1# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
2# Copyright (C) YEAR Stellarium's team
3# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
4# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
5#
6# Translators:
7# freemanli <freeman.tam@gmail.com>, 2021
8#
9#, fuzzy
10msgid ""
11msgstr ""
12"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
13"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: stellarium@googlegroups.com\n"
14"POT-Creation-Date: 2021-12-16 17:32+0700\n"
15"PO-Revision-Date: 2020-01-06 16:35+0000\n"
16"Last-Translator: freemanli <freeman.tam@gmail.com>, 2021\n"
17"Language-Team: Chinese (Taiwan) (https://www.transifex.com/stellarium/teams/80998/zh_TW/)\n"
18"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
19"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
20"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
21"Language: zh_TW\n"
22"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
23
24#. type: Content of: <h1>
25#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:1
26msgid "Al-Sufi (\"Book of Fixed Stars\")"
27msgstr "蘇菲 (《恆星之書》)"
28
29#. type: Content of: <p>
30#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:2
31msgid ""
32"The Book of Fixed Stars was written shortly before 964 AD. Dr. Paul "
33"Kunitzsch described it as \"the most outstanding among the works of the "
34"prominent astronomer Abu 'l-Ḥusayn 'Abd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi (born in"
35" Rayy, 903; died 986), referred to as al-Sufi. In it, al-Şūfī treats the 48 "
36"classical constellations, which were established and transmitted in "
37"Ptolemy's Almagest. The description of each constellation comprises the "
38"following four sections: first, a general discussion of the constellation "
39"and its individual stars; this section also includes alŞūfi's criticism of "
40"the Ptolemaic tradition and notices of his own observations. Second, a "
41"record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling under that constellation,"
42" and the exact identification of the respective stars with the corresponding"
43" Ptolemaic stars. Third, two drawings of the constellation, one as it is "
44"seen on a celestial globe, and the other one as it is seen in the sky. "
45"Fourth, a table of the stars making up that constellation, giving a verbal "
46"description of each star's location and its longitude, latitude, and "
47"magnitude. This table closely follows the arrangement of Ptolemy's star "
48"catalogue in the Almagest.\" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. In "
49"addition to the four sections of each constellation mentioned by dr. "
50"Kunitzsch, Al-Sufi would identify stars within the 6 magnitudes that were "
51"neglected by Ptolemy, but he did not catalogue them and was faithful to "
52"Ptolemy star catalog."
53msgstr ""
54"《恆星之書》於西元 964 年不久之前所寫。 Paul Kunitzsch 博士將其描述為“著名天文學家阿卜杜勒-拉赫曼·蘇菲，簡稱為阿左飛 Al-"
55"Sufi 或蘇菲，（生於 903 年；死於 986 年）所寫的作品之中最傑出的， 這本書中，蘇菲論述了托勒密的《天文學大成》中所建立和傳達的 48 "
56"個經典星座，將每個星座的描述分成以下四個部分：第一，對星座及其所含恆星的一般討論；這部分也包括蘇菲對托勒密傳統的評論和他自己觀察所注意到的事項。第二，記錄該星座內的傳統阿拉伯星名，以及與托勒密恆星相對應的恆星的準確識別。第三，星座的兩幅圖,"
57" "
58"一個是在天球上看到的，另一個是在天空中看到的。第四，組成該星座的星表，對每顆星星的位置進行口頭描述以及它的經度、緯度和星等大小。這張表的順序與托勒密在《天文學大成》中的星表排列緊密相連。"
59"  <sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>。除了 Kunitzsch "
60"博士提到的每個星座的四個部分外，蘇菲另外標識被托勒密忽略的 6 等星內的恆星，但他並沒有對它們進行編目，而是忠於托勒密的星表。"
61
62#. type: Content of: <p>
63#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:3
64msgid ""
65"An important aspect of the general discussion section is Al-Sufi method of "
66"facilitating the star identification. He describes each individual star in "
67"more than way: By the star position related to the constellation figure, by "
68"its magnitude, by the asterism it forms with other stars like triangle or "
69"arc shapes, sometimes by the star position related to the Milky way, and by "
70"the angular distance from a close by star. I have counted more than 700 "
71"angular distances measured by al-Sufi in his book. The units he uses for "
72"angular distances are cubits, spear length, man-height, span, and finger. "
73"Al-Sufi explicitly said in his book that a cubit is equal to two degrees and"
74" 20 minutes <sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. For the other units,"
75" Schjellerup concluded some values, but tracking the 700 measurements, I "
76"came up with different values. The following table summarizes the units and "
77"relationship to the cubit value from Schjellerup<sup><a "
78"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup> and from my research."
79msgstr ""
80"一般討論部分的一個重要觀點是蘇菲對恆星識別採用的方法。 "
81"他以多種方式描述每顆恆星：通過與星座圖繪相對的位置，通過其星等大小，通過它與其他恆星所形成如三角形或弧形的星群，有時通過與銀河相對的位置，以及通過與附近恆星的角距離。"
82" 我計算過蘇菲在他的書中所測量的角距離有 700 多個。 他用於角距離的單位是手肘長、矛長、人的高度、跨度和手指寬。 "
83"蘇菲在他的書中明確指出，一個肘長等於2 度 20 分  <sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>。 "
84"對於其他單位，Schjellerup 得出了一些數值，但在追蹤探詢 700 個測量值，我得出了不同的值。 下表總結了從 Schjellerup "
85"<sup><a href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup> 和從我的研究中所得的單位和相對於手肘長大小的關係。"
86
87#. type: Content of: <h2>
88#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:5
89msgid "Angular distance units used by Al-Sufi"
90msgstr "蘇菲使用的角距離單位"
91
92#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
93#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:10
94msgid "<b>Schjellerup</b>"
95msgstr "<b>Schjellerup</b>"
96
97#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
98#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:11
99msgid "<b>Khalid</b>"
100msgstr "<b>Khalid</b>"
101
102#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
103#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:14
104msgid "<b>unit</b>"
105msgstr "<b>單位</b>"
106
107#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
108#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:15
109#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:17
110msgid "<b>cubits</b>"
111msgstr "<b>手肘長</b>"
112
113#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
114#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:16
115#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:18
116msgid "<b>Angular Value</b>"
117msgstr "<b>角距離</b>"
118
119#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
120#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:21
121msgid "spear"
122msgstr "矛長"
123
124#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
125#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:22
126#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:24
127msgid "6 cubits"
128msgstr "6 手肘長"
129
130#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
131#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:28
132msgid "Man-Height"
133msgstr "人高"
134
135#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
136#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:31
137msgid "3 cubits"
138msgstr "3 手肘長"
139
140#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
141#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:35
142msgid "cubit"
143msgstr "手肘長"
144
145#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
146#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:36
147#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:38
148msgid "1 cubit"
149msgstr "1 手肘長"
150
151#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
152#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:42
153msgid "span"
154msgstr "跨度"
155
156#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
157#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:43
158msgid "1/3 of a cubit"
159msgstr "手肘長的 1/3"
160
161#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
162#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:45
163msgid "1/2 of a cubit"
164msgstr "手肘長的 1/2"
165
166#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
167#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:49
168msgid "finger"
169msgstr "手指寬"
170
171#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
172#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:50
173msgid "1/32 of a cubit"
174msgstr "手肘長的 1/32"
175
176#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
177#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:52
178msgid "1/16 of a cubit"
179msgstr "手肘長的 1/16"
180
181#. type: Content of: <p>
182#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:57
183msgid ""
184"Another important aspect of Al-Sufi book is his record of the indigenous "
185"Arabic star names falling under each constellation, and the exact "
186"identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic "
187"stars. This means that we are looking at two layers of stars knowledge at "
188"the same time: the Ptolemaic one and the indigenous Arab one."
189msgstr ""
190"蘇菲的書中另一個重要觀點是他記錄了每個星座下的傳統阿拉伯星名，以及與托勒密恆星相對應恆星的準確識別。 "
191"這意味著我們同時在看兩種恆星知識：托勒密的和傳統阿拉伯的。"
192
193#. type: Content of: <h2>
194#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:59
195msgid "The Sky Culture"
196msgstr "星空述語"
197
198#. type: Content of: <p>
199#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:60
200msgid ""
201"This sky culture is a result of a research done on several manuscripts of "
202"the book, oldest of which is the <a "
203"href=\"https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535\""
204" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Marsh "
205"144 dated 1009 AD</a>."
206msgstr ""
207"這個星空述語是是對該書的幾份手稿進行研究的結果，其中最古老的是 <a "
208"href=\"https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535\""
209" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Marsh 144 女士，西元 1009 "
210"年紀錄，牛津博德利圖書館</a>。"
211
212#. type: Content of: <p>
213#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:61
214msgid ""
215"First, the manuscripts of the Book of Fixed Stars were critically edited, "
216"and the text was produced. Second, each member star of the 48 constellations"
217" was identified according to Al-Sufi description, and new tables were built "
218"including modern star designations from the Hipparcos, Bright stars, and "
219"Bayer catalogues. Third, Arab indigenous star names were collected and "
220"identified as mapped by Al-Sufi to the Ptolemaic ones. All the previous "
221"steps were included in a book published digitally of the Book of Fixed Stars"
222" plus explanations and commentary by Khalid Al-Ajaji<sup><a "
223"href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>."
