation of the Bull is the " 14099"reason why people perceive it as a Fox ready to attack the Mother Hen and " 14100"the Rooster." 14101msgstr "" 14102 14103#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14104#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:19 14105msgid "Pigs (Svinji) <i>[Sviƞi]</i>" 14106msgstr "" 14107 14108#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14109#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:20 14110msgid "" 14111"Near to the Mother Hen, people on the sky noticed the star cluster Hyades. " 14112"Scattered appearance of the stars of this cluster associated people to the " 14113"image of pigs in a village yard, and so it’s called Pigs." 14114msgstr "" 14115 14116#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14117#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:22 14118msgid "Yoke (Jarem) <i>[Yarem]</i>" 14119msgstr "" 14120 14121#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14122#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:23 14123msgid "" 14124"People under this name recognize group of stars in the constellation " 14125"Perseus. Yokes for the oxen usually is found in village yards so that is " 14126"why, like the previous constellation, is evidence of the general image of " 14127"people and purpose given to this part of the sky." 14128msgstr "" 14129 14130#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14131#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:25 14132msgid "Ploughman (Orach) <i>[Oratʃ]</i>" 14133msgstr "" 14134 14135#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14136#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:26 14137msgid "" 14138"The Ploughman is one of the three main characters in the sky. It is the name" 14139" people gave to the bright star Betelgeuse in the constellation of Orion. " 14140"Besides Betelgeuse, in building the image of this folk constellation, some " 14141"weaker and less bright stars from the surrounding are also taken into " 14142"account, because people say that the Ploughman is an image of a person with " 14143"a goad as he returns home." 14144msgstr "" 14145 14146#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14147#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:28 14148msgid "Plough with Oxen (Ralo so Volovi) <i>[Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]</i>" 14149msgstr "" 14150 14151#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14152#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:29 14153msgid "" 14154"The constellation Orion with its numerous bright stars and distinctive " 14155"pattern dominates the winter sky and can be easily found. People from " 14156"Macedonian villages usually point at the region around Orion’s belt saying " 14157"that three bright stars and surrounding less bright stars create an image of" 14158" a wooden Plough with two yoked oxen." 14159msgstr "" 14160 14161#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14162#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:31 14163msgid "Wolves (Volci) <i>[Voltsi]</i>" 14164msgstr "" 14165 14166#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14167#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:32 14168msgid "" 14169"Near to the plough with oxen, which is left on a field, people see two " 14170"wolves as well. They are the bright stars Sirius in the constellation Canis " 14171"Major and Procyon in Canis Minor." 14172msgstr "" 14173 14174#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14175#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:34 14176msgid "Priest’s Straw (Popova Slama) <i>[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]</i>" 14177msgstr "" 14178 14179#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14180#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:35 14181msgid "Our galaxy (Milky Way) by its appearance is dominant on the summer sky" 14182msgstr "" 14183 14184#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14185#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:37 14186msgid "Threshing floor (Gumno) <i>[Goumno]</i>" 14187msgstr "" 14188 14189#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14190#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:38 14191msgid "" 14192"Circular and foggy appearance of the Andromeda galaxy (М31) evoked people to" 14193" see the threshing floor with straw from where the Priest was stealing from " 14194"his Godson." 14195msgstr "" 14196 14197#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14198#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:40 14199msgid "Cross (Krst) <i>[Krst]</i>" 14200msgstr "" 14201 14202#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14203#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:41 14204msgid "" 14205"Complement with the people’s belief, when the Priest-thief saw God’s might " 14206"he started running in panic and lost his cross on the way. So next to the " 14207"Priest’s Straw there is the Cross." 14208msgstr "" 14209 14210#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14211#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:43 14212msgid "Ears (Ushi) <i>[Uʃi]</i>" 14213msgstr "" 14214 14215#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14216#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:44 14217msgid "" 14218"By this common word used as a jargon, Macedonian villagers mark the part of " 14219"the wooden plough that goes into the soil, used for plowing." 14220msgstr "" 14221 14222#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14223#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:46 14224msgid "Trivet (Pirustija) <i>[Pirustiya]</i>" 14225msgstr "" 14226 14227#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14228#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:47 14229msgid "" 14230"The trivet is a metal device with three legs (tripod) which fits over the " 14231"fireplace to support pans and kettles while preparing food." 14232msgstr "" 14233 14234#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14235#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:49 14236msgid "Tongs (Mashi) <i>[Maʃy]</i>" 14237msgstr "" 14238 14239#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14240#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:50 14241msgid "" 14242"The Tongs were used for the fire where the trivet is. Thus, the people’s " 14243"constellation Tongs is very close to the constellation Trivet." 14244msgstr "" 14245 14246#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14247#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:52 14248msgid "Low round wooden dining table (Sofra) <i>[Sofra]</i>" 14249msgstr "" 14250 14251#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14252#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:53 14253msgid "" 14254"The typical semi-circular shape of the constellation Corona Borealis evoked " 14255"the image of a wooden round table called sofra." 14256msgstr "" 14257 14258#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14259#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:55 14260msgid "Auger (Svrdel) <i>[Svrdǝl]</i>" 14261msgstr "" 14262 14263#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14264#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:56 14265msgid "" 14266"People say that this is a very big drill used for construction of houses and" 14267" is found inside the Priest’s Straw" 14268msgstr "" 14269 14270#. type: Content of: <dl><dt> 14271#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:58 14272msgid "Thieves (Aramii) <i>[Arami:]</i>" 14273msgstr "" 14274 14275#. type: Content of: <dl><dd> 14276#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:59 14277msgid "" 14278"The famous constellation Ursa Major among the people is described as a group" 14279" of thieves. The seven bright stars of Ursa Major are said to be thieves " 14280"„because during the entire night they circle on the sky same as thieves that" 14281" circle around houses“" 14282msgstr "" 14283 14284#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14285#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:64 14286msgid "" 14287"<a href=\"http://mid.org.mk/ethnoastronomy/\">Macedonian Research " 14288"Society</a>" 14289msgstr "" 14290 14291#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14292#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:65 14293msgid "" 14294"<a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PASRB...4..139C\">Cenev, Gjore " 14295"(1985). <em>The astronomical knowledge of the south-west Macedonia's " 14296"people.</em> \"Publications of the Astronomical Society of \"Rudjer " 14297"Bošković\", No. 4, p. 139 - 146\". Belgrade, Yugoslavia</a>" 14298msgstr "" 14299 14300#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14301#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:66 14302msgid "" 14303"Cenev, Gjore (2004). <em>Sky Map of Macedonian People.</em> Skopje, " 14304"Mladinski kulturen centar." 14305msgstr "" 14306 14307#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14308#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:67 14309msgid "" 14310"Cenev, Gjore (2004). <em>Neboto nad Makedonija [Sky over Macedonia].</em> " 14311"Skopje, Mladinski kulturen centar." 14312msgstr "" 14313 14314#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14315#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:68 14316msgid "" 14317"<a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008POBeo..85...97C\">Cenev, Gjore " 14318"(2008). <em>Macedonian Folk Constellations.</em> Publications of the " 14319"Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade, vol. 85, p. 97-109. Belgrade, " 14320"Serbia.</a>" 14321msgstr "" 14322 14323#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14324#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:69 14325msgid "" 14326"<a " 14327"href=\"http://www.academia.edu/18707131/The_Ancient_Sky_Map_Of_The_Macedonian_People\">Cenev," 14328" Gjore (2014). <em>The Ancient Sky Map Of The Macedonian People.</em> Cosmos" 14329" – The Journal of the Traditional Cosmology Society, volume 30, Edinburgh, " 14330"Scotland, United Kingdom.</a>" 14331msgstr "" 14332 14333#. type: Content of: <p> 14334#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:74 14335msgid "" 14336"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Vancho Stojkoski</i> and <i>Gjore " 14337"Cenev</i> from Macedonian Research Society based primarily on the book " 14338"<b>Sky over Macedonia</b> by Cenev G, 2004." 14339msgstr "" 14340 14341#. type: Content of: <h2> 14342#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:1 14343msgid "Maori (New Zealand)" 14344msgstr "" 14345 14346#. type: Content of: <p> 14347#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:2 14348msgid "" 14349"The Maori (New Zealand) night sky is similar to the Polynesian night sky. " 14350"But it differs enough to warrant it's own sky culture. Maritime themes are " 14351"central to the Maori sky culture and were used extensively in nautical " 14352"navigation. Along with most other cultures, the rising and setting of " 14353"prominent stars were used to signal planting and harvesting seasons." 14354msgstr "" 14355 14356#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14357#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:6 14358msgid "" 14359"<a " 14360"href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Maori_.28New_Zealand.29\">Maori" 14361" sky culture on Stellarium Wiki</a>: a more complete version of this text." 14362msgstr "" 14363 14364#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 14365#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:7 14366msgid "" 14367"<a href=\"http://www.astronomynz.org/\">The Phoenix Astronomical " 14368"Society</a>: a very good website on Maori sky culture (Wairarapa, New " 14369"Zealand)." 14370msgstr "" 14371 14372#. type: Content of: <p> 14373#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:11 14374#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:86 14375msgid "" 14376"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Dan Smale</i>, " 14377"d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz" 14378msgstr "" 14379 14380#. type: Content of: <h2> 14381#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:1 14382msgid "Maya" 14383msgstr "" 14384 14385#. type: Content of: <p> 14386#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:2 14387msgid "" 14388"Maya culture was one of the most sophisticated civilizations in the pre-" 14389"columbian american continent. They developed a writing system which let them" 14390" store and use their knowledge in a variety of forms: e.g. on how to perform" 14391" rituals or delivering particular messages to an audience (political and " 14392"sacred facts from rulers to the people, sculpted in monuments and stelae). " 14393"These records allow us explore, through the laborious work of many " 14394"researchers, their cosmovision and how they thought the cosmos came to be. " 14395"Their knowledge was recorded in books (academically known as “codex”), like " 14396"the Dresden codex (which describes the dates that Venus would pass through " 14397"each of its visibility phases and also a table of lunar and solar eclipses)," 14398" the Paris codex (which is believed to describe some of their " 14399"constellations), the Madrid codex (which relates astronomy and agriculture " 14400"data) and lately, the Grolier codex (it was thought that it was an " 14401"abbreviated version of the Dresden codex, but it is not accepted yet as " 14402"original by some scholars)." 14403msgstr "" 14404 14405#. type: Content of: <p><h5> 14406#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:3 14407msgid "" 14408"<em>Page 49 of the Dresden Codex showing a section of the Venus Table.</em>" 14409msgstr "" 14410 14411#. type: Content of: <p><p> 14412#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:5 14413msgid "" 14414"All mayan codices are thought to have been taken to Europe by the first " 14415"explorers of the New World, as evidence of their discoveries. The Paris " 14416"Codex in particular was then long forgotten, until priest Leon Rosny found " 14417"it in 1859 in a chimney corner of the National Library of Paris. It has " 14418"suffered substantial damage, as can be seen in page 23 shown below. In spite" 14419" of this, the Paris codex describes asterisms and constellations seen by the" 14420" mayas, some of them probably related to a group of zodiacal constellations " 14421"(Love, 1994)(Freidel et al., 1993)(Aveni, 2005), while others do not " 14422"(Špoták, 2015)." 14423msgstr "" 14424 14425#. type: Content of: <p><p><h5> 14426#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:7 14427msgid "<em>Page 23 of the Paris Codex showing some Constellations.</em>" 14428msgstr "" 14429 14430#. type: Content of: <p><p> 14431#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:8 14432msgid "" 14433"In this approach to representing the constellations in Stellarium, we assume" 14434" that are related to the ecliptic, since in the Paris codex they seem to " 14435"\"swallow\" the Sun, so they are placed as close as possible to this line " 14436"while trying to adjust the star patterns to the images of the different " 14437"animals thought to represent zodiacal constellations. Other constellations " 14438"are placed according to what ethnographic sources state are their most " 14439"probable location. Constellation lines were drawn trying to adjust to the " 14440"images taken from the above mentioned sources and they appear according to " 14441"the interpretation of the contributors of this culture." 14442msgstr "" 14443 14444#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14445#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:10 14446msgid "Some of the identified constellations from the Paris Codex are:" 14447msgstr "" 14448 14449#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14450#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:11 14451msgid "<em>Bird <i>[Ch’oom]</i></em>" 14452msgstr "" 14453 14454#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14455#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:12 14456msgid "" 14457"Not clearly identified, but some researchers describe it as a vulture, since" 14458" it is not decorated and relates better to some ethnographic descriptions " 14459"(Špoták, 2015)." 14460msgstr "" 14461 14462#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 14463#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:13 14464#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:16 14465#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:19 14466#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:20 14467#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:23 14468#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:24 14469#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:27 14470#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:28 14471#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:31 14472#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:34 14473#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:37 14474#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:40 14475#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:43 14476#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:56 14477#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:61 14478msgid " " 14479msgstr " " 14480 14481#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14482#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:14 14483msgid "<em>Shark <i>[Xoc]</i></em>" 14484msgstr "" 14485 14486#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14487#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:15 14488msgid "" 14489"The picture used for this constellation is in fact a combination of the " 14490"elements of two animals: head of a snake and tail of a fish, so some " 14491"scholars conclude this is a representation of a shark." 14492msgstr "" 14493 14494#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14495#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:17 14496msgid "<em>Owl <i>[Kulte']</i></em>" 14497msgstr "" 14498 14499#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14500#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:18 14501msgid "" 14502"Identified as such by some scholars, specially because of the small body and" 14503" feathers on the head that it exhibits." 14504msgstr "" 14505 14506#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14507#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:21 14508msgid "<em>Jaguar <i>[Balaam]</i></em>" 14509msgstr "" 14510 14511#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14512#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:22 14513msgid "" 14514"Identified as such because of the typical marks exhibited which are related " 14515"to the skin of this animal." 14516msgstr "" 14517 14518#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14519#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:25 14520msgid "<em>Death <i>[Kimi]</i></em>" 14521msgstr "" 14522 14523#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14524#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:26 14525msgid "" 14526"This constellation appears in the Paris Codex as a skeleton, not yet clear " 14527"whether it's an animal or not." 14528msgstr "" 14529 14530#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14531#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:29 14532msgid "<em>Scorpion <i>[Sina'an]</i></em>" 14533msgstr "" 14534 14535#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14536#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:30 14537msgid "" 14538"Scholars agree that this maya constellation is in accordance to our Western " 14539"culture Scorpion constellation, because of the \"twisted\" body that is " 14540"suggested by this pattern of stars, however, for the mayas the sting is " 14541"closer to the star Antares, because it should be next to the path of the " 14542"Sun, as suggested by its position in the Paris Codex." 14543msgstr "" 14544 14545#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14546#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:32 14547msgid "<em>Rattlesnake <i>[Chaan]</i></em>" 14548msgstr "" 14549 14550#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14551#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:33 14552msgid "" 14553"This animal is present through many species in the central america " 14554"environment, but the one represented in the Paris codex is thought to be the" 14555" Rattlesnake, because of the ending of the tail which shows the typical " 14556"rattling ending of this reptile." 14557msgstr "" 14558 14559#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14560#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:35 14561msgid "<em>Bat <i>[Zool]</i></em>" 14562msgstr "" 14563 14564#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14565#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:36 14566msgid "" 14567"Identified as such by its wings, as well as by the characteristic nose that " 14568"this animal displays in the upper lip, typical in maya iconography." 14569msgstr "" 14570 14571#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14572#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:38 14573msgid "<em>Toad <i>[Uo]</i></em>" 14574msgstr "" 14575 14576#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14577#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:39 14578msgid "" 14579"This animal is identified as such because of its necklace and the lack of " 14580"teeth in its mouth (Špoták, 2015). Freidel et al. (1993) place this animal " 14581"in the Western culture constellation of Virgo." 14582msgstr "" 14583 14584#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4> 14585#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:41 14586msgid "<em>Turtle <i>[Aak]</i></em>" 14587msgstr "" 14588 14589#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14590#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:42 14591msgid "" 14592"The turtle was present during the creation of the world, located on the " 14593"Western culture Orion's Belt asterism. This position in the sky is not " 14594"really deduced from the Paris codex, but from the analysis made on the " 14595"Bonampak murals, where the picture of the turtle is decorated with three " 14596"points, very similar in position and orientation to Orion’s Belt, so this " 14597"turtle representation has been used to place it in the Stellarium sky, " 14598"instead of the one depicted in the Paris Codex." 14599msgstr "" 14600 14601#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 14602#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:45 14603msgid "" 14604"Asterisms and constellations obtained through other archaeological and " 14605"ethnographic sources (such as murals and manuscripts like the <i>Popol " 14606"Vuh</i>) are described below:" 14607msgstr "" 14608 14609#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h4> 14610#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:46 14611msgid "<em>Hole-backed Caiman: <i>[Way Paat Ahiin] </i></em>" 14612msgstr "" 14613 14614#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 14615#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:47 14616msgid "" 14617"The Milky Way in a vertical position relative to the horizon. This half-" 14618"crocodile half-deer creature was sacrificed in a mythical time before the " 14619"present one, an event which caused a storm of blood marking the end of the " 14620"primordial chaos. On its back, the four trees -that lifted and hold the sky " 14621"were placed- along with another supernatural being stepping on top of the " 14622"decapitated body, thus fertilizing, founding or establishing the current " 14623"order of things." 14624msgstr "" 14625 14626#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><h4> 14627#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:50 14628msgid "<em>Paddler Gods: </em>" 14629msgstr "" 14630 14631#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p> 14632#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:51 14633msgid "" 14634"This picture shows the Maize God being carried by a couple of paddler gods " 14635"in a canoe to the place of creation: the Three Hearthstones (defined by the " 14636"stars Alnitak, Saiph and Rigel, in the Western culture constellation Orion, " 14637"and in Stellarium shown encircling the Oxib' Xk'ub', or Primordial Fire " 14638"asterism), where he would be self-sacrificed for the creation of the cosmos " 14639"to take place." 14640msgstr "" 14641 14642#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h4> 14643#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:54 14644msgid "<em>Primordial Fire: <i>[Oxib'Xk'ub] </i></em>" 14645msgstr "" 14646 14647#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 14648#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:55 14649msgid "" 14650"This fire was lighted at the moment of creation, and mayas saw its smoke " 14651"represented as the Orion's nebula (M42), between three bright stars " 14652"representing the three hearthstones." 14653msgstr "" 14654 14655#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h4> 14656#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:58 14657msgid "<em>Pecaries: </em>" 14658msgstr "" 14659 14660#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 14661#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:59 14662msgid "" 14663"These pig-like animals are represented together just like the stars Castor " 14664"and Pollux. The picture included in Stellarium was taken from the Bonampak " 14665"mural." 14666msgstr "" 14667 14668#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3> 14669#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:62 14670msgid "Stars and Planets Names" 14671msgstr "" 14672 14673#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 14674#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:63 14675msgid "" 14676"Maya people, just as other ancient cultures, used stars to keep track of " 14677"time. The stars included in this version of Stellarium are:" 14678msgstr "" 14679 14680#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14681#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:65 14682msgid "" 14683"<b>Two brilliant ones: </b><i>[kib' chuplinik]</i>, <b>Castor and " 14684"Pollux</b>, used at the beginning of the dry season to track the time at " 14685"night." 14686msgstr "" 14687 14688#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14689#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:66 14690msgid "" 14691"<b>Single Star: </b><i>[jun ch'umil]</i>, <b>Regulus</b>, used in February " 14692"to track the time at night." 14693msgstr "" 14694 14695#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14696#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:67 14697msgid "" 14698"<b>Corner Star: </b><i>[xukut ch'umil]</i>, <b>Alpha Centauri</b>, called " 14699"like this because it marked the southern corner of the night sky at the end " 14700"of the dry season, in April." 14701msgstr "" 14702 14703#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14704#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:68 14705msgid "" 14706"<b>Bright Star: </b><i>[Chac 'Ek]</i>, <b>Venus</b>, this planet was the God" 14707" of War for the maya. In the Dresden Codex there is an almanac that was used" 14708" to predict this planet's appearances and disappearances during its synodic " 14709"period." 14710msgstr "" 14711 14712#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3> 14713#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:71 14714msgid "Authors and References" 14715msgstr "" 14716 14717#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 14718#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:72 14719msgid "" 14720"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Eduardo Rodas-Quito</i> and <i>Javier" 14721" Mejuto</i> of the Archaeoastronomy and Cultural Astronomy Department at " 14722"Space Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras based " 14723"primarily on the work of the authors described as follows:" 14724msgstr "" 14725 14726#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14727#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:74 14728msgid "" 14729"<a " 14730"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/25028815/The_Paris_Codex_Complex_Analysis_of_an_Ancient_Maya_Manuscript_Dissertation_?auto=download\">The" 14731" Paris Codex: Complex Analysis of an Ancient Maya Manuscript " 14732"(Dissertation)</a> by Jakub Špoták" 14733msgstr "" 14734 14735#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14736#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:75 14737msgid "" 14738"Freidel, D., Schele, L., Parker, J.(1993)<i> Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand " 14739"Years On The Shaman's Path, </i>New York: William Morrow and Company Inc." 14740msgstr "" 14741 14742#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14743#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:76 14744msgid "" 14745"Aveni, A.(2005)<i> Observadores del Cielo en el Mexico Antiguo, </i>Mexico " 14746"D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Economica." 14747msgstr "" 14748 14749#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14750#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:77 14751msgid "" 14752"Tedlock, B.(1999) Maya Astronomy: What We Know and How We Know It,<i> " 14753"Archaeoastronomy, The Journal of Astronomy in Culture </i>, XIV(1), pp.: " 14754"39-58." 14755msgstr "" 14756 14757#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14758#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:78 14759msgid "" 14760"Garcia Barrios, A. (2015) <a " 14761"href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0185257415300010\">El" 14762" mito del diluvio en las ceremonias de entronización de los gobernantes " 14763"mayas. Agentes responsables de la decapitación del saurio y nuevas " 14764"fundaciones</a>, <i>Estudios de cultura maya</i>, 45(45), pp. 9-48." 14765msgstr "" 14766 14767#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3> 14768#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:82 14769msgid "Links of Interest" 14770msgstr "" 14771 14772#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14773#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:84 14774msgid "" 14775"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Codex\">Wikipedia: The Paris " 14776"Codex</a>" 14777msgstr "" 14778 14779#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 14780#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:85 14781msgid "" 14782"<a href=\"https://maya.nmai.si.edu/es/gallery/bonampak\">Bonampak, Viviendo " 14783"el tiempo maya</a>" 14784msgstr "" 14785 14786#. type: Content of: <h2> 14787#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:1 14788msgid "Mongolian" 14789msgstr "" 14790 14791#. type: Content of: <p> 14792#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:3 14793msgid "" 14794"Mongolian constellations and cosmogony were inherited from the occidental " 14795"civilisation notably by the contact with Alexander the Great and was largely" 14796" influenced by Chinese civilisation and Buddhist religion, resulting in " 14797"numerous myths and beliefs linked with what surrounds them. The local wild " 14798"and fauna are the main themes of this skyculture. The wealth of their " 14799"cosmogony is probably to link with the observation conditions for whom they " 14800"benefit even now. In the past, the necessity for them to move and to get " 14801"one's bearing even during the night and at different seasons, by searching " 14802"the weather's mildness, is probably one of the element which developed their" 14803" imaginary facing the sky." 14804msgstr "" 14805 14806#. type: Content of: <p> 14807#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:17 14808msgid "" 14809"Generally, stars represent animals turning around the North Star which is " 14810"symbolized by the golden stick (<em>Altan Hadaas</em>). Almost all Mongolian" 14811" asterisms are similar to those that we know. However some have other names " 14812"like <em>Num Sum</em> (The Bow and the Arrow) for the constellation Swan, " 14813"or <em>Doloon Burkhan</em> for the seven stars of the Big Dipper. The summer" 14814" triangle made up of Vega, Deneb and Altair stars refers to three stags " 14815"(<em>Gurvan Maral Od</em> in Mongolian). And Cassiopeia represents, in the " 14816"Mongolian imagination, the Five Stars Woman (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)." 14817msgstr "" 14818 14819#. type: Content of: <h3> 14820#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:27 14821msgid "Planets and Stars" 14822msgstr "" 14823 14824#. type: Content of: <p> 14825#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:29 14826msgid "" 14827"Originally, Tibeto-Mongolian astrology calculates the positions of each of " 14828"the planets visible with the naked eye. Because planets beyond Saturn are " 14829"not visible without telescope (the instrument which appeared long time after" 14830" the creation of their astrology), the Mongolians have attributed one of the" 14831" five planets for each day of the week, completing with the Sun " 14832"(<em>Nar</em>) for Sunday and the Moon (<em>Sar</em>) for Monday. The names " 14833"of the Solar System's planets and Pluto have some peculiarities in " 14834"Mongolian. Mercury is named <em>Bud</em> (associated with Wednesday), Venus," 14835" <em>Sugar</em> (associated with Friday), the Earth, <em>Delkhii</em>, Mars," 14836" <em>Angarag</em> (associated with Tuesday), Jupiter, <em>Barhasbadi</em> " 14837"(associated with Thursday), Saturn, <em>Sanchir</em> (associated with " 14838"Saturday), Uranus, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, Neptune, <em>Dalai-van</em> and " 14839"at last Pluto, <em>Dalkhii-van</em>. We can see that the three last, " 14840"invisible to the naked eye and discovered long time after the others, have " 14841"the characteristic to have the particle <em>-van</em> at the end of the " 14842"name, indicating the princely status in Mongolian. Earth and Pluto are " 14843"named similarly, except that this last one has this particle. It is possible" 14844" to translate from Mongolian Pluto like \"The princely ground\" (ground and " 14845"not Earth because it means here the surface on which we walk, not the Earth." 14846" Uranus, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, could be translated as \"princely sky\", " 14847"and Neptun, <em>Dalai-van</em>, as the \"princely ocean\". Nevertheless, " 14848"this particle has no real equivalent in English, and translations above are " 14849"presented to give an idea of the planets name's meaning. However, the names " 14850"of the celestial bodies specified here come from Sanskrit (language spoken " 14851"in India) and are largely used in the current language in Mongolia but in an" 14852" unofficial way." 14853msgstr "" 14854 14855#. type: Content of: <p> 14856#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:59 14857msgid "" 14858"It is also very interesting to see the tight link between terms designating " 14859"other celestial bodies and their beliefs: indeed, <em>Tengeriin Zadas</em> " 14860"appoints the Milky Way. We could literally translate this as the \"Sky " 14861"Line\" (<em>Tengeriin</em> for the sky, which also means the god of the sky," 14862" and <em>Zadas</em> for the line). Well known in Mongolian star lore " 14863"concerns Alcor, the star located above Mizar in the Big Bear. It symbolises " 14864"the recover and protection star. It was placed here by <em>Tengeriin</em> " 14865"(god of heaven) to protect Mizar. To become an archer for Genghis Khan (13th" 14866" century), it seemed that one had to be able to discern these two stars with" 14867" the naked eye." 14868msgstr "" 14869 14870#. type: Content of: <p> 14871#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:71 14872msgid "" 14873"From a historic point of view, this excellent knowledge of the sky goes back" 14874" to <em>Ulug Beg</em> (AD1394-1449; <em>Taraghay</em> by his real name), " 14875"astronomer, mathematician and viceroy in Samarkand whose empire spread as " 14876"far as Central Asia. Turning away from his royal obligations, he examined " 14877"celestial bodies and astronomical questions of his time. He is the first to " 14878"extremely precisely measure Saturn's revolution period (<em>Sanchir</em>) " 14879"with a sextant of 40 meters radius." 14880msgstr "" 14881 14882#. type: Content of: <h3> 14883#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:80 14884msgid "Myths and Legends" 14885msgstr "" 14886 14887#. type: Content of: <h4> 14888#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:82 14889msgid "The Great Bear" 14890msgstr "" 14891 14892#. type: Content of: <p> 14893#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:83 14894msgid "" 14895"Mongolians are particularly attached to the Great Bear. This constellation " 14896"is limited for them to the seven Dipper stars making the bear's tail and " 14897"body, but the legend concerning it is probably the most famous in Mongolia." 14898msgstr "" 14899 14900#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p> 14901#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:88 14902msgid "" 14903"Once upon a time, there were eight orphan brothers gifted with outstanding " 14904"capabilities living within a kingdom. The king and the queen lived within it" 14905" peacefully. One day, a monster came and kidnapped the queen. The king asked" 14906" the eight brothers to bring her back and said: \"If one of you succeeds to " 14907"rescue my beloved, I will give to him a golden arrow\". The orphans went " 14908"together to assist their queen. They searched the monster during two days " 14909"and three nights, when in the middle of the third night, they found and " 14910"killed the monster. They brought back the queen in the castle." 