224msgstr ""
225"首先，這本《恆星之書》手稿是校勘編輯並製成文字。 其次，這是根據蘇菲的描述來確定 48 個星座的每個星星成員，並包括來自 Hipparcos、亮星和 "
226"Bayer 星表的現代恆星名稱來建立了新的表格。 第三，收集和辨識的阿拉伯傳統星名是由蘇菲對應托勒密星表所確定的星名。 前面的所有步驟都包含在加上 "
227"Khalid Al-Ajaji 的解釋和評論《恆星之書》的電子版中<sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>。"
228
229#. type: Content of: <p>
230#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:62
231msgid ""
232"The sky culture stick figures of the constellations are the images in the "
233"Ulugh Beg manuscript of the Book of Fixed Stars, extracted, and adapted for "
234"Stellarium by Mr. Kutaibaa Akraa <sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup>."
235" The star names file includes the star number in the constellation as the "
236"primary star name and the description of the star in the tables as a "
237"secondary name. For example, Polaris primary name that is displayed with the"
238" star is: UMi1, UMi being Ursa Minor and 1 is the first star of this "
239"constellation. If the star is selected other secondary names are displayed, "
240"which will display \"The star on the end of the tail\" on the top of the "
241"screen. The constellation lines are constructed according to the "
242"constellation shapes with an attempt to include most of the member stars. "
243"For indigenous Arab star knowledge, individual star names were added to the "
244"star file as secondary names, while names of group of stars were defined "
245"through asterism names and asterism lines files."
246msgstr ""
247"本星空術語的圖繪是取自 《Ulugh Beg manuscript of the Book of Fixed Stars <sup><a "
248"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup>》中的圖像，並被 Kutaibaa Akraa 先生採用於 Stellarium "
249"中。 恆星名稱檔案使用星座內的恆星編號當作主恆星名，星表內的恆星描述當作次恆星名。例如，北極星的的主恆星名為：UMi1，UMi 指的是小熊座 Ursa "
250"Minor ，1 是該星座的第一號星。 如果選擇了恆星的其他名稱，則會顯示次恆星名，它將在螢幕上端顯示 「尾巴末端的星星」。 "
251"星座連線是試圖包括大多數成員恆星來構據星座的形狀。 "
252"對於傳統阿拉伯星星空知識，個別星名被添加到恆星檔案中作為次恆星名，而成群星星的名稱則通過星群名和星群連線檔案加以定義。"
253
254#. type: Content of: <p>
255#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:63
256msgid ""
257"The translation of star descriptions from Arabic into English was extracted "
258"from Ernie Wright website<sup><a href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> which "
259"was transcribed from Toomer's translation of the Almagest<sup><a "
260"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>. The translation was modified in a few "
261"places to agree with Al-Sufi wording."
262msgstr ""
263"從阿拉伯語到英語的恆星描述翻譯是摘自 Ernie Wright 網站 <sup><a "
264"href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup>，該網站是從 Toomer 對《天文學大成》的翻譯<sup><a "
265"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>中轉錄的。 "
266"翻譯詞彙在幾個地方以符合蘇菲的措辭進行了修改。譯註：中文翻譯限於作者的能力是取自翻譯後的英文然後再譯成中文，這個勢必與原來的阿拉伯文意思無法完全吻合甚至會造成誤解，歡迎修正。"
267
268#. type: Content of: <p>
269#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:64
270msgid ""
271"The single source of the sky culture is the Book of Fixed Stars and the "
272"objective is to give a faithful representation of the book content."
273msgstr "星空述語的單一來源是《恆星之書》，目的是忠實地再現書中的內容。"
274
275#. type: Content of: <h2>
276#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:66
277#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:522
278#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:464
279#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:496
280#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:299
281#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:288
282msgid "Fair Use"
283msgstr "合理使用"
284
285#. type: Content of: <p>
286#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:67
287msgid ""
288"This sky culture is provided for free under CC BY-ND 4.0 International "
289"Public License (share-alike, do not change it without consulting the "
290"contributors, and cite the contributors). The author wishes that this work "
291"be cited according to the common rules."
292msgstr ""
293"此星空術語是依據 CC BY-ND 4.0 國際公共許可證下免費提供的（類似共享，未經諮詢貢獻者請勿更改，並引用貢獻者名稱）。 "
294"作者希望根據通用的規則來引用本作品。"
295
296#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
297#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:69
298#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:45
299#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:32
300#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:61
301#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:475
302#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:23
303#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:48
304#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:17
305#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:302
306#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:291
307#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:12
308#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:10
309#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:17
310#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:9
311#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:63
312#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:11
313#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:85
314#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:23
315msgid "Author"
316msgstr "作者"
317
318#. type: Content of: <p>
319#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:70
320msgid ""
321"This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji: "
322"turath.alfalak@gmail.com"
323msgstr ""
324"本星空術語是由 Khalid Al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com 所編譯並加入 Stellarium 中。"
325
326#. type: Content of: <h3>
327#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:72
328#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:151
329#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:77
330#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2960
331#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:57
332msgid "Notes"
333msgstr "注釋"
334
335#. type: Content of: <p>
336#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:73
337msgid ""
338"[1] The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-"
339"Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton [England]: "
340"Variorum Reprints, 1989."
341msgstr ""
342"[1] The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-"
343"Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton [England]: "
344"Variorum Reprints, 1989."
345
346#. type: Content of: <p>
347#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:74
348msgid "[2] See Al-Sufi description in his book of the 14th star in Auriga."
349msgstr "[2] 參見蘇菲在他的書中對御夫座第14號星的描述"
350
351#. type: Content of: <p>
352#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:75
353msgid ""
354"[3] DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par "
355"H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27."
356msgstr ""
357"[3] DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par "
358"H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27."
359
360#. type: Content of: <p>
361#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:76
362msgid ""
363"[4] <a "
364"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\""
365" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Book of Fixed Stars: Critical "
366"edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji</a>."
367msgstr ""
368"[4] <a "
369"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\""
370" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Book of Fixed Stars: Critical "
371"edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji</a>."
372
373#. type: Content of: <p>
374#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:77
375msgid ""
376"[5] <a href=\"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN\" "
377"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Oulough Beg copy of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān "
378"ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque "
379"nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036</a>."
380msgstr ""
381"[5] <a href=\"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN\" "
382"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Oulough Beg copy of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān "
383"ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque "
384"nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036</a>."
385
386#. type: Content of: <p>
387#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:78
388msgid ""
389"[6] <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" "
390"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization "
391"of the Almagest Catalog</a>."
392msgstr ""
393"[6] <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" "
394"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization "
395"of the Almagest Catalog</a>."
396
397#. type: Content of: <p>
398#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:79
399msgid ""
400"[7] Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., "
401"1998."
402msgstr ""
403"[7] Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., "
404"1998."
405
406#. type: Content of: <h2>
407#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:1
408msgid "Anutan"
409msgstr "阿努塔 Anutan"
410
411#. type: Content of: <p>
412#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:2
413msgid ""
414"Anuta is a tiny volcanic island which, though located within the Solomon "
415"Islands of Melanesia, is populated by Polynesians. Stars provide the "
416"Anutans' most important tool for long range navigation. Major guiding stars "
417"and constellations are known as 'kaavenga'. Star paths that are followed "
418"from one island to the next (even if they have not risen, or already set) "
419"are called 'kau panogna porau'. Unnamed stars which are not used as major "
420"navigational aids are called 'petuu vare' (foolish, common, or "
421"undistinguished)."