14911msgstr "" 14912 14913#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p> 14914#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:96 14915msgid "" 14916"The king did not cut out the arrow in eight parts, he decided to threw it in" 14917" the sky. The first to catch it could keep it. The younger brother succeeded" 14918" the test and changed immediately into the North Star (Polar Star). The " 14919"seven others changed into the seven gods, the seven Buddhas visiting their " 14920"younger brother every night. The name <em>Doloon burkhan</em> (the Seven " 14921"Buddhas) come from this legend to appoint the Great Bear and the Golden " 14922"Stick, <em>Altan Hadaas</em>, the Polar Star." 14923msgstr "" 14924 14925#. type: Content of: <p> 14926#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:106 14927msgid "" 14928"A tradition, particularly delightful, concerns the link between Mongolian " 14929"people and the Great Bear as one star of this constellation is attributed to" 14930" each of them. It depends on their birth year in the Chinese calendar. " 14931"Chinese and Mongolian calendars have some similarities (the Mongolian " 14932"calendar is a lunar calendar). Each year is symbolized by an animal, itself " 14933"associated to a star of the constellation Great Bear. The first, Dubhe, " 14934"corresponds to the rat's year, the second, Merak, corresponds to the ox and " 14935"so on until the end of the Great Bear's tail where Alkaid symbolizes the " 14936"year of the horse. Then we come back to the first, the sheep year and we " 14937"repeat the same way until the twelfth and latest year of the Chinese " 14938"calendar, the one of the pig. Therefore, the two stars at the end of the " 14939"tail are assigned one time only." 14940msgstr "" 14941 14942#. type: Content of: <p> 14943#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:120 14944msgid "" 14945"[Note by G. Zotti: This is a variant of the old Seven Buddha Sutra described" 14946" by <em>Elverskog</em>. There however, the association of the stars goes in " 14947"an up-and-down movement, i.e., Dubhe/Rat, Merak/Ox, ... Mizar/Snake, " 14948"Alkaid/Horse, Mizar/Goat, ... Merak/Pig.]" 14949msgstr "" 14950 14951#. type: Content of: <img><h4> 14952#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:127 14953msgid "Shooting stars" 14954msgstr "" 14955 14956#. type: Content of: <img><p> 14957#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:129 14958msgid "" 14959"Shooting stars have also a specific meaning: they are personified through " 14960"their beliefs. When they see these shooting stars they imagine that it is a " 14961"star which falls from the sky and which symbolizes somebody who just died. " 14962"Whereas occidental people make a wish, Mongolians say: \"Phew, it is not " 14963"me!\"" 14964msgstr "" 14965 14966#. type: Content of: <img><h4> 14967#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:135 14968msgid "Neglected Legends" 14969msgstr "" 14970 14971#. type: Content of: <img><p> 14972#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:137 14973msgid "" 14974"Three legends just as rich in meaning concern the Sun, eclipses and <em>Hun " 14975"Tavan Od</em> (Cassiopeia). However, they are nowadays neglected and almost " 14976"forgotten by most Mongolians:" 14977msgstr "" 14978 14979#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p> 14980#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:143 14981msgid "" 14982"At the origin of the world, there was only one man and vast particularly dry" 14983" meadows, burned by the seven suns which lit the world. This man, a very " 14984"good archer, made the promise to the gods that he pierced all these suns " 14985"without missing a target even once. If he should fail, he would cut himself " 14986"all the fingers one by one and leave to live in a hole like a marmot " 14987"(groundhog) to ward off the curse that would weigh on him. He took his bow, " 14988"pulled a first arrow and hit his target. A second, a third until the sixth " 14989"which destroyed the suns. He finished by pulling his seventh arrow towards " 14990"the last sun, when a swallow flew off and passed through its direction. The " 14991"bird was hit. The man had not reach his goal, so he left towards exile in a " 14992"hole, cut his fingers and turned into a marmot. The swallow had just saved " 14993"our Sun, otherwise all life would have disappeared from the world's surface." 14994msgstr "" 14995 14996#. type: Content of: <img><p> 14997#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:158 14998msgid "" 14999"We have to see here a parallel with the number seven, important in the " 15000"Mongolian culture like all odd numbers. They bring luck in the buddhist " 15001"religion." 15002msgstr "" 15003 15004#. type: Content of: <img><h5> 15005#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:162 15006msgid "Eclipses" 15007msgstr "" 15008 15009#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p> 15010#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:165 15011msgid "" 15012"At that time lived a scary monster named <em>Raah</em> which frightened the " 15013"entire world. He devoured all who were in its way. The god " 15014"<em>Orchiwaani</em> owned a magic spring: whoever drank from it became " 15015"immortal. One day, <em>Raah</em> stole the spring and drunk. The Moon and " 15016"the Sun caught the monster in the act and reported to <em>Orchiwaani</em>. " 15017"Seething with rage to hear about this piece of news he went to fight the " 15018"monster. He cut its head many times but it grew again immediately because " 15019"<em>Raah</em> had become immortal. He thought then to cut its tail in order " 15020"to allow all that it ate to leave again directly. Just as " 15021"<em>Orchiwaani</em> would seize the monster to finish it off, it escaped and" 15022" disappeared between the Moon and the Sun. Then <em>Orchiwaani</em> asked " 15023"the Moon, who recaptured <em>Raah</em> and cut its rump and its tail. In " 15024"revenge, the monster comes back sometimes to eat the Moon or the Sun which " 15025"exit immediately, giving rise to moon and solar eclipses." 15026msgstr "" 15027 15028#. type: Content of: <img><p> 15029#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:182 15030msgid "" 15031"When there is an eclipse, Mongolians know that it means that <em>Raah</em> " 15032"devours the Moon or the Sun and they make a lot of noise so that the monster" 15033" liberates the eclipsed star. In the 13th century, Guillaume de Rubruck " 15034"wrote:" 15035msgstr "" 15036 15037#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p> 15038#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:187 15039msgid "" 15040"\"Some [Mongolian people] have knowledge in astronomy and predict them [to " 15041"other Mongolian people] the Lunar and Solar eclipses and, when it is about " 15042"to produce one, everybody stocks up on food because they do not pass the " 15043"door of their habitation. And while the eclipse happened, they play the drum" 15044" and instruments and do big noise and clamors. When the eclipse is finished," 15045" they devote themselves to beverage and festivity and do big party.\"" 15046msgstr "" 15047 15048#. type: Content of: <img><p> 15049#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:196 15050msgid "" 15051"(Source: <em>Les astres chez les Turcs et les Mongols</em> by Jean-Paul Roux" 15052" (French). <em>Revue de l'histoire des religions</em>, tome 195 n°2, 1979. " 15053"pp; 153-192.)" 15054msgstr "" 15055 15056#. type: Content of: <img><p> 15057#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:200 15058msgid "" 15059"Eclipse travelers in 2008 still witnessed drivers and cooks hiding in their " 15060"tents and making noise with the pots. It seemed authentic, not a show for " 15061"the tourists. Also note the similarity of <em>Raah</em> with Indian " 15062"<em>Rahu</em>." 15063msgstr "" 15064 15065#. type: Content of: <img><h5> 15066#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:205 15067msgid "Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)" 15068msgstr "" 15069 15070#. type: Content of: <img><p> 15071#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:207 15072msgid "" 15073"Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>) symbolises unity, brotherhood, solidarity" 15074" for the Mongolians. The constellation's five stars represent unity of the " 15075"five children of Genghis Khan's wife, Oulin." 15076msgstr "" 15077 15078#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><blockquote><p> 15079#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:212 15080msgid "" 15081"Them did not get well along with each other and squabbled all the time. " 15082"Their mother decided to strongly tie five ropes, and each one should try to " 15083"untie a knot. If they succeeded, it meant that they didn't remain united " 15084"with other, and that the brotherhood didn't gather in hard times. " 15085"Conversely, if the knots withstood the test, the five brothers would remain " 15086"united and close for the rest of their lives and would be victorious at the " 15087"time of wars." 15088msgstr "" 15089 15090#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><h4> 15091#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:222 15092msgid "Other Beliefs Linked to the Sky" 15093msgstr "" 15094 15095#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p> 15096#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:224 15097msgid "" 15098"According to a Mongolian legend, a woman devoting herself to count one " 15099"hundred stars in the sky will dream about her future husband." 15100msgstr "" 15101 15102#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p> 15103#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:227 15104msgid "" 15105"Sometimes, Mongolians honor the Great Bear (<em>Doloon Burkhan</em>) by " 15106"throwing milk in its direction. Milk, of white color, symbolizes purity in " 15107"Mongolia. They pray so that something may be fulfilled, but for several " 15108"persons, not for just one person, because this would bring bad luck. Milk " 15109"can be replaced by vodka which, even if it is colorless, symbolizes the dark" 15110" color and the strength for Mongolians. By doing this, it avoids bad luck, " 15111"quarrels, fear and fends off evil spirits." 15112msgstr "" 15113 15114#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p> 15115#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:239 15116msgid "" 15117"The constellations are inspired by occidental ones, but the Mongolian " 15118"cosmogony, briefly exposed here, highlights a notable identity of beliefs " 15119"which are associated with it. Mongolian culture and knowledge transmission " 15120"is essentially verbal, and so few written traces exist about these subjects." 15121" It is therefore particularly hard to relate their cosmogony with high " 15122"fidelity and precision. In order to preserve knowledge about this cosmogony," 15123" every observation, suggestions or collaboration are welcome!" 15124msgstr "" 15125 15126#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><h3> 15127#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:248 15128msgid "Acknowledgements and Further Reading" 15129msgstr "" 15130 15131#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 15132#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:251 15133msgid "" 15134"Bayrlalaa (thank you) to Mongolians, for their kindness and their help in " 15135"the gathering of these informations about their culture and their cosmogony" 15136msgstr "" 15137 15138#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 15139#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:252 15140msgid "" 15141"<a href=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" class='external text' " 15142"title=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\">L'Uranoscope de " 15143"France</a>" 15144msgstr "" 15145 15146#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 15147#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:253 15148msgid "" 15149"<a href=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" class='external text' " 15150"title=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\"> L'Association Française " 15151"d'Astronomie / The French Astronomy Association</a>" 15152msgstr "" 15153 15154#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 15155#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:255 15156msgid "" 15157"<a href=\"http://www.outofnowhere.asia\" class='external text' " 15158"title=\"http://www.outofnowhere.asia\" rel=\"nofollow\">OutOfNowhere</a>" 15159msgstr "" 15160 15161#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li> 15162#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:256 15163msgid "" 15164"<a href=\"https://journals.ub.uni-" 15165"heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8974/2867\">Johan Elverskog: " 15166"The Mongolian Big Dipper Sutra. </a> Journal of the International " 15167"Association of Buddhist Studies 29 Nr1 2006(2008), pp87-123." 15168msgstr "" 15169 15170#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p> 15171#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:261 15172msgid "" 15173"This skyculture is a contribution from two users of Stellarium, " 15174"<strong>Anthony Lagain</strong> (anthony.lagain(at)gmail.com) and " 15175"<strong>Batiste Rousseau</strong> (batiste.rousseau(at)gmail.com) mainly " 15176"based on oral tales of numerous Mongolians met during a two months stay in " 15177"Mongolia. To learn more about them: <a " 15178"href=\"http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/\" class='external text' " 15179"title=\"http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/\" " 15180"rel=\"nofollow\">www.souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com</a> (in French)." 15181msgstr "" 15182 15183#. type: Content of: <h2> 15184#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:1 15185msgid "Navajo" 15186msgstr "" 15187 15188#. type: Content of: <p> 15189#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:3 15190msgid "" 15191"The Navajo are the largest Native American tribe in the United States; the " 15192"Navajo Nation extends across northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and " 15193"northwestern New Mexico." 15194msgstr "" 15195 15196#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15197#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:9 15198msgid "<a href=\"http://www.navajo.org\">The Navajo Nation</a> official website" 15199msgstr "" 15200 15201#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15202#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:10 15203msgid "" 15204"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15205"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15206"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html</a>" 15207msgstr "" 15208 15209#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15210#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:11 15211msgid "" 15212"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15213"utah/vondel/rabbit.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15214"utah/vondel/rabbit.html</a>" 15215msgstr "" 15216 15217#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15218#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:12 15219msgid "" 15220"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15221"utah/vondel/laws.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-" 15222"utah/vondel/laws.html</a>" 15223msgstr "" 15224 15225#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15226#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:13 15227msgid "" 15228"<a " 15229"href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html\">http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html</a>" 15230msgstr "" 15231 15232#. type: Content of: <p> 15233#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:18 15234msgid "" 15235"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis " 15236"Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book <b>Star Trails-" 15237"Navajo</b> by Don Childrey." 15238msgstr "" 15239 15240#. type: Content of: <h2> 15241#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:1 15242msgid "Norse" 15243msgstr "" 15244 15245#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15246#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:5 15247msgid "" 15248"<a href=\"http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html\">Norse " 15249"Constellations</a>" 15250msgstr "" 15251 15252#. type: Content of: <p> 15253#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:10 15254msgid "" 15255"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Jonas Persson</i>, " 15256"jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se" 15257msgstr "" 15258 15259#. type: Content of: <h2> 15260#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:1 15261msgid "Northern Andes" 15262msgstr "北安第斯" 15263 15264#. type: Content of: <p> 15265#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:2 15266msgid "" 15267"The Northern Andes have a complex laboratory that teaches us about the " 15268"different sciences that humanity has contemplated in its history; starting " 15269"from observation to the various elements that surround us, with the need to " 15270"ensure our survival as a species and lineage, the human being learned to " 15271"understand the signals that the cosmos, plants, animals, the climate and " 15272"other elements emit constantly. Then the wise learned to warn about the " 15273"changes that affect living beings." 15274msgstr "" 15275"北安第斯山脉有一个复杂的实验室，它教我们人类在其历史上所考虑的不同科学； " 15276"从观察到我们周围的各种元素，为了确保我们作为一个物种和谱系的生存，人类学会了理解宇宙、植物、动物、气候和其他元素不断发出的信号。 " 15277"智者学会了对影响生命的变化发出警告。" 15278 15279#. type: Content of: <p> 15280#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:4 15281msgid "" 15282"In order to replicate the ancestral measurements in the Andean " 15283"observatories, we propose the use of a wide-mouth container; in the open we " 15284"will place it and level properly. In order to create a star mirror we will " 15285"fill it with water, in this reflection of the sky, the Andean sage can " 15286"admire and record the movements of the sun, the moon, planets or the stars." 15287msgstr "" 15288"为了在安第斯天文台复制原始测量数据，我们建议使用广口容器； 在露天，我们将正确放置和水平。 " 15289"为了制作星象镜，我们将在它里面装满水，在天空的这种反射中，安第斯圣人可以欣赏和记录太阳、月亮、行星或星星的运动。 " 15290 15291#. type: Content of: <p> 15292#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:6 15293msgid "" 15294"The Stellarium simulator allows us to recreate these \"cosmic mirrors\" and " 15295"analyze the specific stellar dynamics that are seen in the Northern Andes as" 15296" well as the millenarian wise men in their patient observation through the " 15297"ages. These beings have registered the cosmic movements in the current " 15298"prehispanic heritage of the Andean peoples and produced graphic " 15299"configurations, which after much joint work by several researchers in " 15300"several generations at the beginning of the 21st century have been partially" 15301" decoded." 15302msgstr "" 15303"Stellarium 模拟器使我们能够重新创建这些“宇宙镜”，并分析在安第斯山脉北部以及千禧年智者的耐心观察中看到的特定恒星动力学。 " 15304"这些生物已经记录了安第斯人当前西班牙裔前遗产中的宇宙运动，并产生了图形配置，经过几代研究人员在 21 世纪初的大量共同工作后，已部分解码。" 15305 15306#. type: Content of: <p> 15307#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:8 15308msgid "Here we tell what we found in the equatorial skies:" 15309msgstr "在这里，我们讲述我们在赤道天空中发现的东西：" 15310 15311#. type: Content of: <h3> 15312#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:11 15313msgid "The Sun (Punchao o Wilca)" 15314msgstr "" 15315 15316#. type: Content of: <p> 15317#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:12 15318msgid "" 15319"When we find ourselves in the center of the planet, the apparent movement " 15320"that the sun makes through our annual journey around it is equidistant and " 15321"proportional. At the equinoxes the sun will cross the center of the sky, on " 15322"the solstice of June it will travel its southernmost road (it will go north)" 15323" and on the solstice of December the northernmost path will be traveled " 15324"(more to the south). These natural phenomena are the marks of the four main " 15325"festivals that celebrate a specific part of the agricultural calendar " 15326"because they are the points of inflection between the climatic seasons." 15327msgstr "" 15328 15329#. type: Content of: <p> 15330#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:14 15331msgid "" 15332"According to the colonial chronicler Juan de Betanzos \"the Indians knew the" 15333" leap years\"; thanks to the research of Gustavo Guayasamín, a cyclic " 15334"movement is identified in a four-year interval in the sun; to observe it, we" 15335" suggest placing ourselves at the March equinox (approximately the March " 15336"equinoxes are the 21st day in the Gregorian calendar), at the solar daytime " 15337"(12:20 in the civil time for the year 2018). We can then move forward in " 15338"time thanks to the \"Date / Time Window\" from year to year and we will " 15339"notice that the sun moves, returning to the point where the observation " 15340"begins in periods of four years, for example: It starts in 2016, moves to " 15341"the left of the spectator in 2017, continues moving to the left in 2018, " 15342"also moves in 2019 and in 2020 returns to its initial position; then start " 15343"the cycle again." 15344msgstr "" 15345 15346#. type: Content of: <h2> 15347#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:19 15348msgid "Clear Constellations, Asterisms and Guidelines in the Andes." 15349msgstr "" 15350 15351#. type: Content of: <p> 15352#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:21 15353msgid "" 15354"We consider that by means of \"stellar mirrors\" the sages could register " 15355"the stellar traffic. Through this observation they noticed that during the " 15356"nightfalls of each equinox and solstice, specific stars appear in the sky, " 15357"as if they were marking the climatic changes to which we are exposed, so " 15358"these cosmic signals were recorded in the Andean prehispanic patrimony " 15359"giving rise to the Andean geometrical forms." 15360msgstr "" 15361 15362#. type: Content of: <p> 15363#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:23 15364msgid "<b>March Equinox</b>" 15365msgstr "" 15366 15367#. type: Content of: <li> 15368#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:24 15369msgid "" 15370"<b>\"Antonio Quinatoa\" Cross:</b> At dusk the first stars to appear are: " 15371"Sirius - Proción - Rigel - Betelgeuse, who form the cross named \"Antonio " 15372"Quinatoa\". It is the constellation that governs the masculine cycle." 15373msgstr "" 15374 15375#. type: Content of: <p> 15376#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:26 15377msgid "<b>September Equinox</b>" 15378msgstr "" 15379 15380#. type: Content of: <li> 15381#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:27 15382msgid "" 15383"<b>Molestina Triangle:</b> The first stars to appear are: Altair - Vega - " 15384"Antares who make up the triangle named \"Molestina\"" 15385msgstr "" 15386 15387#. type: Content of: <p> 15388#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:29 15389msgid "" 15390"<b>Constellation Daniela Alejandra Ayala:</b> Thanks to the hard work in the" 15391" registration of the designs, we have identified the clear constellation " 15392"named \"Daniela Alejandra Ayala\", cosmic set that accompanies the image of " 15393"the \"Mono Andino\", will appear in the center of the sky at nightfall of " 15394"the female equinox." 15395msgstr "" 15396 15397#. type: Content of: <p> 15398#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:31 15399msgid "<b>June Solstice</b>" 15400msgstr "" 15401 15402#. type: Content of: <p> 15403#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:32 15404msgid "" 15405"<b>South Cross:</b> The most outstanding stars in the evening of the Summer " 15406"Solstice for the Northern Hemisphere are: Acrux, Mimosa, δ Crucis, ζ Crucis," 15407" λ Crucis and μ Crucis who form the \"Southern Cross\"." 15408msgstr "" 15409 15410#. type: Content of: <p> 15411#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:34 15412msgid "<b>December Solstice</b>" 15413msgstr "" 15414 15415#. type: Content of: <p> 15416#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:35 15417msgid "" 15418"<b>The “Jorge Trujillo” Arrow:</b> The most outstanding stars in the evening" 15419" of the winter solstice for the southern hemisphere are Caph - Shedar - Navi" 15420" - K Cas, they are part of the western constellation of Cassiopeia, the " 15421"resulting form evokes the shape of an arrow that at the end of the December " 15422"solstice It is in an East - West direction." 15423msgstr "" 15424 15425#. type: Content of: <p> 15426#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:37 15427msgid "" 15428"The asterisms that we include are the first stars to appear at the end of " 15429"each equinox or solstice. Like the constellations, these basic forms " 15430"(diamond, square, triangle and arrow), mark the beginning or end of a cycle," 15431" apparently human beings discovered and recorded them before the forms in " 15432"the dark constellations." 15433msgstr "" 15434 15435#. type: Content of: <h2> 15436#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:41 15437msgid "The Sacred Beings in the Cosmos. The Dark Constellations." 15438msgstr "" 15439 15440#. type: Content of: <h3> 15441#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:42 15442msgid "The Milky Way" 15443msgstr "" 15444 15445#. type: Content of: <li> 15446#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:43 15447msgid "" 15448"Our planet belongs to the galaxy of the Milky Way, whose shape is that of a " 15449"large disk with two bulging arms; this form and the rotation of the earth " 15450"means that at the evenings of the equinoxes and solstices we can appreciate " 15451"a specific part of it, thus becoming a signal that the ancestors appreciated" 15452" to measure the times. Called in the Andes as the \"Muyun\" for many " 15453"peoples, it represents a gigantic life-giving serpent." 15454msgstr "" 15455 15456#. type: Content of: <p> 15457#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:45 15458msgid "" 15459"Contrary to the West, the constellations are not made up of bright points or" 15460" stars; the astral beings are housed in the \"dark spots\" existing in the " 15461"brilliance of the Milky Way, so at each of the turning points in our annual " 15462"path around the sun (Solstices and Equinoxes), we will find a guiding " 15463"constellation in each \"visible end\" of the galaxy. As with lunar or solar " 15464"movements, the movements of the constellations in the Northern Andes marked " 15465"the beginning or end of specific eras, agricultural, civil, reproductive or " 15466"festive. They determined the fate of beings, receiving respect and " 15467"veneration for those who came for their wisdom; thus developing a religious " 15468"thought similar to that of the sun or the moon throughout the continent." 15469msgstr "" 15470 15471#. type: Content of: <p> 15472#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:47 15473msgid "Here we describe the constellations decoded to date:" 15474msgstr "" 15475 15476#. type: Content of: <h3> 15477#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:49 15478msgid "Dark Constellations" 15479msgstr "" 15480 15481#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p> 15482#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:51 15483msgid "" 15484"Estelina Quinatoa (The Jaguar): Constellation that governs the male cycle, " 15485"also called \"Wilca\" or \"Otorongo\", indicates the arrival of the crops of" 15486" tender grains." 15487msgstr "" 15488 15489#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p> 15490#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:52 15491msgid "" 15492"Mercedes Cotacachi (The Monkey): Constellation that governs the female " 15493"cycle, indicates the arrival of rains and the start of agricultural " 15494"processes." 15495msgstr "" 15496 15497#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p> 15498#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:53 15499msgid "" 15500"Hernán Crespo Toral (The Frog): The \"Hampatu\" is the animal that has " 15501"several stages, like the Andean thought, it appears on the night of the June" 15502" solstice and it is related to the contact with the world of the dead." 15503msgstr "" 15504 15505#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p> 15506#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:54 15507msgid "" 15508"Ana Jaramillo de Velasteguí (The Warrior): Known as \"the Man and the " 15509"Spear\" or \"The Dancer\", the constellation governs the December solstice." 15510msgstr "" 15511 15512#. type: Content of: <p> 15513#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:58 15514msgid "" 15515"These constellations, asterisms and measurements are part of <b>the legacy " 15516"of Ancestral Knowledge</b> protected and compiled by the <b>Clan Quinatoa, " 15517"guardians of the millenary knowledge of the Lundauco Valley in Imbabura - " 15518"Ecuador</b>" 15519msgstr "" 15520 15521#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?) 15522#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:58 15523msgid "." 15524msgstr "" 15525 15526#. type: Content of: <p> 15527#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:60 15528msgid "" 15529"The astral information is based on the study of Andrés Alejandro Ayala " 15530"Quinatoa in \"Millenary Astronomy, what my teachers and ancestors taught " 15531"me\"; Servio Jr. Paladines collaborates for the computer integration." 15532msgstr "" 15533 15534#. type: Content of: <p> 15535#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:62 15536msgid "" 15537"The present illustrations are inspired by the pre-Hispanic designs of the " 15538"Pasto nation investigated by Estelina Quinatoa for the book \"Ancestral " 15539"Representations and Colors of the Cosmos\" (Ministry of Culture and Heritage" 15540" of Ecuador)." 15541msgstr "" 15542 15543#. type: Content of: <h2> 15544#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:1 15545msgid "Ojibwe" 15546msgstr "欧及布威" 15547 15548#. type: Content of: <p> 15549#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:2 15550msgid "" 15551"Ojibwe are one of the largest groups of indigenous people of North America " 15552"(United States and Canada). Depending on the region, Ojibwe are known for " 15553"birch bark canoes, wildrice-<i>manoomin</i>, and maple syrup. Also known as" 15554" Anishinaabe and Chippewa. The word Ojibwe means ‘cooks food outside’. The" 15555" Ojibwe Star Knowledge files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of " 15556"the <b><i>“Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan, Ojibiwe Sky Star Map”</i></b>, " 15557"created by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, 2012. More details can be found in" 15558" the constellation guidebook <b><i>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: " 15559"An Introduction to Ojibwe Star Knowledge</i></b>. Also available are Ojibwe " 15560"star map posters, Ojibwe planispheres, curriculum, and other resources." 15561msgstr "" 15562"欧及布威（Ojibwe）是北美（美国和加拿大）最大的土著人群体之一。 " 15563"根据地区的不同，欧及布威以桦树皮独木舟、加拿大野米（<i>manoomin</i>）和枫糖浆而闻名。 也称为 Anishinaabe 和 " 15564"Chippewa。 Ojibwe 这个词的意思是“在外面做饭”。 可用于 Stellarium 的 欧及布威恒星知识文件改编自 A. Lee、W. " 15565"Wilson、C. Gawboy 于 2012 年创建的<b><i>“Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan, Ojibiwe" 15566" Sky Star Map”</i></b>。更多详细信息可在<b><i> Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation " 15567"Guide: An Introduction to Ojibwe Star Knowledge</i></b>中找到。 " 15568"还提供欧及布威星图海报、欧及布威星座图、课程和其他资源。 " 15569 15570#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15571#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:7 15572msgid "" 15573"<i>Gaadidnaway,Mishi bizhiw</i>,Curly Tail, Great Panther, Leo & head of " 15574"Hydra" 15575msgstr "" 15576 15577#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15578#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:8 15579msgid "<i>Madoodiswan</i>,Sweat Lodge, Corona" 15580msgstr "" 15581 15582#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15583#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:9 15584msgid "" 15585"<i>Biboonkeonini</i>,Wintermaker, Orion with arms to Procyon & Aldebaran" 15586msgstr "" 15587 15588#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15589#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:10 15590msgid "<i>Maang</i>,Loon, Ursa Minor (Little Dipper)" 15591msgstr "" 15592 15593#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15594#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:11 15595msgid "<i>Ojiig</i>,Fisher, Ursa Major (Big Dipper)" 15596msgstr "" 15597 15598#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15599#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:12 15600msgid "<i>Giwedin’Anung</i>,North Star, Polaris" 15601msgstr "" 15602 15603#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15604#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:13 15605msgid "<i>Mooz</i>,Moose, Pegasus & Lacerta" 15606msgstr "" 15607 15608#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15609#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:14 15610msgid "<i>Bugonagiizhig</i>,Hole in the Sky, Pleiades" 15611msgstr "<i>Bugonagiizhig</i>，天空的洞，昴星团" 15612 15613#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15614#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:15 15615msgid "<i>Madoo'asinik</i>,Sweating Stones, Pleiades" 15616msgstr "" 15617 15618#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15619#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:16 15620msgid "<i>Ajiijaak/Bineshi Okanin</i>,Crane/Skeleton Bird, Cygnus" 15621msgstr "" 15622 15623#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15624#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:17 15625msgid "<i>Noondeshin Bemaadizid</i>,Exhausted Bather, part of Hercules" 15626msgstr "" 15627 15628#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15629#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:18 15630msgid "<i>Nanaboujou</i>,Nanaboujou, Scorpio" 15631msgstr "" 15632 15633#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15634#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:19 15635msgid "<i>Anung</i>,Star," 15636msgstr "" 15637 15638#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15639#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:20 15640msgid "<i>Anung aki</i>,Star World" 15641msgstr "" 15642 15643#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15644#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:21 15645msgid "<i>Dibik-giizis (Night Sun)</i>,Moon" 15646msgstr "" 15647 15648#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15649#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:22 15650msgid "<i>Giizis</i>,Sun" 15651msgstr "" 15652 15653#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15654#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:23 15655msgid "<i>Giizhig</i>,Sky" 15656msgstr "" 15657 15658#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15659#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:24 15660msgid "<i>Ikwe'anung (Women's Star)</i>,Venus" 15661msgstr "" 15662 15663#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15664#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:25 15665msgid "<i>Onaagoshi'anung</i>,Venus -Evening Star" 15666msgstr "" 15667 15668#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15669#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:26 15670msgid "<i>Waabun'anung</i>,Venus - Morning Star" 15671msgstr "" 15672 15673#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15674#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:27 15675msgid "<i>Maingan Mikan (Wolf Trail)</i>,Ecliptic" 15676msgstr "" 15677 15678#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15679#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:28 15680msgid "<i>Jiibaykona (Spirit Path)</i>,Milky Way" 15681msgstr "" 15682 15683#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15684#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:29 15685msgid "<i>Jiibay Ziibi (River of Souls)</i>,Milky Way" 15686msgstr "" 15687 15688#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15689#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:30 15690msgid "<i>Bangishin anung</i>,Meteor/Falling star" 15691msgstr "" 15692 15693#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15694#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:31 15695msgid "<i>Gaagige Giizhig (Forever Sky)</i>,Universe" 15696msgstr "" 15697 15698#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15699#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:32 15700msgid "<i>Anung Nibwakawin</i>,Star Knowledge (Wisdom)" 15701msgstr "" 15702 15703#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15704#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:33 15705msgid "<i>Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan</i>,(Sky) Star map" 15706msgstr "" 15707 15708#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15709#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:34 15710msgid "<i>Waabanong (Waaban)</i>,East" 15711msgstr "" 15712 15713#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15714#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:35 15715msgid "<i>Ningabianong (Nigagbii'an)</i>,West" 15716msgstr "" 15717 15718#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15719#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:36 15720msgid "<i>Giiwedinong (Giiwedinang/Giiwendin)</i>,North" 15721msgstr "" 15722 15723#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15724#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:37 15725msgid "<i>Zhaawanong (Zhaawan)</i>,South" 15726msgstr "" 15727 15728#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15729#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:43 15730msgid "" 15731"<a href=\"http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/OJIBWEMAP/home.html\">Ojibwe Map" 15732" webpage, includes audio recordings of Ojibwe pronunciation and other " 15733"resources.