422msgstr ""
423"阿努塔，英語 : Anuta，是一個很小的火山島，儘管位於美拉尼西亞所羅門群島內，卻由波利尼西亞人居住。 星星是阿努塔人進行遠程航海的最重要導航工具。 "
424"主要的引導星和星座被稱為“ kaavenga”。 從一個島到下一個島（即使它們尚未升起或已經西落）遵循的恆星指標稱為“ kau panogna "
425"porau”。 未用作主要航標的未命名恆星稱為“ petuu vare”（愚蠢，常見或未區分）。"
426
427#. type: Content of: <h3>
428#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:9
429#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:43
430msgid "Nomenclature"
431msgstr "命名"
432
433#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
434#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11
435msgid "Anutan name"
436msgstr "阿努塔名稱"
437
438#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
439#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11
440msgid "English translation"
441msgstr "原文翻譯"
442
443#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
444#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11
445msgid "Western skylore"
446msgstr "西洋的天文述語"
447
448#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
449#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12
450msgid "Te Tino A Manu"
451msgstr "Te Tino A Manu"
452
453#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
454#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12
455msgid "The Bird's Body"
456msgstr "鳥的身體"
457
458#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
459#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12
460#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:191
461#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:36
462#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:61
463msgid "Sirius"
464msgstr "Sirius (天狼)"
465
466#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
467#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13
468msgid "Te Kapakau Tonga"
469msgstr "Te Kapakau Tonga"
470
471#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
472#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13
473msgid "The East Wing"
474msgstr "東方羽翼"
475
476#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
477#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13
478#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:428
479#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:372
480#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:186
481#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:60
482msgid "Canopus"
483msgstr "Canopus (老人)"
484
485#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
486#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14
487msgid "Te Kapakau Pakatokerau"
488msgstr "Te Kapakau Pakatokerau"
489
490#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
491#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14
492msgid "The North Wing"
493msgstr "北方羽翼"
494
495#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
496#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14
497msgid "Procyon"
498msgstr "Procyon (南河三)"
499
500#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
501#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15
502msgid "Te Kaokao O Manu"
503msgstr "Te Kaokao O Manu"
504
505#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
506#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15
507msgid "The Bird's Armpit"
508msgstr "鳥的腋窩"
509
510#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
511#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15
512msgid "Group of four small starts just east of Manu's Body"
513msgstr "四顆小星星的組合，就在鳥身體的東方。"
514
515#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
516#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16
517msgid "Te Kope"
518msgstr "Te Kope"
519
520#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
521#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16
522msgid "The Bamboo"
523msgstr "竹子"
524
525#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
526#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16
527msgid "Grus"
528msgstr "Grus (天鶴座)"
529
530#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
531#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17
532msgid "Ara Toru"
533msgstr "Ara Toru"
534
535#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
536#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17
537msgid "Path of Three"
538msgstr "三星路徑"
539
540#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
541#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17
542#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:66
543msgid "Orion's belt"
544msgstr "獵戶的腰帶"
545
546#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
547#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18
548msgid "Te Angaanga"
549msgstr "Te Angaanga"
550
551#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
552#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18
553msgid "The Tongs"
554msgstr "鉗子"
555
556#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
557#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18
558msgid "Taurus's forehead"
559msgstr "金牛的前額"
560
561#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
562#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19
563msgid "Matariki"
564msgstr "Matariki"
565
566#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
567#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19
568msgid "Small Face, or Small Eyes"
569msgstr "小臉，或小眼"
570
571#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
572#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19
573#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:306
574#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:251
575#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:96
576#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:129
577#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:41
578#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:13
579#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:66
580msgid "Pleiades"
581msgstr "昴宿星團"
582
583#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
584#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20
585msgid "Kaavei"
586msgstr "Kaavei"
587
588#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
589#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20
590msgid "Octopus Tentacle"
591msgstr "章魚觸手"
592
593#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
594#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20
595msgid "Aries"
596msgstr "白羊座"
597
598#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
599#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21
600msgid "Taki Roto"
601msgstr "Taki Roto"
602
603#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
604#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21
605msgid "Middle Precursor"
606msgstr "中導"
607
608#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
609#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21
610msgid "Corner of Great Square (one large star)"
611msgstr "秋季四邊形的一角 (壁宿一)"
612
613#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
614#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22
615msgid "Taki Mua"
616msgstr "Taki Mua"
617
618#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
619#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22
620msgid "Forward Precursor"
621msgstr "前導"
622
623#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
624#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22
625msgid "Pegasus's front legs and Shoulder"
626msgstr "飛馬的前腿與肩膀"
627
628#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
629#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23
630msgid "Toki"
631msgstr "Toki"
632
633#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
634#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23
635msgid "Adze"
636msgstr "錛子"
637
638#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
639#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23
640#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:131
641msgid "Delphinus"
642msgstr "海豚座"
643
644#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
645#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24
646msgid "Te Aamonga"
647msgstr "Te Aamonga"
648
649#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
650#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24
651msgid "The Carrying Stick"
652msgstr "隨身棒子"
653
654#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
655#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24
656msgid "Three stars in Aquila in a straight line"
657msgstr "天鷹座內三顆在一直線上的星星"
658
659#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
660#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25
661msgid "Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu"
662msgstr "Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu"
663
664#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
665#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25
666msgid "Sammara Squirrelfish"
667msgstr "沙馬拉金鱗魚"
668
669#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
670#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25
671msgid "Four large stars in Sagittarius"
672msgstr "人馬座內的四顆亮星"
673
674#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
675#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26
676msgid "Te Rua Tangata"
677msgstr "Te Rua Tangata"
678
679#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
680#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26
681msgid "Double Man"
682msgstr "雙人"
683
684#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
685#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26
686#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:21
687msgid "Alpha and Beta Centauri"
688msgstr "半人馬座的 Alpha 與 Beta 星"
689
690#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
691#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27
692#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29
693msgid "Te Rakau Tapu"
694msgstr "Te Rakau Tapu"
695
696#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
697#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27
698#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29
699msgid "The Net, or The Sacred Timber"
700msgstr "羅網，或是神木"
701
702#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
703#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27
704#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29
705#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:68
706msgid "Southern Cross"
707msgstr "南十字"
708
709#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
710#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28
711msgid "Taro"
712msgstr "Taro"
713
714#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
715#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28
716msgid "Taro plant"
717msgstr "芋頭"
718
719#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
720#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28
721msgid ""
722"Scorpius, Antares is Te Kau (the stem). Five star around Antares is Ona Rau "
723"(its leaves)"
724msgstr "天蝎座的心宿二是 Te Kau (莖)，心宿二周圍的五顆星是 Ona Rau (它的葉子)"
725
726#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
727#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30
728msgid "Te Tukaniva"
729msgstr "Te Tukaniva"
730
731#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
732#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30
733#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:41
734#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:82
735msgid "&mdash;"
736msgstr "&mdash;"
737
738#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
739#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30
740msgid "Milky way"
741msgstr "銀河"
742
743#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
744#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31
745msgid "Te Aro Rere"
746msgstr "Te Aro Rere"
747
748#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
749#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31
750msgid "The Running Cloud"
751msgstr "飛雲"
752
753#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
754#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31
755msgid "Large Magellanic Cloud"
756msgstr "大麥哲倫雲"
757
758#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
759#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32
760msgid "Te Ao Toka"
761msgstr "Te Ao Toka"
762
763#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
764#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32
765msgid "The Restrained Cloud (?)"
766msgstr "冷靜的雲 (?)"
767
768#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
769#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32
770msgid "Small Magellanic Cloud"
771msgstr "小麥哲倫雲"
772
773#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
774#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33
775msgid "Te Petuu Ao"
776msgstr "Te Petuu Ao"
777
778#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
779#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33
780msgid "The Morning Star"
781msgstr "晨星"
782
783#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
784#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33
785#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80
786#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81
787#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82
788#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83
789#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:377
790#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:36
791#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:26
792#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:58
793msgid "Venus"
794msgstr "金星"
795
796#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
797#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34
798msgid "Tiuriuri"
799msgstr "Tiuriuri"
800
801#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
802#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34
803msgid "The Morning Star(?)"
804msgstr "晨星 (?)"
805
806#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
807#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34
808msgid "Venus(?)"
809msgstr "金星 (?)"
810
811#. type: Content of: <h3>
812#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:37
813#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:486
814#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:293
815#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:275
816#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:35
817#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:381
818#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:30
819msgid "References"
820msgstr "參考文獻"
821
822#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
823#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:39
824msgid ""
825"Feinberg, Richard. (1998). \"Polynesian seafaring and navigation: ocean "
826"travel in Anutan culture and society\" The Kent State University Press, "
827"Kent, Ohio: ISBN 0-87338-352-4."
828msgstr ""
829"Feinberg, Richard. (1998). \"Polynesian seafaring and navigation: ocean "
830"travel in Anutan culture and society\" The Kent State University Press, "
831"Kent, Ohio: ISBN 0-87338-352-4."
832
833#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
834#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:41
835msgid ""
836"Rensch, K.H. (1994). \"Fish Names of Western Polynesia: Futuna, Niue, Samoa,"
837" Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uvea, Outliers\" Archipelago Press, the University "
838"of California : ISBN 9780959378771."
839msgstr ""
840"Rensch, K.H. (1994). \"Fish Names of Western Polynesia: Futuna, Niue, Samoa,"
841" Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uvea, Outliers\" Archipelago Press, the University "
842"of California : ISBN 9780959378771."
843
844#. type: Content of: <p>
845#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:46
846msgid ""
847"This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by <i>Dan Smale</i>, "
848"d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz"
849msgstr "此星空述語是由 <i>Dan Smale</i>, d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz 提供給 Stellarium"
850
851#. type: Content of: <h1>
852#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:1
853msgid "Arabian Peninsula"
854msgstr ""
855
856#. type: Content of: <h4>
857#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:2
858#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:2
859#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:2
860#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:3
861msgid "Introduction"
862msgstr ""
863
864#. type: Content of: <p>
865#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:3
866msgid ""
867"The oral folk tradition of star names and asterisms in the Arabian "
868"Peninsula, mostly scattered in poetry and proverbs."
869msgstr ""
870
871#. type: Content of: <h2>
872#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:4
873#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:4
874#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:4
875msgid "Description"
876msgstr ""
877
878#. type: Content of: <p>
879#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:6
880msgid ""
881"The Arabian Peninsula is a region covering the south western corner of Asia,"
882" bordered by Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea on the south, Gulf of Oman and "
883"Persian Gulf on the East, The Red Sea on the west. The northern border is "
884"not well defined but according to ancient geographers, it is bordered by "
885"rivers, meaning The Euphrates river <sup><a "
886"href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup> <sup><a "
887"href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. This region is inhabited by Arabs and "
888"covers Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, "
889"Oman, Yemen, and parts of Syria and Iraq."
890msgstr ""
891
892#. type: Content of: <p>
893#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:9
894msgid ""
895"The Bedouins and farmers in the Arabian Peninsula relied heavily on stars "
896"for timing their nomadic trips, animal care, weather forecast and "
897"agricultural activities. We find frequent mention of stars in their proverbs"
898" and poetry. Fortunately, the oral poetry and proverbs have been documented "
899"and preserved in collections by different scholars. Surveying these "
900"collections along with oral traditions reveals the star knowledge of the "
901"people of this region."
902msgstr ""
903
904#. type: Content of: <p>
905#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:10
906msgid ""
907"The stars used for timing are the same as that of ancient Arabs, but the "
908"system is simplified by beginning the year cycle with the heliacal rising of"
909" al-Thurayyā, the Pleiades, in the beginning of summer, and then counting 13"
910" days for each lunar station, except for al-Ǧabhah that has 14 days. This "
911"will have 27 lunar stations x 13 days + 14 days (al-Ǧabhah) = 365-day cycle."
912" Other methods of timing were used like the monthly Pleiades-Moon "
913"conjunction or using other stars like the stars of the Big Dipper."
914msgstr ""
915
916#. type: Content of: <p>
917#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:11
918msgid ""
919"The sources show that star names and asterisms are few compared to that of "
920"ancient Arabs. Only the bright stars and prominent asterism were named and "
921"used. An important source of star knowledge that continued its influence up "
922"to the present is the poetry of al-Ḫalāwī, a poet who's time is not certain "
923"but estimated to be in the 17th century<sup><a "
924"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup>. Another important source is a poem by "
925"Moḥammad al-Qāḍī (~1809 -1886), where he described all the 28 lunar "
926"stations, citing them by the local names<sup><a "
927"href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>."
928msgstr ""
929
930#. type: Content of: <h4>
931#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:13
932msgid "Sources of Star Names and Asterisms"
933msgstr ""
934
935#. type: Content of: <p>
936#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:14
937msgid ""
938"The source of this sky culture is a compilation of star names from oral "
939"traditions and the following books:"
940msgstr ""
941
942#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
943#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:16
944msgid ""
945"Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, Al-Amthāl al-ʿāmiyah fi Naǧd, The folk "
946"proverbs in Najd, 4 volumes, Dar Al-Thulūthiyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2010."
947msgstr ""
948
949#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
950#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:18
951msgid ""
952"Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, Muʿǧam al-Uṣūl al-faṣīḥah lil-alfāẓ al-"
953"dariǧah, Lexicon of the classical root of the common dialect words, 13 "
954"volumes, King AbdulAzeez Library, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2009."
955msgstr ""
956
957#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
958#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:20
959msgid ""
960"Al-Azhār al-nadiyah min ashʿār al-badiyah, A collection of Bedouins poetry "
961"by the name: The moist flowers of Bedouin Poetry, 18 volumes, Al Ma'arif "
962"library, Tayef, Saudi Arabia."
963msgstr ""
964
965#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
966#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:22
967msgid ""
968"Min ādābinā al-shaʿbiyah fi al-ǧazīrah al-ʿarabiyah, A collection of poetry "
969"by Mandeel al-Fuhaid, Our local literature of the Arab peninsula, 10 "
970"volumes, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."
971msgstr ""
972
973#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
974#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:24
975msgid ""
976"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Al-Amthāl al-shaʿbiyah al-sāʾirah fi manṭiqat "
977"Ḥāʾil, The local common proverbs of the Ḥayel region, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, "
978"2007."
979msgstr ""
980
981#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
982#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:26
983msgid ""
984"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Durar min al-shiʿr al-shaʿbī, The best of folk "
985"poetry, 3 volume Poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1999."
986msgstr ""
987
988#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
989#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:28
990msgid ""
991"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Shuʿarāʾ al-ǧabal al-shaʿbiyūn, The Poets of the"
992" mountain, 5 volume Poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013."
993msgstr ""
994
995#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
996#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:30
997msgid ""
998"Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm, Explanation "
999"of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013."
1000msgstr ""
1001
1002#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
1003#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:32
1004msgid ""
1005"Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah, Explanation of al-"
1006"Ḫalāwī astronomy poems, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018."
1007msgstr ""
1008
1009#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
1010#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:35
1011#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:24
1012#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:69
1013#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:8
1014#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:5
1015#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:4
1016#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:15
1017#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:4
1018#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:4
1019#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:4
1020msgid "Constellations"
1021msgstr ""
1022
1023#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1024#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
1025msgid "ID"
1026msgstr ""
1027
1028#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1029#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
1030msgid "<b>Arabic</b>"
1031msgstr ""
1032
1033#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1034#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
1035msgid "<b>Transliteration</b>"
1036msgstr ""
1037
1038#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1039#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
1040msgid "<b>Translation</b>"
1041msgstr ""
1042
1043#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1044#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
1045msgid "<b>Comment</b>"
1046msgstr ""
1047
1048#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1049#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
1050msgid "<b>References</b>"
1051msgstr ""
1052
1053#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1054#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:39
1055msgid "<b>Constellations</b>"
1056msgstr ""
1057
1058#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1059#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40
1060msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain"
1061msgstr ""
1062
1063#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1064#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40
1065msgid "The Two Guards"
1066msgstr ""
1067
1068#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1069#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40
1070msgid ""
1071"The two stars: β UMi and γ UMi. They are used for directions. The Two Guards"
1072" comes from the legend that al-Jady (Polaris) killed the father of the seven"
1073" sisters who are carrying the bier of their father (The stars of the Big "
1074"Dipper) and circling al-Jady, vowing that they will not burry their father "
1075"until they get revenge. al-Jady asked these two for protection, and the name"
1076" is The Two Guards."
1077msgstr ""
1078
1079#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1080#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41
1081msgid "al-Diḫīlain"
1082msgstr ""
1083
1084#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1085#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41
1086msgid "The Two Refugees"
1087msgstr ""
1088
1089#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1090#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41
1091msgid ""
1092"The other name of the two stars: β UMi and γ Umi, The Two Refugees, comes "
1093"from another version of the legend that they are the ones who committed the "
1094"killing and they fled towards al-Jady for protection."
1095msgstr ""
1096
1097#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1098#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42
1099msgid "Āl Aba Bzay"
1100msgstr ""
1101
1102#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1103#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42
1104msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay"
1105msgstr ""
1106
1107#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1108#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42
1109msgid "The two stars: β UMi and γ UMi"
1110msgstr ""
1111
1112#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1113#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43
1114#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67
1115msgid "al-Naʿāyem"
1116msgstr ""
1117
1118#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1119#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43
1120msgid "Al-Nayem"
1121msgstr ""
1122
1123#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1124#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43
1125msgid ""
1126"Meaning is not known for certain. It could mean the camels. composed of the "
1127"seven stars of the Big Dipper."
1128msgstr ""
1129
1130#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1131#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44
1132msgid "al-Sibbaʿ"
1133msgstr ""
1134
1135#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1136#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44
1137msgid "The Seven"
1138msgstr ""
1139
1140#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1141#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44
1142msgid "The seven stars of the Big Dipper."
1143msgstr ""
1144
1145#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1146#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45
1147msgid "Banāt Naʿš"
1148msgstr ""
1149
1150#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1151#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45
1152msgid "Daughters Of Na'sh"
1153msgstr ""
1154
1155#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1156#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45
1157msgid ""
1158"The seven stars of the Big Dipper. Seven sisters carrying the bier of their "
1159"father who was killed by al-Ǧady (Polaris)."
1160msgstr ""
1161
1162#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1163#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46
1164msgid "al-Šdād"
1165msgstr ""
1166
1167#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1168#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46
1169msgid "The Saddle Of The Camel"
1170msgstr ""
1171
1172#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1173#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46
1174msgid ""
1175"The 5 bright stars of Cassiopeia. This name is used in the western areas "
1176"along the red sea of Saudi Arabia."
1177msgstr ""
1178
1179#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1180#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47
1181msgid "al-Miġzal"
1182msgstr ""
1183
1184#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1185#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47
1186msgid "The Wool Spindle"
1187msgstr ""
1188
1189#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1190#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47
1191msgid ""
1192"The Cross shaped stars of α Cyg (Deneb), ε Cyg (Gienah), γ Cyg (Sadr), δ "
1193"Cyg, and β1 Cyg (Albireo). The source is oral tradition from the town of "
1194"Zulfi in central Saudi Arabia."
1195msgstr ""
1196
1197#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1198#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48
1199msgid "al-Muqaddam"
1200msgstr ""
1201
1202#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1203#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48
1204msgid "The Front"
1205msgstr ""
1206
1207#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1208#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48
1209msgid "The front mouth of the bucket (24th mansion of the Moon)"
1210msgstr ""
1211
1212#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1213#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49
1214msgid "al-Muḫḫar"
1215msgstr ""
1216
1217#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1218#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49
1219msgid "The Rear"
1220msgstr ""
1221
1222#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1223#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49
1224msgid "The rear mouth of the bucket (25th mansion of the Moon)"
1225msgstr ""
1226
1227#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1228#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50
1229msgid "al-Rša"
1230msgstr ""
1231
1232#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1233#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50
1234msgid "The Bucket Rope"
1235msgstr ""
1236
1237#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1238#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50
1239msgid ""
1240"The rope used to pull the bucket from the well (26th mansion of the Moon)"
1241msgstr ""
1242
1243#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1244#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51
1245msgid "al-Šarṭain"
1246msgstr ""
1247
1248#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1249#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51
1250msgid "The Two Signs"
1251msgstr ""
1252
1253#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1254#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51
1255msgid ""
1256"The two signs, stars (Mesarthim and Sheratan) (27th mansion of the Moon)"
1257msgstr ""
1258
1259#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1260#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52
1261msgid "al-Bṭain"
1262msgstr ""
1263
1264#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1265#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52
1266msgid "The Little Abdomen"
1267msgstr ""
1268
1269#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1270#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52
1271msgid "The little abdomen of al-Ḥamal (28th mansion of the Moon)."
1272msgstr ""
1273
1274#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1275#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53
1276msgid "al-Thrayyā"
1277msgstr ""
1278
1279#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1280#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53
1281msgid "Al-Thurayya"
1282msgstr ""
1283
1284#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1285#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53
1286msgid ""
1287"al-Thurayyā is a proper name of the Pleiades (first mansion of the Moon)."