</a>" 15734msgstr "" 15735 15736#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 15737#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:44 15738msgid "" 15739"<a href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Ojibwe-Sky-Star-Map-" 15740"Constellation/dp/0615986781?ie=UTF8&keywords=ojibwe%20stars&qid=1461769178&ref_=sr_1_1&sr=8-1\">Ojibwe" 15741" Sky Star Map Constellation Guide</a> book on amazon.com" 15742msgstr "" 15743 15744#. type: Content of: <p> 15745#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:49 15746msgid "" 15747"This Ojibwe star knowledge was contributed by Annette S. Lee, Director of " 15748"<i>Native Skywatchers</i>, a research and programming initiative aimed at " 15749"revitalizing native star knowledge, especially Ojibwe and D(L)akota. Based " 15750"on the star map <i><b>Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan - Ojibwe Sky Star " 15751"Map</b></i> created by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy and the book " 15752"<i><b>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to Ojibwe " 15753"Star Knowledge</b> </i>by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, J. Tibbetts." 15754msgstr "" 15755 15756#. type: Content of: <p> 15757#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:50 15758msgid "Constellation Paintings by A. Lee & W. Wilson." 15759msgstr "" 15760 15761#. type: Content of: <h2> 15762#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:1 15763msgid "Romanian" 15764msgstr "" 15765 15766#. type: Content of: <p> 15767#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:2 15768msgid "" 15769"Considered as a whole, Romanian popular stellar mythology has three " 15770"essential components." 15771msgstr "" 15772 15773#. type: Content of: <p><p> 15774#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:3 15775msgid "" 15776"The FIRST one - the ancestral pastoral-agricultural is pre-Christian, in " 15777"which the sky seen both as an agrarian clock for specific activities and as " 15778"an \"exhibition\" of agricultural tools used by peasants." 15779msgstr "" 15780 15781#. type: Content of: <p><p><p> 15782#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:5 15783msgid "" 15784"The SECOND component - more recent - corresponding to the Christianization " 15785"of Romanian geographical space and repositioning in the sky the Christian " 15786"and pre-Christian elements where constellations are associated with " 15787"cosmogonical and theogonical myths, so that the sky is seen more like a " 15788"church." 15789msgstr "" 15790 15791#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 15792#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:8 15793msgid "" 15794"And the THIRD component - the origin of the Romanian people, projecting on " 15795"the sky the synthesis of formation of this people (the conquest of Dacia by " 15796"the Romans) through projection of dramatic scenes from this history of " 15797"Dacians mixing with the Romans." 15798msgstr "" 15799 15800#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 15801#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:11 15802msgid "" 15803"<strong>Note</strong>: in Western Constellation Orion there are four " 15804"Traditional Romanian Constellations that are overlapping." 15805msgstr "" 15806 15807#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h3> 15808#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:12 15809msgid "External links:" 15810msgstr "外部链接：" 15811 15812#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li> 15813#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:14 15814msgid "" 15815"<a href=\"http://www.crt-ro.com\">Website for Tradițional Romanian " 15816"Constellation</a>" 15817msgstr "" 15818 15819#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li> 15820#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:15 15821msgid "" 15822"<a href=\"http://www.slideshare.net/planetariubm/broura-constelaii-" 15823"romanesti-tradiionale\">On-line booklet in ro/en about 39 Traditional " 15824"Romanian Constellations</a>" 15825msgstr "" 15826 15827#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li> 15828#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:16 15829msgid "" 15830"<a " 15831"href=\"http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro\">30" 15832" seconds movies made from scripts and with subtitle in English</a>" 15833msgstr "" 15834 15835#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li> 15836#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:17 15837msgid "" 15838"<a h " 15839"href=\"http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news\">Romanian" 15840" peasants beliefs in stars and sky – Translation of texts adapted from Ion " 15841"Ottescu</a>" 15842msgstr "" 15843 15844#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li> 15845#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:18 15846msgid "<a href=\"http://planetariubm.ro/\">PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES</a>" 15847msgstr "" 15848 15849#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 15850#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:20 15851msgid "Thanks to Andrei Dorian Gheorghe and Alastair McBeth – SARM members" 15852msgstr "" 15853 15854#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h3> 15855#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:22 15856msgid "Authors:" 15857msgstr "作者：" 15858 15859#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p> 15860#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:23 15861msgid "" 15862"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <a " 15863"href=\"mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com\">Mircea Lite</a> on behalf of Baia Mare " 15864"Planetarium, as a result of a project called <em>Traditional Romanian " 15865"Constellations</em> primarily based on the book <em>Romanian peasants " 15866"beliefs in stars and sky</em> by Ioan Otescu." 15867msgstr "" 15868 15869#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p> 15870#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:26 15871msgid "" 15872"The Romanian constellation lines, images, scripts and texts for movies " 15873"prepared by <a href=\"mailto:rlodina@gmail.com\">Radu Lodina</a> and <a " 15874"href=\"mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com\">Ovidiu Ignat</a>. Romanian constellation " 15875"art done by Zamfir Somcutean." 15876msgstr "" 15877 15878#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p> 15879#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:28 15880msgid "" 15881"All materials related to Traditional Romanian Constellations are released " 15882"under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported." 15883msgstr "" 15884 15885#. type: Content of: <h2> 15886#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:1 15887msgid "Sami" 15888msgstr "" 15889 15890#. type: Content of: <p> 15891#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:3 15892msgid "" 15893"The Sami people are considered to be the native population of northern " 15894"Norway, Sweden, Finland and West Russia (the Kola Peninsula). More " 15895"information can be found at <a " 15896"href=\"http://www.eng.samer.se/\">samer.se</a> and in the <a " 15897"href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people\">Sami people article in " 15898"Wikipedia</a>." 15899msgstr "" 15900 15901#. type: Content of: <h3> 15902#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:8 15903#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:28 15904#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:43 15905msgid "Sources" 15906msgstr "" 15907 15908#. type: Content of: <p> 15909#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:10 15910msgid "" 15911"Stellarium's Sami sky culture is based on the work of Bo Lundmark <i>Bæi'vi " 15912"mánno nástit</i> (Swedish title: <i>Sol- och månkult samt astrala och " 15913"celesta föreställninga bland samerna</i> [<i>Sun and Moon cult and astral " 15914"and celestial concepts among the Sami</i>], 1982), who based much of his " 15915"work on the writings of the Sami artist and author Johan Turi." 15916msgstr "" 15917 15918#. type: Content of: <p> 15919#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:15 15920msgid "" 15921"This sky culture is a conglomeration of at least three slightly different " 15922"cultures from the people of the South-Sami, North-Sami and Russian Sami. " 15923"Each of these groups have slightly different languages and as such there may" 15924" be small differences with some references." 15925msgstr "" 15926 15927#. type: Content of: <p> 15928#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:19 15929msgid "" 15930"Sami constellations can be observed on Sami artifacts connected to the old " 15931"religion, suggesting that the night sky played an important cultural role " 15932"for Sami peoples in years gone by." 15933msgstr "" 15934 15935#. type: Content of: <p> 15936#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:22 15937msgid "" 15938"The Sami sky culture has a lot in common with other arctic and sub-arctic " 15939"cultures in Eurasia. One unfortunate similarity is that much of the culture " 15940"was lost before it was recorded properly." 15941msgstr "" 15942 15943#. type: Content of: <h3> 15944#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:26 15945msgid "Constellations and Stars" 15946msgstr "" 15947 15948#. type: Content of: <p> 15949#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:28 15950msgid "" 15951"The Sami constellations are probably very old but were recorded in writing " 15952"during the 19th century. In is unclear if the written record is complete. " 15953"The constellations and stars included here are all connected to the dominant" 15954" constellation, <i>Sarva</i> — the elk. Sarva is the Sami name for " 15955"elk, an alternative name is <i>Sarvvis</i> — Bull elk. The origin of " 15956"this constellation probably dates back to the old hunter culture before " 15957"reindeer were domesticated." 15958msgstr "" 15959 15960#. type: Content of: <p> 15961#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:34 15962msgid "" 15963"<i>Sarva</i> consists of the Western constellations Cassiopeia, Perseus and " 15964"parts of Auriga. Constellations and stars surrounding Sarva represent " 15965"hunters of the elk. <i>Favdna</i> (also transcribed as <i>Favtna</i>) is " 15966"the star Arcturus, and represents the Hunter who aims at the elk with his " 15967"bow and arrow (<i>Fauna davgge</i> — the Big Dipper). Favdna must aim" 15968" well, for if he hits the Sky Support <i>Boahjenaste</i> (the star Polaris)," 15969" legend has it that the world will come to an end." 15970msgstr "" 15971 15972#. type: Content of: <p> 15973#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:41 15974msgid "" 15975"Favdna has a number of helpers: <i>Galla</i> (Procyon<sup><a " 15976"href=\"#note1\">1</a></sup>) and his sons <i>Gallabarneck</i> (Orion's " 15977"belt), the \"Ski Runners\", <i>Cuoigahægjek</i> (Castor and Pollux) and " 15978"\"The Runner\" (Vega). The Pleiades are called <i>Rougot</i> (dog pack) or " 15979"<i>Miese-cora</i> (calfpack)." 15980msgstr "" 15981 15982#. type: Content of: <p> 15983#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:46 15984msgid "" 15985"The Milky Way is called <i>Lodde-raiddaras</i> (lit. bird path) or <i>Jakke-" 15986"mærka</i> (lit. year mark). The name used depends on the season. In the sky" 15987" chart of Johan Turi, one can observe a star <i>Guovso-naste</i>, morning " 15988"star, that can be identified as Venus, but this is not certain as it can " 15989"also be identified as Altair, a star showing the morning is approaching " 15990"(similar to Arcturus in the Norse skyculture)." 15991msgstr "" 15992 15993#. type: Content of: <p> 15994#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:52 15995msgid "" 15996"The Sami sky culture does not have a large number of constellations. This is" 15997" thought to be mainly because of the high Northerly latitude of the Sami " 15998"people's range. Two factors contribute to this: that the Southern sky stays" 15999" below the horizon to a large extent, and that the Aurora Borealis is " 16000"frequently bright enough to obscure many stars." 16001msgstr "" 16002 16003#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 16004#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:59 16005msgid "" 16006"<a name=\"note1\" />The exact star which represents <i>Galla</i> is " 16007"uncertain. it is probably Procyon, Rigel or Sirius - Procyon was chosen as " 16008"Galla for this sky culture since Sirius is very hard to spot from the " 16009"latitude where the Sami live." 16010msgstr "" 16011 16012#. type: Content of: <p> 16013#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:65 16014msgid "Jonas Persson (jonas.persson@physics.org)" 16015msgstr "" 16016 16017#. type: Content of: <h2> 16018#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:1 16019msgid "Sardinian" 16020msgstr "" 16021 16022#. type: Content of: <p> 16023#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:2 16024msgid "" 16025"Like all peoples of the world, even the ancient Sardinians, turned their " 16026"eyes to the sky that marked the time and the seasons. The peasant's world " 16027"has given its name to the stars and the constellations of the Sardinian " 16028"culture." 16029msgstr "" 16030 16031#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16032#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:6 16033msgid "" 16034"<a href=\"http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php\">Stars and " 16035"constellations in sardinian language</a>" 16036msgstr "" 16037 16038#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16039#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:7 16040msgid "" 16041"<a href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts\">Stellarium " 16042"Script: Sardinian Constellations Tour</a>" 16043msgstr "" 16044 16045#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16046#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:8 16047msgid "" 16048"<a " 16049"href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian\">Stellarium" 16050" Wiki</a>" 16051msgstr "" 16052 16053#. type: Content of: <p> 16054#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:12 16055msgid "" 16056"These constellations have been created by the Stellarium's user <i>Giuseppe " 16057"Putzolu</i>, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com" 16058msgstr "" 16059 16060#. type: Content of: <h3> 16061#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:13 16062msgid "Credits" 16063msgstr "" 16064 16065#. type: Content of: <p> 16066#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:14 16067msgid "" 16068"The constellations of the Sardinian culture are the result of research done " 16069"by Tonino Bussu and Marco Puddu" 16070msgstr "" 16071 16072#. type: Content of: <h2> 16073#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:1 16074msgid "Russian (Siberian)" 16075msgstr "" 16076 16077#. type: Content of: <p> 16078#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:2 16079msgid "" 16080"The names of the constellations of Siberian peoples is rather poorly " 16081"studied. This region has the large territory and the knowledge about " 16082"constellations are difficult to reconcile in a single integrated picture. In" 16083" this culture of the sky marked only specific names and objects, which " 16084"typical for the whole of Siberia." 16085msgstr "" 16086 16087#. type: Content of: <p> 16088#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:8 16089msgid "" 16090"The names of the Milky Way are quite numerous, but they can be distinguished" 16091" into two groups - the names coming from the past (e.g., <em>Goose " 16092"Road</em>) and the name of a later period (<em>Mamay Road</em>). The names " 16093"of the later period is clearly apparent connection to the memory of the " 16094"Mongol-Tatar invasion to Russia." 16095msgstr "" 16096 16097#. type: Content of: <p> 16098#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:14 16099msgid "" 16100"The Pleiades has a many names and their more than the Milky Way names, but " 16101"all of them in Siberia can be reduced to the notion for a star cluster as a " 16102"bird's nest. Among these names <em>Duck Nest</em> is the most common." 16103msgstr "" 16104 16105#. type: Content of: <p> 16106#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:19 16107msgid "" 16108"In Siberia often used name for this constellation is <em>Elk</em> (although " 16109"in Eastern Siberia the name \"Bear\" is used more frequently)." 16110msgstr "" 16111 16112#. type: Content of: <p> 16113#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:23 16114msgid "" 16115"In Siberia in the constellation of Orion is usually used only three stars of" 16116" his belt, who called <em>Kichigi</em> (the Threshers) - is typical for " 16117"north-eastern Russia image of the threshers, who are stand in the row. In " 16118"the European part of Russia called Kichigi usually hides the Ursa Major " 16119"constellation." 16120msgstr "" 16121 16122#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16123#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:30 16124msgid "Svjatskij, D.O. Astronomija Drevnej Rusi. - M., 2007. - 664 s." 16125msgstr "" 16126 16127#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16128#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:31 16129msgid "" 16130"Svjatskij, D.O. Pod svodom hrustal'nogo neba: Ocherki po astral'noj " 16131"mifologii v oblasti religioznogo i narodnogo mirovozzrenija. Izd. 2-e M.: " 16132"Knizhnyj dvor \"LIBROKOM\", 2011. - 192 s." 16133msgstr "" 16134 16135#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16136#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:32 16137msgid "" 16138"Rut, M.E. Slovar' astronimov. Zvezdnoe nebo po-russki. - M.: AST-PRESS " 16139"KNIGA, 2010. - 288 s." 16140msgstr "" 16141 16142#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16143#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:33 16144msgid "Karpenko, Ju.A. Nazvanija zvezdnogo neba. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - 184 s." 16145msgstr "" 16146 16147#. type: Content of: <h2> 16148#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:1 16149msgid "Tongan (Tonga)" 16150msgstr "" 16151 16152#. type: Content of: <p> 16153#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:2 16154msgid "" 16155"As in all Polynesian star lore, Tongan sky culture descends from the " 16156"practical application of nautical navigation. In some circumstances " 16157"separation of individual star names from "star path" names cannot " 16158"be resolved. A star may have multiple names 1) if the star is part of " 16159"numerous star paths and 2) since the naming of stars can differ depending on" 16160" which Tongan island group it originates from. The nomenclature of stars is" 16161" approximated based on the limited resources available." 16162msgstr "" 16163 16164#. type: Content of: <p> 16165#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:11 16166msgid "" 16167"Whilst the most-notable/common stars and constellations (i.e. Orion, " 16168"Pleiades, Crux) are identified in Tongan star lore there are two notable " 16169"exceptions. There is an absence of naming of the North star (Polaris: " 16170"α UMi). This is peculiar considering the latitude of the Tongan " 16171"islands and the prominence of this star at certain times of the year. In the" 16172" event of any northerly journeys from Tonga such an important navigational " 16173"landmark could not have possibly gone unnoticed. The constellation of " 16174"Scorpio (parts in, or stars of) are also absent from Tongan star lore. This " 16175"is surprising since the vast majority of star lore – globally and " 16176"Polynesian – has Scorpio as a central constellation due to it being " 16177"easily identified and that it is nearly directly opposite Orion in the night" 16178" sky. [Stellarium would welcome any further knowledge on these two " 16179"anomalies.]" 16180msgstr "" 16181 16182#. type: Content of: <p> 16183#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:25 16184msgid "" 16185"Common ancestry of Polynesian star lore's is evident in the similarities in " 16186"the labelling of stars. For example the Pleiades is called Mataliki in " 16187"Tongan, Matariki in Maori and Makali`i in Hawaiian." 16188msgstr "" 16189 16190#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 16191#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:32 16192msgid "" 16193"Velt Kik, <em>Ko E Ngaahi fetu'u 'o, Stars over tonga</em>, 1990 'Atenisi " 16194"University, Nuku'alofa , Tonga Government printing department." 16195msgstr "" 16196 16197#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 16198#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:34 16199msgid "" 16200"T.H Fale, <em>Tongan astronomy</em>, 1990 Polynesian Eyes foundation, " 16201"Nuku'alofa, Tonga Choice printing." 16202msgstr "" 16203 16204#. type: Content of: <ol><li> 16205#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:37 16206msgid "" 16207"E. E. V. Collocott, <em>Tongan astronomy and calendar</em>, 1992 Occasional " 16208"Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian ethnology and " 16209"Natural History, Vol.8, No. 4 Honolulu, Hawaii, Bishop Museum Press 1922, p." 16210" 157-173." 16211msgstr "" 16212 16213#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 16214#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:45 16215msgid "Tongan term" 16216msgstr "" 16217 16218#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16219#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:46 16220msgid "Humu" 16221msgstr "" 16222 16223#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16224#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:46 16225msgid "Coal sack" 16226msgstr "" 16227 16228#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16229#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:47 16230msgid "Kaniva" 16231msgstr "" 16232 16233#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16234#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:48 16235msgid "Ma'afulele" 16236msgstr "" 16237 16238#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16239#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:48 16240msgid "Large Magellan cloud" 16241msgstr "" 16242 16243#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16244#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:49 16245msgid "Ma'afutoka" 16246msgstr "" 16247 16248#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16249#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:49 16250msgid "Small Magellan cloud" 16251msgstr "" 16252 16253#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16254#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:50 16255msgid "'otu Ma'afu" 16256msgstr "" 16257 16258#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16259#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:50 16260msgid "Magellanic clouds (both)" 16261msgstr "" 16262 16263#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16264#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:51 16265msgid "Ha'amonga" 16266msgstr "" 16267 16268#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16269#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:51 16270msgid "Ecliptic" 16271msgstr "" 16272 16273#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16274#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:52 16275msgid "Mahina" 16276msgstr "" 16277 16278#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16279#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:53 16280msgid "La'a" 16281msgstr "" 16282 16283#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16284#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:54 16285msgid "Fetu'u" 16286msgstr "" 16287 16288#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16289#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:54 16290msgid "Star (in general)" 16291msgstr "" 16292 16293#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16294#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:55 16295msgid "Fetu'ufuka" 16296msgstr "" 16297 16298#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16299#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:55 16300msgid "Comet" 16301msgstr "" 16302 16303#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16304#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:56 16305msgid "'Umata" 16306msgstr "" 16307 16308#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16309#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:56 16310msgid "Rainbow" 16311msgstr "" 16312 16313#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16314#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:57 16315msgid "Fetu'u'Esiafi" 16316msgstr "" 16317 16318#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16319#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:57 16320msgid "Falling star" 16321msgstr "流星" 16322 16323#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16324#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:58 16325msgid "tapukitea" 16326msgstr "" 16327 16328#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16329#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:59 16330msgid "Matamemea" 16331msgstr "" 16332 16333#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16334#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:60 16335msgid "Ma'afutoka (same as SMC)" 16336msgstr "" 16337 16338#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16339#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:61 16340msgid "Ma'afulele (same as LMC)" 16341msgstr "" 16342 16343#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16344#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:62 16345msgid "Velitoa hififo" 16346msgstr "" 16347 16348#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16349#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:62 16350msgid "Rigel" 16351msgstr "" 16352 16353#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16354#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:63 16355msgid "Velitoa hahake" 16356msgstr "" 16357 16358#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16359#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:63 16360msgid "Betelguese" 16361msgstr "" 16362 16363#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16364#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:64 16365msgid "Hikule'o" 16366msgstr "" 16367 16368#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16369#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:65 16370msgid "Monuafe" 16371msgstr "" 16372 16373#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16374#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:65 16375msgid "Meissa" 16376msgstr "" 16377 16378#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16379#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:66 16380msgid "Motuliki" 16381msgstr "" 16382 16383#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16384#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:67 16385msgid "Tu'ulalupe" 16386msgstr "" 16387 16388#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16389#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:68 16390msgid "Toloatonga" 16391msgstr "" 16392 16393#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16394#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:69 16395msgid "Toloalahi" 16396msgstr "" 16397 16398#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16399#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:69 16400msgid "False Cross" 16401msgstr "" 16402 16403#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?) 16404#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:72 16405msgid "<strong>Tongan constellations</strong>" 16406msgstr "" 16407 16408#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 16409#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:74 16410msgid "Tongan name" 16411msgstr "" 16412 16413#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th> 16414#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:74 16415msgid "Designation or notes" 16416msgstr "" 16417 16418#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16419#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:75 16420msgid "Tuinga ika" 16421msgstr "" 16422 16423#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16424#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:75 16425msgid "Part of Orion, belt and sword" 16426msgstr "" 16427 16428#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16429#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:76 16430msgid "Ae e'Uvea" 16431msgstr "" 16432 16433#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16434#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:76 16435msgid "Corona Borealis (<em>Speculative</em>)" 16436msgstr "" 16437 16438#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16439#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:77 16440msgid "Fatanalua" 16441msgstr "" 16442 16443#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16444#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:77 16445msgid "Coma Berenices (<em>Speculative</em>)" 16446msgstr "" 16447 16448#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16449#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:78 16450msgid "Kapakau'o'tafahi" 16451msgstr "" 16452 16453#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16454#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:78 16455msgid "Cassiopeia (<em>Speculative</em>)" 16456msgstr "" 16457 16458#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16459#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:79 16460msgid "Toloa" 16461msgstr "" 16462 16463#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16464#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:79 16465msgid "Belt of Orion" 16466msgstr "猎户腰带" 16467 16468#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16469#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:80 16470msgid "Lua tangata" 16471msgstr "" 16472 16473#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16474#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:80 16475msgid "Castor and/or Pollux" 16476msgstr "" 16477 16478#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16479#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:81 16480msgid "Fungasia" 16481msgstr "" 16482 16483#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16484#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:81 16485msgid "Toliman and/or Agena" 16486msgstr "" 16487 16488#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td> 16489#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:82 16490msgid "Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)" 16491msgstr "" 16492 16493#. type: Content of: <h1> 16494#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:1 16495msgid "Tukano Constellations" 16496msgstr "" 16497 16498#. type: Content of: <p> 16499#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:2 16500msgid "" 16501"Tukano is the common name for a group of indigenous tribes who live around " 16502"the northwestern region of Brazil, near Colombia and Venezuela. The group " 16503"shown in this work live on the banks of the Rio Tiquié within the Rio Negro " 16504"bay in the Amazonas State, Brazil." 16505msgstr "" 16506 16507#. type: Content of: <h5> 16508#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:5 16509msgid "" 16510"<em>One circular calendar developed in 2007. For more details, please refer " 16511"to:</em>" 16512msgstr "" 16513 16514#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16515#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:7 16516msgid "" 16517"<a " 16518"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/processaPesquisa.php?listaDetalhes[]=4584&processar=Processar\"" 16519" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Abstract</a>." 16520msgstr "" 16521"<a " 16522"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/processaPesquisa.php?listaDetalhes[]=4584&processar=Processar\"" 16523" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">摘要</a>" 16524 16525#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16526#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:8 16527msgid "" 16528"<a " 16529"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5684\"" 16530" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Thesis</a>" 16531msgstr "" 16532"<a " 16533"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5684\"" 16534" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">论文</a>" 16535 16536#. type: Content of: <h3> 16537#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:11 16538msgid "CONSTELLATIONS" 16539msgstr "星座" 16540 16541#. type: Content of: <p> 16542#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:12 16543msgid "" 16544"Constellations within Tukano astronomical culture are related with natural " 16545"phenomena as a whole. We gathered twelve constellations with a group who " 16546"speaks Tukano language. This is not the definitive number of constellations." 16547" There are, surely, more constellations to be described. We presented here " 16548"essentially “the main cycle” (CARDOSO, 2007) of the Tukano constellations. " 16549"Sometimes someone relate new discoveries about these Indians sky conceptions" 16550" or presents new constellation descriptions. Though we are establishing " 16551"limits and configurations to these constellations that are new to us (non- " 16552"Indians), they don’t organize this body of knowledge in the same way. Their" 16553" conceptions about sky and Universe are different when compared with ours. " 16554"They don’t organize and conceive ideas about the Universe as a whole, like " 16555"us." 16556msgstr "" 16557 16558#. type: Content of: <p> 16559#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:13 16560msgid "" 16561"Hereby we present few data from a research carried out with living people " 16562"and this data may be variable in near future. We worked with basic school " 16563"students, elders and story tellers comparing the talks and summarizing it as" 16564" you’ll see below." 16565msgstr "" 16566 16567#. type: Content of: <p> 16568#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:14 16569msgid "" 16570"In general, we can say that a Tukano constellation, or parts of it, are " 16571"observed when its setting occurs, like the sunset (heliacal setting) during " 16572"the short period of an year. There are an amount of natural phenomena " 16573"related with this astronomical event. For example we can consider Aña’s head" 16574" setting during November and its relation with the increase and decrease of " 16575"the Tiquié river level. The variation of the river level is accompanied with" 16576" an emerging of different fishes which appear as the result of these " 16577"changeable natural conditions. Other larger fishes follow the first group " 16578"for multiple purposes (eating smaller ones for example). All of them eat " 16579"some fruits which eventually fall over the river surface. Ground animals and" 16580" microorganisms are interested on these fruits, as well as either. So, a " 16581"phenomenon first described as an astronomical set for us can be seen inside " 16582"a more complex behavior for Tukanos and their neighbors around this region. " 16583"Animals, plants and also spiritual manifestations are in a complex " 16584"relationship under the cosmological view that we can’t more ignore." 16585msgstr "" 16586 16587#. type: Content of: <p> 16588#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:15 16589msgid "" 16590"The name of each constellation was written in this sequence: Tukano, " 16591"Portuguese and English. Ex. Pamõ\\Tatu\\Armadillo." 16592msgstr "" 16593 16594#. type: Content of: <h3> 16595#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:17 16596msgid "Aña or Aña Diaso\\Jararaca\\Fer-de-lance" 16597msgstr "" 16598 16599#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16600#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:17 16601msgid "" 16602"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothrops_jararaca\" class='external " 16603"text' rel=\"nofollow\">Aña - Jararaca - Jararaca (snake)</a>" 16604msgstr "" 16605 16606#. type: Content of: <p> 16607#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:19 16608msgid "" 16609"A big snake that is found in part of our Scorpius, Sagittarius and Corona " 16610"Australis constellations. Its setting with the sunset correspond of the " 16611"beginning of the year to this group of Tukanos." 