1288msgstr ""
1289
1290#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1291#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54
1292msgid "al-Dhraʿ"
1293msgstr ""
1294
1295#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1296#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54
1297msgid "The Arm"
1298msgstr ""
1299
1300#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1301#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54
1302msgid ""
1303"The two stars of Canis Minor, the arm of the lion (5th mansion of the Moon)."
1304msgstr ""
1305
1306#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1307#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55
1308msgid "al-Klaibain"
1309msgstr ""
1310
1311#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1312#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55
1313msgid "The Two Little Dogs"
1314msgstr ""
1315
1316#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1317#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55
1318msgid ""
1319"An asterism of the two stars: δ CMa and ε CMa. Their heliacal rising is used"
1320" for timing (same time as the 6th mansion of the Moon). The name is common "
1321"in central Arabia."
1322msgstr ""
1323
1324#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1325#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56
1326msgid "al-Nathrah"
1327msgstr ""
1328
1329#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1330#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56
1331msgid "The Nostrils"
1332msgstr ""
1333
1334#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1335#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56
1336msgid ""
1337"M 44 and two adjacent stars representing the nose tip of the Arab lion (6th "
1338"mansion of the Moon)."
1339msgstr ""
1340
1341#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1342#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57
1343msgid "al-Ṭarf"
1344msgstr ""
1345
1346#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1347#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57
1348msgid "The Eyes"
1349msgstr ""
1350
1351#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1352#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57
1353msgid "Eyes of the lion (7th mansion of the Moon)."
1354msgstr ""
1355
1356#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1357#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58
1358msgid "al-Ǧabhah"
1359msgstr ""
1360
1361#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1362#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58
1363msgid "The Forehead"
1364msgstr ""
1365
1366#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1367#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58
1368msgid "Forehead of the lion (8th mansion of the Moon)."
1369msgstr ""
1370
1371#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1372#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59
1373msgid "al-Zubrah"
1374msgstr ""
1375
1376#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1377#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59
1378msgid "The Mane"
1379msgstr ""
1380
1381#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1382#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59
1383msgid "Mane of the lion (9th mansion of the Moon)."
1384msgstr ""
1385
1386#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1387#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60
1388msgid "al-ʿAwwā"
1389msgstr ""
1390
1391#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1392#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60
1393msgid "The Bend"
1394msgstr ""
1395
1396#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1397#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60
1398msgid ""
1399"an arc of 5 stars. The arabic al-ʿAwwā could mean also the Howlers, dogs "
1400"barking at the lion (11th mansion of the Moon)."
1401msgstr ""
1402
1403#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1404#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61
1405msgid "al-Ġafr"
1406msgstr ""
1407
1408#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1409#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61
1410msgid "The Cover"
1411msgstr ""
1412
1413#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1414#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61
1415msgid "Three star asterism (13th mansion of the Moon)"
1416msgstr ""
1417
1418#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1419#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62
1420msgid "al-Zubānā"
1421msgstr ""
1422
1423#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1424#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62
1425msgid "Claws Of The Scorpion"
1426msgstr ""
1427
1428#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1429#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62
1430msgid "The two bright stars of Libra (14th mansion of the Moon)."
1431msgstr ""
1432
1433#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1434#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63
1435msgid "al-Iklīl"
1436msgstr ""
1437
1438#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1439#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63
1440msgid "The Diadem"
1441msgstr ""
1442
1443#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1444#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63
1445msgid ""
1446"The arc of the three stars on the forehead of Scorpius (15th mansion of the "
1447"Moon)."
1448msgstr ""
1449
1450#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1451#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64
1452#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126
1453msgid "al-Šawlah"
1454msgstr ""
1455
1456#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1457#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64
1458#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126
1459msgid "Raised Tail Of The Scorpion"
1460msgstr ""
1461
1462#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1463#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64
1464msgid "The sting of Scorpius (17th mansion of the Moon)."
1465msgstr ""
1466
1467#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1468#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65
1469msgid "aal-ʿAqrab"
1470msgstr ""
1471
1472#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1473#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65
1474msgid "The Scorpion"
1475msgstr ""
1476
1477#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1478#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65
1479msgid "The scorpion image"
1480msgstr ""
1481
1482#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1483#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66
1484msgid "al-Baldah"
1485msgstr ""
1486
1487#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1488#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66
1489msgid "The Empty Place"
1490msgstr ""
1491
1492#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1493#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66
1494msgid ""
1495"An area with no bright stars in Sagittarius (19th mansion of the Moon)."
1496msgstr ""
1497
1498#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1499#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67
1500msgid "The Ostriches"
1501msgstr ""
1502
1503#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1504#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67
1505msgid ""
1506"Four stars in the milky way representing four ostriches drinking at the "
1507"river and another four away from the milky way representing four ostriches "
1508"returning from the river. A ninth star between and above the two groups is "
1509"included. All the stars are in the Sagittarius constellation (18th mansion "
1510"of the Moon)."
1511msgstr ""
1512
1513#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1514#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68
1515msgid "Saʿd al-Dhabiḥ"
1516msgstr ""
1517
1518#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1519#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68
1520msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Slaughterer"
1521msgstr ""
1522
1523#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1524#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68
1525msgid ""
1526"Ancient Arab asterism representing a man slaughtering a sheep (20th mansion "
1527"of the Moon)."
1528msgstr ""
1529
1530#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1531#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69
1532msgid "Saʿd bulaʿ"
1533msgstr ""
1534
1535#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1536#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69
1537msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Swallower"
1538msgstr ""
1539
1540#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1541#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69
1542msgid ""
1543"Ancient Arab asterism representing a man swallowing a bite (21th mansion of "
1544"the Moon)."
1545msgstr ""
1546
1547#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1548#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70
1549msgid "Saʿd al-suʿūd"
1550msgstr ""
1551
1552#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1553#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70
1554msgid "The Luckiest Of The Lucky Stars"
1555msgstr ""
1556
1557#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1558#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70
1559msgid ""
1560"Ancient Arab asterism three stars that rises in the morning in the spring "
1561"(22nd mansion of the Moon)."
1562msgstr ""
1563
1564#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1565#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71
1566msgid "Saʿd al-aḫbiyah"
1567msgstr ""
1568
1569#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1570#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71
1571msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Tents"
1572msgstr ""
1573
1574#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1575#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71
1576msgid ""
1577"Ancient Arab asterism of a triangle of three stars and a fourth star is "
1578"inside the triangle, a man inside a tent (23rd mansion of the Moon)."
1579msgstr ""
1580
1581#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1582#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72
1583#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127
1584msgid "al-Haqʿah"
1585msgstr ""
1586
1587#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1588#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72
1589#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127
1590msgid "The Circular Mark"
1591msgstr ""
1592
1593#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1594#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72
1595msgid ""
1596"Ancient Arab asterism of a small triangle of stars (head of Orion) "
1597"representing a mark on the side of the horse (third mansion of the Moon)."
1598msgstr ""
1599
1600#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1601#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73
1602msgid "al-Hanʿah"
1603msgstr ""
1604
1605#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1606#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73
1607msgid "Stoopness"
1608msgstr ""
1609
1610#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1611#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73
1612msgid "Ancient Arab asterism (4th mansion of the Moon)"
1613msgstr ""
1614
1615#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1616#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74
1617msgid "Ẓahr al-Ǧawzā"
1618msgstr ""
1619
1620#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1621#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74
1622msgid "Back Of Al-Jawza"
1623msgstr ""
1624
1625#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1626#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74
1627msgid ""
1628"The three stars at the belt of Orion. This name along with the star names of"
1629" Northern Horn of al-Jawza and Southern Horn of al-Jawza comes from the "
1630"western region of Saudi Arabia and used by the fishers of the red sea. The "
1631"source is oral tradition from the seaport Umluj of Saudi Arabia."
1632msgstr ""
1633
1634#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1635#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75
1636msgid "Zawābin al-Ǧawzā"
1637msgstr ""
1638
1639#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1640#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75
1641#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76
1642msgid "Claws Of Al-Jawza"
1643msgstr ""
1644
1645#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1646#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75
1647#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76
1648msgid ""
1649"Names of the stars: α, γ, β, and κ Ori, orally communicated from the Qasseem"
1650" region of Saudi Arabia."
1651msgstr ""
1652
1653#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1654#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76
1655msgid "al-Zibban"
1656msgstr ""
1657
1658#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1659#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77
1660msgid "Masǧid al-Thrayyā"
1661msgstr ""
1662
1663#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1664#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77
1665msgid "Mosque Of Al-Thurayya"
1666msgstr ""
1667
1668#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1669#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77
1670msgid ""
1671"A triangle of stars that rise before al-Thurayya (The Pleiades). It is "
1672"composed of the three stars: α Ari, α Tri, and β Tri. The source of this "
1673"name is oral tradition in the region of Wadi al-Dawasir in southwestern "
1674"Saudi Arabia."
1675msgstr ""
1676
1677#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1678#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78
1679msgid "al-Ǧawā"
1680msgstr ""
1681
1682#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1683#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78
1684msgid "Al-Jawza"
1685msgstr ""
1686
1687#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1688#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78
1689msgid ""
1690"Al-Jawza is a proper name for a woman. this constellation is a woman shape "
1691"for the Orion stars. It is the same as that of ancient Arabs. Some oral "
1692"traditions will give the name to only the three stars of Orion belt."
1693msgstr ""
1694
1695#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1696#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:79
1697msgid "<b>Planets</b>"
1698msgstr ""
1699
1700#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1701#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80
1702msgid "Naǧmat al-ṣibḥ"
1703msgstr ""
1704
1705#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1706#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80
1707msgid "Morning Star"
1708msgstr ""
1709
1710#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1711#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80
1712msgid "A name for Venus when it sets after the Sun."
1713msgstr ""
1714
1715#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1716#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81
1717msgid "Naǧmat al-ʿŠā"
1718msgstr ""
1719
1720#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1721#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81
1722msgid "Evening Star"
1723msgstr ""
1724
1725#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1726#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81
1727msgid "A name for Venus when it rises before the Sun."
1728msgstr ""
1729
1730#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1731#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82
1732msgid "al-Ǧuġmah, al-Ǧuġġāmah"
1733msgstr ""
1734
1735#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1736#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82
1737msgid "The Sip, The Sipper"
1738msgstr ""
1739
1740#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1741#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82
1742msgid ""
1743"Bedouins will tell the kids when they ask for milk to wait until Venus (The "
1744"sip, the sipper) sets. Another version is that they encourage the children "
1745"to drink their milk before Venus (The sipper) drinks it."
1746msgstr ""
1747
1748#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1749#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83
1750msgid "Naǧmat al-Hawdān"
1751msgstr ""
1752
1753#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1754#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83
1755msgid "The Star Of Al-Hawdan"
1756msgstr ""
1757
1758#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1759#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83
1760msgid ""
1761"Al-Hawdan is a tribe. Every evening they agree that when they see Venus in "
1762"the morning, they will start their nomadic trip looking for pasture for "
1763"their camels, but in they morning they decide to stay. Another version is "
1764"that they will take their camels to the pasture early when Venus rises "
1765"preceding others, and they will take back their camels late in the evening "
1766"when Venus sets."
1767msgstr ""
1768
1769#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1770#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:84
1771msgid "<b>Stars</b>"
1772msgstr ""
1773
1774#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1775#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85
1776msgid "al-Ǧady"
1777msgstr ""
1778
1779#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1780#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85
1781msgid "The Kid"
1782msgstr ""
1783
1784#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1785#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85
1786msgid "Same as the ancient Arab name."
1787msgstr ""
1788
1789#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1790#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86
1791msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 1"
1792msgstr ""
1793
1794#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1795#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86
1796msgid "The Two Guards 1"
1797msgstr ""
1798
1799#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1800#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86
1801#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87
1802#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88
1803#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89
1804#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90
1805#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91
1806msgid "See CON100"
1807msgstr ""
1808
1809#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1810#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87
1811msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 2"
1812msgstr ""
1813
1814#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1815#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87
1816msgid "The Two Guards 2"
1817msgstr ""
1818
1819#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1820#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88
1821msgid "al-Diḫīlain 1"
1822msgstr ""
1823
1824#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1825#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88
1826msgid "The Two Refugees 1"
1827msgstr ""
1828
1829#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1830#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89
1831msgid "al-Diḫīlain 2"
1832msgstr ""
1833
1834#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1835#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89
1836msgid "The Two Refugees 2"
1837msgstr ""
1838
1839#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1840#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90
1841msgid "Āl Aba Bzay 1"
1842msgstr ""
1843
1844#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1845#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90
1846msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay 1"
1847msgstr ""
1848
1849#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1850#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91
1851msgid "Āl Aba Bzay 2"
1852msgstr ""
1853
1854#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1855#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91
1856msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay 2"
1857msgstr ""
1858
1859#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1860#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92
1861msgid "al-Ḫilj 1"
1862msgstr ""
1863
1864#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1865#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92
1866msgid "Al-Khilj 1"
1867msgstr ""
1868
1869#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1870#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92
1871#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93
1872#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94
1873#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95
1874msgid "The first two stars of the Big Dipper to rise"
1875msgstr ""
1876
1877#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1878#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93
1879msgid "al-Ḫilj 2"
1880msgstr ""
1881
1882#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1883#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93
1884msgid "Al-Khilj 2"
1885msgstr ""
1886
1887#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1888#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94
1889msgid "al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 1"
1890msgstr ""
1891
1892#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1893#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94
1894msgid "The first Khilj 1"
1895msgstr ""
1896
1897#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1898#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95
1899msgid "al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 2"
1900msgstr ""
1901
1902#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1903#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95
1904msgid "The first Khilj 2"
1905msgstr ""
1906
1907#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1908#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96
1909msgid "al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 1"
1910msgstr ""
1911
1912#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1913#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96
1914msgid "The Latter Khilj 1"
1915msgstr ""
1916
1917#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1918#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96
1919#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97
1920#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98
1921#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99
1922msgid "The second two stars of the Big Dipper to rise"
1923msgstr ""
1924
1925#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1926#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97
1927msgid "al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 2"
1928msgstr ""
1929
1930#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1931#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97
1932msgid "The Latter Khilj 2"
1933msgstr ""
1934
1935#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1936#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98
1937msgid "al-Rubbaʿ 1"
1938msgstr ""
1939
1940#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1941#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98
1942msgid "The fourth ones 1"
1943msgstr ""
1944
1945#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1946#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99
1947msgid "al-Rubbaʿ 2"
1948msgstr ""
1949
1950#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1951#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99
1952msgid "The fourth ones 2"
1953msgstr ""
1954
1955#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1956#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100
1957msgid "al-Ḫamis"
1958msgstr ""
1959
1960#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1961#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100
1962msgid "The Fifth"
1963msgstr ""
1964
1965#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1966#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100
1967msgid "The star ε UMa, fifth to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper."
1968msgstr ""
1969
1970#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1971#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101
1972msgid "al-Satt"
1973msgstr ""
1974
1975#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1976#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101
1977msgid "The Sixth"
1978msgstr ""
1979
1980#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1981#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101
1982msgid "The star ζ UMa, sixth to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper."
1983msgstr ""
1984
1985#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1986#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102
1987msgid "al-Swaibiʿ"
1988msgstr ""
1989
1990#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1991#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102
1992msgid "The Seventh"
1993msgstr ""
1994
1995#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
1996#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102
1997msgid "The star η UMa, seventh to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper."
1998msgstr ""
1999
2000#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2001#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103
2002msgid "al-Reqīb"
2003msgstr ""
2004
2005#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2006#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103
2007msgid "The Watcher"
2008msgstr ""
2009
2010#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2011#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103
2012msgid ""
2013"The star α Boo. The source of this name is in the tradition of Ḥayel region."
2014msgstr ""
2015
2016#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2017#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104
2018msgid "al-Iḥaimir"
2019msgstr ""
2020
2021#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2022#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104
2023msgid "The Reddish One"
2024msgstr ""
2025
2026#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2027#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104
2028msgid ""
2029"The star α Boo. The source of this name is in the traditions of seafarers "
2030"and fishers of the west and east costs of the Arabian Peninsula."
2031msgstr ""
2032
2033#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2034#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105
2035msgid "al-Nasr al-Mkattaf"
2036msgstr ""
2037
2038#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2039#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105
2040msgid "The Closed Wings Eagle"
2041msgstr ""
2042
2043#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2044#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105
2045msgid ""
2046"The star α Lyr (Vega), named because the two stars: ζ Lyr and ε Lyr forms "
2047"the closed wings. Source is Ḥayel region."
2048msgstr ""
2049
2050#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2051#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106
2052msgid "al-Mbarī"
2053msgstr ""
2054
2055#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2056#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106
2057msgid "The Parallel One"
2058msgstr ""
2059
2060#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2061#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106
2062msgid "The star Capella, parallels al-Thurayya (The Pleiades)"
2063msgstr ""
2064
2065#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2066#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107
2067msgid "al-Ǧinīb"
2068msgstr ""
2069
2070#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2071#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107
2072msgid "The Sided One"
2073msgstr ""
2074
2075#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2076#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107
2077msgid "The star Capella, on the far side of al-Thurayya (The Pleiades)"
2078msgstr ""
2079
2080#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2081#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108
2082msgid "al-Nasr al-Basiṭ"
2083msgstr ""
2084
2085#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2086#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108
2087msgid "The Spread Wings Eagle"
2088msgstr ""
2089
2090#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2091#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108
2092msgid ""
2093"The star α Aql (Altair), named because the two stars: γ Aql and β Aql forms "
2094"the spread wings. Source is Ḥayel region."
2095msgstr ""
2096
2097#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2098#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109
2099msgid "aal-Kanūn"
2100msgstr ""
2101
2102#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2103#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109
2104msgid "Al-Kanoon"
2105msgstr ""
2106
2107#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2108#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109
2109msgid ""
2110"Another name of The Spread wings Eagle mentioned in the poetry of al-Ḫalāwī."