16612msgstr "" 16613 16614#. type: Content of: <h3> 16615#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:20 16616msgid "Pamõ\\Tatu\\Armadillo" 16617msgstr "" 16618 16619#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16620#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:20 16621msgid "" 16622"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo\" class='external text' " 16623"rel=\"nofollow\">Pamõ - Tatu - Armadillo</a>" 16624msgstr "" 16625 16626#. type: Content of: <p> 16627#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:21 16628msgid "" 16629"This constellation is found in our Dolphin constellation and part of Aquila " 16630"constellation. This group of faint stars takes place inside a poor stellar " 16631"field with exception of the bright Altair (Alfa Aquilae)." 16632msgstr "" 16633 16634#. type: Content of: <h3> 16635#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:22 16636msgid "Darsiu\\camarão de rio\\freshwater shrimp" 16637msgstr "" 16638 16639#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16640#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:22 16641msgid "" 16642"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridea\" class='external text' " 16643"rel=\"nofollow\">Darsiu - Pitu - Caridean Shrimp</a>" 16644msgstr "" 16645 16646#. type: Content of: <h3> 16647#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:23 16648msgid "Mhua\\Jacundá (peixe)\\A kind of fish" 16649msgstr "" 16650 16651#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16652#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:23 16653msgid "" 16654"<a href=\"http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacund%C3%A1\" class='external text' " 16655"rel=\"nofollow\">Mhua - Jacundá (peixe) - Jacundá (a kind of fish)</a>" 16656msgstr "" 16657 16658#. type: Content of: <p> 16659#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:24 16660msgid "" 16661"Both constellations are jointed together in a few bright stars of Aquarius " 16662"and Pisces area. But it is a wonderful challenge to try to see it during " 16663"the night." 16664msgstr "" 16665 16666#. type: Content of: <h3> 16667#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:25 16668msgid "Yai\\onça\\puma or jaguar" 16669msgstr "" 16670 16671#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16672#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:25 16673msgid "" 16674"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar\" class='external text' " 16675"rel=\"nofollow\">Yai - Onça - Jaguar</a>" 16676msgstr "" 16677 16678#. type: Content of: <p> 16679#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:26 16680msgid "" 16681"It is a big constellation – one of the biggest – inside the north portions " 16682"of night skies. All night long near the horizon, the big puma is described " 16683"inside our Cepheus, Cassiopeia and Perseus constellations." 16684msgstr "" 16685 16686#. type: Content of: <h3> 16687#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:27 16688msgid "Yhe\\garça\\egret" 16689msgstr "" 16690 16691#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16692#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:27 16693msgid "" 16694"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egret\" class='external text' " 16695"rel=\"nofollow\">Yhé - Garça - Egret</a>" 16696msgstr "" 16697 16698#. type: Content of: <p> 16699#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:28 16700msgid "" 16701"It is still in discussion the real position of this constellation, if those " 16702"stars are in the Berenices’ hair region or inside the Corvus. We choose the " 16703"first region because it was present as the real one by the Tukanos of São " 16704"José II tribe." 16705msgstr "" 16706 16707#. type: Content of: <h3> 16708#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:29 16709msgid "Yurara\\tartaruga\\turtle" 16710msgstr "" 16711 16712#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16713#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:29 16714msgid "" 16715"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise\" class='external text' " 16716"rel=\"nofollow\">Yurara - Cágado - Tortoise</a>" 16717msgstr "" 16718 16719#. type: Content of: <p> 16720#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:30 16721msgid "" 16722"This constellation is described as the occidental Southern Cross " 16723"constellation. Sometimes this traditional occidental constellation also " 16724"means an Otter or a turtle by the Tukano people." 16725msgstr "" 16726 16727#. type: Content of: <h3> 16728#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:31 16729msgid "Nhorkoatero\\grupo de estrelas\\Pleiades" 16730msgstr "" 16731 16732#. type: Content of: <h3> 16733#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:31 16734msgid "Nhorkoatero - Grupo de Estrelas - Group of Stars" 16735msgstr "" 16736 16737#. type: Content of: <p> 16738#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:32 16739msgid "" 16740"The translation of <em>nhorkoatero</em> is literally group of stars. " 16741"Identified as our Pleiades this is very significant as a time keeper within " 16742"a complex calendar to Tukano people. It is also used as a rainy period " 16743"pointer." 16744msgstr "" 16745 16746#. type: Content of: <h3> 16747#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:33 16748msgid "Waikhasa\\moquém\\a kind of recipient to cook fish" 16749msgstr "" 16750 16751#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16752#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:33 16753msgid "" 16754"<a href=\"http://cozinhacomz.com.br/?food=muquiar-ou-moquear\" " 16755"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Waikasa - Moquém - Moquém (a kind of " 16756"grill to cook fish)</a>" 16757msgstr "" 16758 16759#. type: Content of: <p> 16760#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:34 16761msgid "" 16762"It is identified with our Taurus Hyades open cluster of stars with the " 16763"bright Aldebaran following the Pleiades. This is an easy asterism to be " 16764"seen all over the sky." 16765msgstr "" 16766 16767#. type: Content of: <h3> 16768#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:35 16769msgid "Sioyahpu\\enxó\\instrument do carve wood" 16770msgstr "" 16771 16772#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul> 16773#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:35 16774msgid "" 16775"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adze\" class='external text' " 16776"rel=\"nofollow\">Sioyahpu - Cabo do Enxó - Adze Handle</a>" 16777msgstr "" 16778 16779#. type: Content of: <p> 16780#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:36 16781msgid "" 16782"As a part of Orion belt and two of the others brightest stars of this " 16783"constellation – our Betelgeuse and Bellatrix – this constellation represents" 16784" to Tukano group a part of a tool which is used to carve wood." 16785msgstr "" 16786 16787#. type: Content of: <h3> 16788#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:37 16789msgid "Sipé Phairo\\cobra de ânus grande\\a snake" 16790msgstr "" 16791 16792#. type: Content of: <h3><br> 16793#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:37 16794msgid "Sipé Phairo - Cobra de Ânus Grande - Snake Large Anus" 16795msgstr "" 16796 16797#. type: Content of: <p> 16798#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:38 16799msgid "" 16800"This snake corresponds to our brightest Big Dipper stars. In a legend when " 16801"this constellation touches the horizon after the sunset almost all fishes in" 16802" the main river are swallowed by it." 16803msgstr "" 16804 16805#. type: Content of: <h3> 16806#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:39 16807msgid "Diayo/lontra/otter" 16808msgstr "" 16809 16810#. type: Content of: <p> 16811#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:40 16812msgid "" 16813"Described as our Southern Cross by part of the Tukanos in half Tiquié river," 16814" this constellation is also associated with star as Sirius in Cannis Major " 16815"in that region." 16816msgstr "" 16817 16818#. type: Content of: <h3> 16819#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:41 16820msgid "Kai Sariró/Circulo de dança/Circle dances" 16821msgstr "" 16822 16823#. type: Content of: <p> 16824#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:42 16825msgid "" 16826"Those stars are mainly at Orion constellation and mean a circle of dances in" 16827" some special Tukano ceremonies." 16828msgstr "" 16829 16830#. type: Content of: <h4> 16831#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:44 16832msgid "SOME WORDS ABOUT OUR RESEARCH WITHIN NORTWESTERN AMAZONIAN INDIANS:" 16833msgstr "" 16834 16835#. type: Content of: <p> 16836#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:45 16837msgid "" 16838"This work is part of an amount of researches developed as a survey, " 16839"conducted between 2005 and 2007 that resulted in a doctoral/PhD thesis " 16840"(Cardoso, 2007). Relying on Ethnomatematics sources (D’ambrosio, 2002), in " 16841"practical sky observation activities and on classical sources about " 16842"constellations observed in Brazil’s Amazon region, we accomplished a sky " 16843"mapping of these Indian ethnicity: Tukano, Dessano and Tuyuka but in " 16844"special, the first one. From the description of many constellations we " 16845"created an astronomical events and climate calendar along with students from" 16846" differentiated Yupuri’s indigenous school. Rain periods, drought, planting " 16847"and harvesting are marked by the sunset and sunrise of the major " 16848"constellations created by Amazonia northwest Indians" 16849msgstr "" 16850 16851#. type: Content of: <h4> 16852#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:48 16853msgid "" 16854"Walmir Thomazi Cardoso gathered this information in a survey that is part of" 16855" his PhD. Thesis of Ethnomathematics (walmir.astronomia@gmail.com)" 16856msgstr "" 16857 16858#. type: Content of: <h4><br> 16859#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:48 16860msgid "" 16861"Displays were made by Antonio Gumercindo Taques dos Santos (Ticão) and " 16862"Youssif Ganthous Filho (youssif@gmail.com)." 16863msgstr "" 16864 16865#. type: Content of: <h2> 16866#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:1 16867msgid "Tupi-Guarani" 16868msgstr "" 16869 16870#. type: Content of: <p> 16871#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:2 16872msgid "" 16873"Tupi-Guarani is a name given to a family of languages spoken by the " 16874"indigenous peoples of Brazil and other South American countries." 16875msgstr "" 16876 16877#. type: Content of: <p><p> 16878#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:5 16879msgid "" 16880"As with many cultures, constellations were identified and used to help keep " 16881"track of the seasons and predict the seasonal variations which affect daily " 16882"life. In the book <i>Histoire de la Mission de Pères Capucins en l'Isle de " 16883"Maragnan et terres circonvoisins</i>, published in Paris, 1614, it is stated" 16884" that the Tupi people identified some thirty constellations, but the book " 16885"only details seven." 16886msgstr "" 16887 16888#. type: Content of: <p><h4> 16889#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:8 16890msgid "Ema" 16891msgstr "" 16892 16893#. type: Content of: <p><p> 16894#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:9 16895msgid "" 16896"The Tupi name for this constellation is <i>Iandutim</i> (<i>Guirá Nhandu</i>" 16897" in Guarani), which literally translates to <i>White Ostrich</i>. The " 16898"constellation depicts a large bird." 16899msgstr "" 16900 16901#. type: Content of: <p><p> 16902#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:11 16903msgid "" 16904"In the first two weeks of June this constellation is fully visible in the " 16905"Eastern sky in the evening, indicating the beginning of Winter in the South " 16906"of Brazil, and the start of the dry season in the North." 16907msgstr "" 16908 16909#. type: Content of: <p><h4> 16910#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:13 16911msgid "Homem Velho (the Old Man)" 16912msgstr "" 16913 16914#. type: Content of: <p><p> 16915#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:14 16916msgid "This constellation depicts an old man holding a stick." 16917msgstr "" 16918 16919#. type: Content of: <p><p> 16920#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:15 16921msgid "" 16922"In the second half of December, the constellation is fully visible in the " 16923"evening Eastern sky. This marks the beginning of summer in the southern " 16924"parts of Brazil and the start of the rainy season in the North." 16925msgstr "" 16926 16927#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 16928#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:19 16929msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_people\">The Tupi People</a>" 16930msgstr "" 16931 16932#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 16933#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:20 16934msgid "" 16935"<a href=\"http://www.telescopiosnaescola.pro.br/indigenas.pdf\">The " 16936"Brazilian Indigenous Constellations</a> by Germano Bruno Afonso (Portugese)" 16937msgstr "" 16938 16939#. type: Content of: <p> 16940#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:24 16941msgid "" 16942"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Paulo Marcelo " 16943"Pontes</i>." 16944msgstr "" 16945 16946#. type: Content of: <h2> 16947#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:1 16948msgid "Vanuatu (Netwar)" 16949msgstr "" 16950 16951#. type: Content of: <p> 16952#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:2 16953msgid "" 16954"The Netwar sky culture for Stellarium stems from a research which is ran " 16955"among the people of Vanuatu by Dominik M. Ramík and is <a " 16956"href=\"http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/\">published online</a>. Netwar " 16957"language (its indigenous name, also sometimes called \"Lenakel language\" " 16958"after a major village in the area) is one of languages of Tanna island in " 16959"Vanuatu. Its constellations are strikingly similar with other languages of " 16960"Vanuatu, although names and meanings vary to some extent." 16961msgstr "" 16962 16963#. type: Content of: <h3> 16964#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:4 16965msgid "Solar system" 16966msgstr "太阳系" 16967 16968#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16969#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:6 16970msgid "Sun: Met" 16971msgstr "" 16972 16973#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 16974#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:7 16975msgid "Moon: Mawuk" 16976msgstr "" 16977 16978#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 16979#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:9 16980msgid "Waxing crescent: Mawuk wi - 'new Moon'" 16981msgstr "" 16982 16983#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 16984#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:10 16985msgid "" 16986"First quarter: Nail ratuatu - 'it stays straight', meaning that in the sky " 16987"the Moon appears straight in the zenith in the evening" 16988msgstr "" 16989 16990#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 16991#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:11 16992msgid "" 16993"Full Moon: Mawuk ramépép malwia - 'the Moon is like the fish épép malwia' " 16994"(Platax orbicularis); also Nati tawar - means that when the sun is setting, " 16995"the Moon just appears above the mountains" 16996msgstr "" 16997 16998#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 16999#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:12 17000msgid "Last quarter: Numanmel" 17001msgstr "" 17002 17003#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 17004#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:13 17005msgid "Waning crescent: Numanmel" 17006msgstr "" 17007 17008#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 17009#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:14 17010msgid "Lunar eclipse: Mawuk ramemes - 'dead Moon'" 17011msgstr "" 17012 17013#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17014#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:16 17015msgid "Venus:" 17016msgstr "" 17017 17018#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 17019#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:18 17020msgid "Morning star: Fétukai" 17021msgstr "" 17022 17023#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li> 17024#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:19 17025msgid "Evening star: Kéwita" 17026msgstr "" 17027 17028#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17029#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:21 17030msgid "Jupiter: Karatéi" 17031msgstr "" 17032 17033#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17034#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:22 17035msgid "Mahau ramiwuk: 'jumping star', bad omen foretelling someone's death" 17036msgstr "" 17037 17038#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17039#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:27 17040msgid "In general: Mahau" 17041msgstr "" 17042 17043#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17044#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:28 17045msgid "Aldebaran: Kapaumeta" 17046msgstr "" 17047 17048#. type: Content of: <h3> 17049#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:31 17050msgid "Constellations and deep-sky objects" 17051msgstr "" 17052 17053#. type: Content of: <p> 17054#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:32 17055msgid "" 17056"Note: the English names preceding the local names are here only to help the " 17057"reader locate the particular constellation in the frame of the Western sky. " 17058"The actual translations of the local names follow them." 17059msgstr "" 17060 17061#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17062#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:34 17063msgid "LMC and SMC: Nowanuman - 'earth oven'" 17064msgstr "" 17065 17066#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17067#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:35 17068msgid "" 17069"Milky Way: Nemrau - 'ash'; also Nuafuganan - less common term of unknown " 17070"meaning" 17071msgstr "" 17072 17073#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17074#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:36 17075msgid "Orion's Belt: Kasulia apam - 'long yoke'" 17076msgstr "" 17077 17078#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17079#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:37 17080msgid "Orion's Sword: Kasulia rerparep - 'short yoke'" 17081msgstr "" 17082 17083#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17084#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:38 17085msgid "" 17086"Taurus' Head: Kou - 'pincers used for taking hot stones out of the fire'" 17087msgstr "" 17088 17089#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17090#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:39 17091msgid "" 17092"Scorpion's Dart: Kahaur rul - 'rat', seen in the evening in zenith when it " 17093"is time to prepare gardens" 17094msgstr "" 17095 17096#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17097#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:40 17098msgid "Orion's Body: Kilil - 'traditional fan' made from palm leaves" 17099msgstr "" 17100 17101#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17102#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:41 17103msgid "" 17104"Southern Cross: Suatu kywer - 'four customary ways' connecting four villages" 17105" with a nakamal; it rises in the evening in March and symbolizes the time " 17106"when in the nakamal people do temahwa for good harvest" 17107msgstr "" 17108 17109#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17110#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:42 17111msgid "" 17112"Pleiades: Nowaswas Lapnuman - 'young boys of Lapnuman'; also Neperawen " 17113"Lapnuman - 'young girls of Lapnuman'" 17114msgstr "" 17115 17116#. type: Content of: <h3> 17117#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:45 17118msgid "Names of objects with unknown position" 17119msgstr "" 17120 17121#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17122#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:47 17123msgid "" 17124"Mowaimawuk - name of an unidentified star, said to be close to the Moon or " 17125"to rise close to it" 17126msgstr "" 17127 17128#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17129#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:48 17130msgid "" 17131"Iaiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Altair), which sets in the " 17132"morning in time of preparation of gardens (July)" 17133msgstr "" 17134 17135#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17136#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:49 17137msgid "" 17138"Koraiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Rigel), found in " 17139"September in the morning near zenith" 17140msgstr "" 17141 17142#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17143#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:50 17144msgid "" 17145"Kwankaio - name of an unidentified star (possibly Procyon), rising in " 17146"February in the morning" 17147msgstr "" 17148 17149#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17150#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:55 17151msgid "" 17152"Project <a href=\"http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/\">Vanuatu Sky</a> " 17153"including Netwar data alongside other languages of Vanuatu" 17154msgstr "" 17155 17156#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17157#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:56 17158msgid "" 17159"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenakel_language\">Netwar language " 17160"on Wikipedia</a>" 17161msgstr "" 17162 17163#. type: Content of: <p> 17164#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:60 17165msgid "" 17166"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Dominik M. Ramík</i>. Web: <a " 17167"href=\"http://dominicweb.eu\">dominicweb.eu</a>, e-mail: <a " 17168"href=\"mailto:dominik.ramik@seznam.cz\">dominik.ramik@seznam.cz</a>." 17169msgstr "" 17170 17171#. type: Content of: <p> 17172#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:61 17173msgid "" 17174"Elders from local communities on Tanna, who contributed with their ancestral" 17175" knowledge to this project: Jimmy Napip from Ikumhala, Lomai Tain from " 17176"Ielkes, Sylvano Kapalu from Ipai, Iawilu Naumusapen from Lowkweria, Kasékasé" 17177" from Imapul, Nausien from Lamlu, Pierrot Nako Yaru from Lowanatom, Joe " 17178"Natuman from Lowkweria." 17179msgstr "" 17180 17181#. type: Content of: <h2> 17182#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:1 17183msgid "Western" 17184msgstr "西方" 17185 17186#. type: Content of: <p> 17187#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:2 17188msgid "" 17189"Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is " 17190"the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union. It has " 17191"historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic " 17192"astronomy." 17193msgstr "" 17194 17195#. type: Content of: <p><p> 17196#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:5 17197#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:5 17198msgid "" 17199"The Western culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various " 17200"sizes called <i>constellations</i>, each with precise boundary, issued by " 17201"the International Astronomical Union. These constellations have become the " 17202"standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky " 17203"cultures exhaustively in daily usage." 17204msgstr "" 17205 17206#. type: Content of: <p> 17207#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:8 17208msgid "" 17209"Most of traditional western star names came from Arabic. In astronomy, " 17210"Bayer/Flamsteed designations and other star catalogues are widely used " 17211"instead of traditional names except few cases where the traditional names " 17212"are more famous than the designations." 17213msgstr "" 17214 17215#. type: Content of: <h3> 17216#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:10 17217msgid "Alternative asterism files for Stellarium" 17218msgstr "可供选择的Stellarium 的星群文件" 17219 17220#. type: Content of: <p> 17221#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:11 17222msgid "" 17223"<a " 17224"href=\"http://wackymorningdj.users.sourceforge.net/ha_rey_stellarium.zip\" " 17225"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Asterisms by H.A. Rey</a>, from his " 17226"book \"The Stars: A New Way To See Them\", by <a class='external text' " 17227"href=\"http://sourceforge.net/users/wackymorningdj/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mike " 17228"Richards</a>." 17229msgstr "" 17230 17231#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 17232#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:15 17233#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:14 17234msgid "" 17235"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" class='external text'" 17236" title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" " 17237"rel=\"nofollow\">Constellation</a> article at Wikipedia" 17238msgstr "" 17239 17240#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 17241#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:16 17242#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:15 17243msgid "" 17244"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue\" class='external " 17245"text' title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star catalogue\" " 17246"rel=\"nofollow\">Star Catalogue</a> article at Wikipedia" 17247msgstr "" 17248 17249#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17250#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:17 17251msgid "" 17252"<a " 17253"href=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\"" 17254" class='external text' " 17255"title=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\"" 17256" rel=\"nofollow\">Constellation image library</a> of the U.S. Naval " 17257"Observatory and the Space Telescope Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius " 17258"Engravings." 17259msgstr "" 17260 17261#. type: Content of: <h2> 17262#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:1 17263msgid "Sky & Telescope" 17264msgstr "天空与望远镜" 17265 17266#. type: Content of: <p> 17267#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:2 17268msgid "" 17269"Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is " 17270"the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union. It has " 17271"historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic " 17272"astronomy. The constellation figures and star names come from Sky & " 17273"Telescope's definitions, and should be familiar to users of Sky & " 17274"Telescope's Pocket Sky Atlas, Sky Atlas 2000.0, and the figures in Sky & " 17275"Telescope magazine." 17276msgstr "" 17277 17278#. type: Content of: <p><p> 17279#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:7 17280msgid "" 17281"Note: the Sky & Telescope sky culture does not provide constellation lines " 17282"for Microscopium or Mensa." 17283msgstr "" 17284 17285#. type: Content of: <p><p> 17286#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:10 17287msgid "" 17288"The method used by Sky & Telescope to determine star names is detailed in " 17289"the included <i>SnT_star_names.docx</i> file." 17290msgstr "" 17291 17292#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 17293#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:13 17294msgid "" 17295"<a href=\"https://www.skyandtelescope.com\" class='external text' " 17296"title=\"Sky & Telescope\" rel=\"nofollow\">Sky & Telescope</a> homepage" 17297msgstr "" 17298 17299#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li> 17300#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:16 17301msgid "" 17302"<a href=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/\" class='external text' " 17303"title=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations\" rel=\"nofollow\">Official" 17304" IAU constellation information</a>" 17305msgstr "" 17306 17307#. type: Content of: <h2> 17308#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:1 17309msgid "Western (O.Hlad)" 17310msgstr "西方 (O.Hlad)" 17311 17312#. type: Content of: <p> 17313#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:3 17314msgid "Constellations according to classical Czech publication:" 17315msgstr "" 17316 17317#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17318#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:6 17319msgid "" 17320"Hlad, Hovorka, Polechová, Weiselová (1988): <em>Hvězdná obloha 2000.0</em>. " 17321"Praha: Geodetický a kartografický podnik." 17322msgstr "" 17323 17324#. type: Content of: <p> 17325#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:9 17326msgid "Another (rather similar) Czech and Slovak references are:" 17327msgstr "" 17328 17329#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17330#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:12 17331msgid "" 17332"Hlad, Hovorka, Sojka, Weiselová (2000): <em>Atlas Coeli Novus 2000.0</em>. " 17333"Praha: Hvězdárna a planetárium hl. m. Prahy, ETC publishing." 17334msgstr "" 17335 17336#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17337#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:13 17338msgid "" 17339"Pittich, Kalmančok (1981): <em>Obloha na dlani</em>. Bratislava: Obzor." 17340msgstr "" 17341 17342#. type: Content of: <p> 17343#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:19 17344msgid "" 17345"Constellation lines are designed so they mostly connect stars with Greek-" 17346"letter (α, β, γ, ...) designations, brightest, or at least similarly bright " 17347"stars, and especially if they form a mnemotechnic figure (like 'W' in case " 17348"of Cas, or 'hurdles-runner' instead of Vir). We usually do <em>not</em> use" 17349" 5th magnitude stars, because they are difficult to spot in towns affected " 17350"by light pollution. The resulting figures are also a bit simpler and " 17351"easier-to-remember for children. We use these constellations at the " 17352"Observatory and Planetarium Hradec Králové (<a " 17353"href=\"http://www.astrohk.cz\">http://www.astrohk.cz</a>)." 17354msgstr "" 17355 17356#. type: Content of: <p> 17357#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:28 17358msgid "" 17359"Notes: UMa is taken from Pittich and Kalmančok (1981); M81 and M82 galaxies " 17360"are just behind Bear's head. Gem is a similar case. Cam seems upside-down " 17361"with respect to a mythological figure, but HIP 29997, 33694 stars are indeed" 17362" brighter." 17363msgstr "" 17364 17365#. type: Content of: <h3> 17366#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:33 17367msgid "Updates" 17368msgstr "更新" 17369 17370#. type: Content of: <p> 17371#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:35 17372msgid "Version 1.0 for Stellarium 0.13.1" 17373msgstr "供 Stellarium 0.13.1 使用的 1.0 版" 17374 17375#. type: Content of: <p> 17376#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:37 17377msgid "" 17378"Future updates should be available at <a " 17379"href=\"http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/\">http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/</a>" 17380msgstr "" 17381 17382#. type: Content of: <h2> 17383#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:1 17384msgid "Western: H.A. Rey" 17385msgstr "" 17386 17387#. type: Content of: <p> 17388#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:5 17389msgid "" 17390"During the 19th century the use and further editions of richly illustrated " 17391"atlases with sumptuously engraved mythological figures fell out of fashion. " 17392"The stars of the constellations in atlases of that time started to be shown " 17393"connected with line patterns (\"stick figures\"), which however appear " 17394"sometimes only to have been used to indicate which stars belong to which " 17395"constellation. Over several decades the figures had ceased to resemble the " 17396"figures they were named after and appeared incomprehensible to beginning " 17397"stargazers in the middle of the 20th century." 17398msgstr "" 17399 17400#. type: Content of: <p> 17401#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:16 17402msgid "" 17403"H. A. Rey (Hans Augusto Reyersbach) (1898-1977), an artist and author of " 17404"children's books of German descent but emigrated to the USA, published his " 17405"answer to this problem in 1952 with the book <em>The Stars - A New Way To " 17406"See Them</em>." 17407msgstr "" 17408 17409#. type: Content of: <h4> 17410#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:22 17411msgid "The Constellations" 17412msgstr "星座" 17413 17414#. type: Content of: <p> 17415#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:24 17416msgid "" 17417"In this book, which has become very popular especially in the US, Rey " 17418"connected the stars of every constellation \"in such a way that the " 17419"resulting shape makes sense.\" What surprised him was \"that nobody has done" 17420" it before. The basic idea is so simple.\"" 17421msgstr "" 17422 17423#. type: Content of: <p> 17424#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:29 17425msgid "" 17426"Rey's new stick figures make it indeed very simple to recognize the depicted" 17427" constellation figures. Rey's work does not include figurative artwork, " 17428"therefore this sky culture deliberately only comes with Rey's original stick" 17429" figures. The constellation names were also always given in English by Rey." 17430" If you switch to \"Native\" name display mode, you may see exactly the " 17431"spelling used in his book. Also the stars named here are limited to those " 17432"included in the book." 17433msgstr "" 17434 17435#. type: Content of: <h4> 17436#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:37 17437msgid "Rey's Figures and the Classic Constellations" 17438msgstr "" 17439 17440#. type: Content of: <p> 17441#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:39 17442msgid "" 17443"Rey's constellations adhere to the tradition of the Western sky culture and " 17444"describes the 88 officially acknowledged constellations, with addition of " 17445"asterisms of the two Dippers and the \"Great Square\" (of Pegasus). " 17446"However, at several points Rey's figures deviate from the canonical figures " 17447"described since Ptolemy's Almagest (2nd century AD), where also positions of" 17448" the stars in their constellations had been described in their names. For " 17449"example," 17450msgstr "" 17451 17452#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17453#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:47 17454msgid "" 17455"Rey inverted the figure of the Great Bear (<em>Ursa Major</em>) to look " 17456"like a polar bear scenting prey. This on one hand does not have the usual " 17457"problem to explain its long tail. On the other hand, the bear is not shown " 17458"to walk around the pole in this orientation." 17459msgstr "" 17460 17461#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17462#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:53 17463msgid "" 17464"The Bull (<em>Taurus</em>), only the front of which is shown with long " 17465"upright horns in usual depictions, is shown with a complete body including " 17466"its tail, with horns stretched wide like those of a buffalo. Its bright eye " 17467"<em>Aldebaran</em> now lies in its neck." 17468msgstr "" 17469 17470#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17471#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:58 17472msgid "" 17473"The head of <em>Hercules</em> is usually next to the head of " 17474"<em>Ophiuchus</em>, the serpent holder, and the four stars known as " 17475"\"keystone\" form his body. Rey makes his head out of the keystone, and the " 17476"star that usually marks the hero's head is now one of his feet." 17477msgstr "" 17478 17479#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17480#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:63 17481msgid "" 17482"The Whale (<em>Cetus</em>) has been turned around, its former mouth now " 17483"forming a tail fin." 17484msgstr "" 17485 17486#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17487#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:66 17488msgid "<em>Pegasus</em> exchanged feet and head." 17489msgstr "" 17490 17491#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li> 17492#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:68 17493msgid "" 17494"<em>Bootes</em>, the herdsman, is shown sitting and smoking a pipe (no trace" 17495" of political correctness in a children's book of the 1950s... :-)" 17496msgstr "" 17497 17498#. type: Content of: <ul><li> 17499#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:75 17500msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Rey\">H.A.Rey (Wikipedia)</a>" 17501msgstr "" 17502 17503#. type: Content of: <p> 17504#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:80 17505msgid "" 17506"This sky culture used to be for a long time an easy user-installable addon " 17507"example contributed by Mike Richards. It has been reworked following the " 17508"41st reprint and completed with this description by Georg Zotti." 17509msgstr "" 17510