2111msgstr ""
2112
2113#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2114#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110
2115msgid "al-Mwaḫḫar 2"
2116msgstr ""
2117
2118#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2119#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110
2120msgid "The Rear Bucket Mouth 2"
2121msgstr ""
2122
2123#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2124#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110
2125#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111
2126msgid "See CON2504"
2127msgstr ""
2128
2129#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2130#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111
2131msgid "al-Mwaḫḫar 1"
2132msgstr ""
2133
2134#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2135#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111
2136msgid "The Rear Bucket Mouth 1"
2137msgstr ""
2138
2139#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2140#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112
2141msgid "al-Mqaddam 2"
2142msgstr ""
2143
2144#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2145#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112
2146msgid "The Front Bucket Mouth 2"
2147msgstr ""
2148
2149#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2150#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112
2151#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113
2152msgid "See CON2502"
2153msgstr ""
2154
2155#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2156#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113
2157msgid "al-Mqaddam 1"
2158msgstr ""
2159
2160#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2161#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113
2162msgid "The Front Bucket Mouth 1"
2163msgstr ""
2164
2165#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2166#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114
2167msgid "al-Twaibiʿ"
2168msgstr ""
2169
2170#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2171#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114
2172msgid "The Follower"
2173msgstr ""
2174
2175#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2176#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114
2177#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115
2178msgid "The star Aldebran, (second mansion of the Moon)"
2179msgstr ""
2180
2181#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2182#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115
2183msgid "al-Twailī"
2184msgstr ""
2185
2186#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2187#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115
2188msgid "The Latter"
2189msgstr ""
2190
2191#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2192#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116
2193msgid "al-Mǧaidiḥ"
2194msgstr ""
2195
2196#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2197#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116
2198msgid "Al-Mjaidih"
2199msgstr ""
2200
2201#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2202#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116
2203msgid ""
2204"The star Aldebran, (second mansion of the Moon), Name is used in al-Ṭayef "
2205"region, western Saudi Arabia."
2206msgstr ""
2207
2208#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2209#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117
2210msgid "al-Aẓfār 1"
2211msgstr ""
2212
2213#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2214#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117
2215msgid "The Claws 1"
2216msgstr ""
2217
2218#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2219#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117
2220#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118
2221#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119
2222#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120
2223#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121
2224#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122
2225msgid ""
2226"Stars between α CMi (Procyon) and α Gem. The source is oral tradition of "
2227"Najran, southwest of Saudi Arabia."
2228msgstr ""
2229
2230#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2231#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118
2232msgid "al-Aẓfār 2"
2233msgstr ""
2234
2235#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2236#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118
2237msgid "The Claws 2"
2238msgstr ""
2239
2240#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2241#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119
2242msgid "al-Aẓfār 3"
2243msgstr ""
2244
2245#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2246#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119
2247msgid "The Claws 3"
2248msgstr ""
2249
2250#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2251#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120
2252msgid "al-Aẓfār 4"
2253msgstr ""
2254
2255#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2256#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120
2257msgid "The Claws 4"
2258msgstr ""
2259
2260#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2261#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121
2262msgid "al-Aẓfār 5"
2263msgstr ""
2264
2265#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2266#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121
2267msgid "The Claws 5"
2268msgstr ""
2269
2270#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2271#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122
2272msgid "al-Aẓfār 6"
2273msgstr ""
2274
2275#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2276#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122
2277msgid "The Claws 6"
2278msgstr ""
2279
2280#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2281#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123
2282msgid "al-Ṣarfah"
2283msgstr ""
2284
2285#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2286#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123
2287msgid "Star Of Weather Change"
2288msgstr ""
2289
2290#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2291#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123
2292msgid "(10th mansion of the Moon)"
2293msgstr ""
2294
2295#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2296#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124
2297msgid "al-Smak al-ʿazal"
2298msgstr ""
2299
2300#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2301#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124
2302msgid "The High Unarmed One"
2303msgstr ""
2304
2305#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2306#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124
2307msgid "(12th mansion of the Moon)"
2308msgstr ""
2309
2310#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2311#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125
2312msgid "al-Qalb"
2313msgstr ""
2314
2315#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2316#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125
2317msgid "The Heart"
2318msgstr ""
2319
2320#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2321#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125
2322msgid "(16th mansion of the Moon)"
2323msgstr ""
2324
2325#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2326#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126
2327msgid "(17th mansion of the Moon)"
2328msgstr ""
2329
2330#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2331#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127
2332msgid "(third mansion of the Moon)"
2333msgstr ""
2334
2335#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2336#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128
2337msgid "Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī"
2338msgstr ""
2339
2340#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2341#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128
2342msgid "Northern Horn Of Al-Jawza"
2343msgstr ""
2344
2345#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2346#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128
2347msgid ""
2348"Name of the star: α Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by"
2349" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport "
2350"Umluj of Saudi Arabia."
2351msgstr ""
2352
2353#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2354#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129
2355msgid "Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī"
2356msgstr ""
2357
2358#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2359#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129
2360msgid "Northern Claw Of Al-Jawza"
2361msgstr ""
2362
2363#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2364#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129
2365msgid ""
2366"Name of the star: α Ori, this specific name \"Northern Claw of al-Jawza\" "
2367"appeared in \"Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), ʿInwān al-maǧd "
2368"fi tarīḫ Naǧd, The title of glory on the history of Najd, (Arabic critical "
2369"edition print by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, "
2370"2012, pg. 292.\"."
2371msgstr ""
2372
2373#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2374#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130
2375msgid "Riǧl al-Ǧawza"
2376msgstr ""
2377
2378#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2379#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130
2380msgid "Leg Of Al-Jawza"
2381msgstr ""
2382
2383#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2384#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130
2385msgid ""
2386"Name of the star: κ Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by"
2387" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport "
2388"Umluj of Saudi Arabia."
2389msgstr ""
2390
2391#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2392#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131
2393msgid "Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī"
2394msgstr ""
2395
2396#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2397#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131
2398msgid "Southern Horn Of Al-Jawza"
2399msgstr ""
2400
2401#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2402#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131
2403msgid ""
2404"Name of the star: β Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by"
2405" the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport "
2406"Umluj of Saudi Arabia."
2407msgstr ""
2408
2409#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2410#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132
2411msgid "Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī"
2412msgstr ""
2413
2414#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2415#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132
2416msgid "Southern Claw Of Al-Jawza"
2417msgstr ""
2418
2419#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2420#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132
2421msgid ""
2422"Name of the star: β Ori, this name is infered from the name of \"Northern "
2423"Claw of al-Jawza\" for α Ori. 1"
2424msgstr ""
2425
2426#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2427#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133
2428msgid "al-Mirzam"
2429msgstr ""
2430
2431#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2432#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133
2433msgid "Al-Mirzam"
2434msgstr ""
2435
2436#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2437#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133
2438msgid ""
2439"A common name of α CMa (Sirius) used to time the period of the 5th lunar "
2440"mansion."
2441msgstr ""
2442
2443#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2444#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134
2445msgid "al-Šiʿla"
2446msgstr ""
2447
2448#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2449#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134
2450msgid "Al-Shi'la"
2451msgstr ""
2452
2453#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2454#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134
2455msgid ""
2456"Another name of α CMa (Sirius) used in the northern parts of the Arabian "
2457"Peninsula."
2458msgstr ""
2459
2460#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2461#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135
2462msgid "Shail"
2463msgstr ""
2464
2465#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2466#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135
2467msgid "Suhayl"
2468msgstr ""
2469
2470#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2471#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135
2472msgid "The star α Car (Canopus). The name is of ancient origin."
2473msgstr ""
2474
2475#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2476#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136
2477msgid "Miḥlif"
2478msgstr ""
2479
2480#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2481#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136
2482msgid "The Oath Star"
2483msgstr ""
2484
2485#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2486#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136
2487msgid ""
2488"A name of α Eri. It is named as such because people would confuse it with "
2489"Suhayl (Canopus), resulting in an argument with some one making an oath that"
2490" it is or is not Suhayl."
2491msgstr ""
2492
2493#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2494#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137
2495msgid "Aba al-sihil"
2496msgstr ""
2497
2498#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2499#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137
2500msgid "Aba Alsihil"
2501msgstr ""
2502
2503#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2504#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137
2505#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138
2506#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139
2507msgid "Another name of α Eri."
2508msgstr ""
2509
2510#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2511#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138
2512msgid "al-Mishil"
2513msgstr ""
2514
2515#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2516#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138
2517msgid "Al-Miss.hil"
2518msgstr ""
2519
2520#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2521#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139
2522msgid "al-Shali (S here is pronounced as in same, not as in share)"
2523msgstr ""
2524
2525#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2526#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139
2527msgid "As-S.hali"
2528msgstr ""
2529
2530#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2531#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140
2532msgid "al-Naʿāyem 1"
2533msgstr ""
2534
2535#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2536#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140
2537msgid "al-Naayem 1"
2538msgstr ""
2539
2540#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2541#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140
2542#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141
2543msgid ""
2544"A name for the two bright stars: α and β Cen. This name is used by the "
2545"tribes of al-Dawāsir and Yām in the southern regions of Saudi Arabia, and "
2546"should not be confused with the same name for the stars of the Big Dipper "
2547"used by the tribes of central and northern regions of Saudi Arabia, or the "
2548"name of ancient Arabs for the 18th Lunar mansion."
2549msgstr ""
2550
2551#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2552#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141
2553msgid "al-Naʿāyem 2"
2554msgstr ""
2555
2556#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
2557#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141
2558msgid "al-Naayem 2"
2559msgstr ""
2560
2561#. type: Content of: <h3>
2562#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:145
2563#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:71
2564#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:539
2565#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:42
2566#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:220
2567#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2980
2568#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:57
2569#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:505
2570#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:31
2571#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:377
2572#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:73
2573#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:259
2574#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:57
2575#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:48
2576#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:59
2577#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:78
2578msgid "Authors"
2579msgstr ""
2580
2581#. type: Content of: <p>
2582#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:147
2583msgid "Khalid al-Ajaji, turath.alfalak@gmail.com."
2584msgstr ""
2585
2586#. type: Content of: <h2>
2587#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:149
2588#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:34
2589#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:74
2590msgid "License"
2591msgstr ""
2592
2593#. type: Content of: <p>
2594#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:150
2595#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:75
2596msgid ""
2597"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)."
2598msgstr ""
2599
2600#. type: Content of: <p>
2601#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:152
2602msgid ""
2603"[1]: Al-Hamdânîʼs Geographie der Arabischen Halbinsel, David Heinrich "
2604"Müller, Leiden : E. J. Brill, 1884, pg. 47."
2605msgstr ""
2606
2607#. type: Content of: <p><p>
2608#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:153
2609msgid ""
2610"[2]: Le Bon, Gustave, La civilisation des Arabes, Paris, Librairie de "
2611"Firmin-Didot, 1884, livre premier, pg. 1."
2612msgstr ""
2613
2614#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
2615#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:154
2616msgid ""
2617"[3]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah, Explanation "
2618"of al-Ḫalāwī astronomy poems, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018."
2619msgstr ""
2620
2621#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
2622#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:155
2623msgid ""
2624"[4]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm, "
2625"Explanation of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013."
2626msgstr ""
2627
2628#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
2629#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:156
2630msgid ""
2631"[5]: Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), ʿInwān al-maǧd fi tarīḫ "
2632"Naǧd, The title of glory on the history of Najd, (Arabic critical edition "
2633"print by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012, pg. "
2634"292."
2635msgstr ""
2636
2637#. type: Content of: <h1>
2638#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:1
2639msgid "Arabic"
2640msgstr ""
2641
2642#. type: Content of: <p>
2643#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:3
2644msgid ""
2645"The Arabic sky culture displays the indigenous star knowledge of the ancient"
2646" Arabs living in the Arabian Peninsula prior to the Greek astronomy "
2647"influence in the ninth century."
2648msgstr ""
2649
2650#. type: Content of: <p>
2651#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:5
2652msgid ""
2653"The star knowledge of the ancient Arabs had been recorded and preserved in "
2654"old poetry and in the old works of Arab philologists and lexicographers of "
2655"the Islamic civilization. Many books were written on the subject of star "
2656"knowledge and anwāʾ [Arabic الأنواء], the Arabic knowledge of meteorology. "
2657"The editors of Ibn Qutaybah's <em>Kitāb al-Anwāʾ</em> (9th century) listed "
2658"twenty-four books on this subject written mostly between early eighth and "
2659"tenth century<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. The only completely"
2660" preserved text is that of Ibn Qutaybah, but later scholars had quoted many "
2661"of the earlier texts. One of the most significant works that recorded the "
2662"indigenous Arab star names is the <em>Book of the stars</em> written in ~ "
2663"964 AD by the prominent astronomer: al-Ṣūfī, where he identified the "
2664"indigenous Arab star names with the respective Ptolemaic stars of the Greek "
2665"constellations<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[2]</a></sup>."
2666msgstr ""
2667
2668#. type: Content of: <h4>
2669#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:6
2670msgid "Sources of the Arabic sky culture"
2671msgstr ""
2672
2673#. type: Content of: <p>
2674#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:7
2675msgid ""
2676"The source of this sky culture is a study and compilation of star knowledge "
2677"of ancient Arabs from the following books:"
2678msgstr ""
2679
2680#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2681#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:9
2682msgid ""
2683"Ibn Qutaybah, Al-Dinawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allah b. Muslim (died ~ 889), "
2684"Kitab al-Anwāʾ (Book of meteorolgy), (Arabic print of the original book, "
2685"Daʾirat al-Maʿarif al-Osmania, Hydarabad, India, 1956)"
2686msgstr ""
2687
2688#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2689#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:11
2690msgid ""
2691"Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah "
2692"wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), (Arabic print of the original book in "
2693"2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon)."
2694msgstr ""
2695
2696#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2697#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:13
2698msgid ""
2699"Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿAbd Allah b. Ḥussayn b. ʿĀṣim (died ~ 1012), Al-Anwāʾ wa al-"
2700"azminah (Meteorology and times), (Arabic print of the original book in 1996,"
2701" Dar al-jeel, Beirut, Lebanon)."
2702msgstr ""
2703
2704#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2705#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:15
2706msgid ""
2707"<a "
2708"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\">Book"
2709" of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by "
2710"Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021 AD</a>"
2711msgstr ""
2712
2713#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2714#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:17
2715msgid ""
2716"Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), Kitab al-"
2717"ʿayn, a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic "
2718"print of the original book, 1980 – 1985)."
2719msgstr ""
2720
2721#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2722#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:19
2723msgid ""
2724"Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , I , Ibn Majid, "
2725"Gabriel Ferrand, 1921 -1923."
2726msgstr ""
2727
2728#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2729#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:21
2730msgid ""
2731"Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , II, Sulayman al-"
2732"Mahri et Ibn Majid, Gabriel Ferrand, 1925."
2733msgstr ""
2734
2735#. type: Content of: <p>
2736#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:25
2737msgid ""
2738"The ancient Arabs gave names to single stars, star couples, an area in the "
2739"sky, and particular shape of a group of stars.  Single stars were named "
2740"after a human figure or a desert animal, Arcturus is al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ, "
2741"meaning: The High one with the spear. Canopus is Suhayl, a proper name of a "
2742"man. We have also stars named: The Caracal and the Kid (the young goat).  If"
2743" two stars of comparable brightness are close to each other, they are given "
2744"a common name like: The two Calves, the Two Wolves, The Two doves.  "
2745"Sometimes an area is named after a group of animals. The brighter stars are "
2746"adult animals, and the faint ones are the young animals like: The Hyenas and"
2747" their youngsters, The horses and the foals.  Particular shapes of stars "
2748"were given names like the Scorpion, The lion, al-Ǧawzā’ which is a proper "
2749"name of a woman for Orion stars.  Other asterisms are given names according "
2750"to legends and stories."
2751msgstr ""
2752
2753#. type: Content of: <p>
2754#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:33
2755msgid "Khalid al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com"
2756msgstr ""
2757
2758#. type: Content of: <p>
2759#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:35
2760msgid ""
2761"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)."
2762" The author wishes that this work be cited according to the common rules."
2763msgstr ""
2764
2765#. type: Content of: <p>
2766#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:36
2767msgid ""
2768"[1]: Ibn Qutaybah (Arabic ابن قتيبة) (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab al-Anwā’a"
2769" (Arabic الأنواء في مواسم العرب), (Arabic print of the original book in 1956"
2770" in India Hydarabad al-Dakan), page: يد."
2771msgstr ""
2772
2773#. type: Content of: <p>
2774#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:37
2775msgid ""
2776"[2]: <a "
2777"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\">Book"
2778" of the Stars: Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital "
2779"edition</a>"
2780msgstr ""
2781
2782#. type: Content of: <h1>
2783#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:1
2784msgid "Arabic Lunar Stations"
2785msgstr ""
2786
2787#. type: Content of: <p>
2788#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:3
2789msgid ""
2790"The Arabic lunar stations describes the 28 sky areas chosen in ancient "
2791"Arabia to define the daily location of the moon during its monthly trip "
2792"around the sky."
2793msgstr ""
2794
2795#. type: Content of: <h4>
2796#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:5
2797msgid "Historical Overview"
2798msgstr "歷史概述"
2799
2800#. type: Content of: <p>
2801#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:6
2802msgid ""
2803"Originally, <em>Manāzil al-Qamar</em>, the Arabic for the lunar mansions, or"
2804" stations of the moon, were a system of 28 stars, group of stars, or spots "
2805"in the sky near which the moon can be found in each of the 28 nights of its "
2806"monthly revolution. Early mentions of the complete list of the lunar "
2807"stations are reported by ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Ḥabīb (d. 852) on the authority "
2808"of Mālik ibn Anas (d. 795) <sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. "
2809"However, this system had been adopted already in the pre-Islamic period, "
2810"prior to the 7th century of the common era."
2811msgstr ""
2812
2813#. type: Content of: <p>
2814#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:9
2815msgid ""
2816"Using heliacal observations, the asterisms of the lunar mansions served to "
2817"divide the sidereal and solar year of 365 days into 28 periods of 13 days "
2818"each except for one period that is given 14 days. These 28 periods are "
2819"called <em>Anwāʾ</em>, plural of <em>nawʾ</em>. Each <em>Nawʾ</em> is "
2820"determined by a characteristical star: when this star rises in the morning "
2821"during dawn (in the east, so, shortly before the Sun), this is the beginning"
2822" of the next <em>nawʾ</em>. The name of the <em>nawʾ</em> (period of time, "
2823"half month), gives the lunar mansion its name. One complete cycle of setting"
2824" and rising for each of the 28 lunar mansions, one after the other, makes a "
2825"solar year. This system was used to determine the seasons and predict "
2826"weather, especially rain <sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. The "
2827"Arabs said: each <em>nawʾ</em> (period of 13/14 days) is characterized by a "
2828"distinctive weather pattern of rain, wind, and temperature <sup><a "
2829"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup>."
2830msgstr ""
2831
2832#. type: Content of: <p>
2833#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:11
2834msgid ""
2835"A detailed description of the stars of each lunar mansion, the times of "
2836"their heliacal rising and a compilation of astronomical and meteorological "
2837"knowledge of the ancient Arabs can be found in the <em>Book of "
2838"meteorology</em> (Arabic: Kitāb al-anwāʾ), authored by Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 "
2839"- d. 884 or 889). Copies of this book manuscripts survived, and it was "
2840"printed in India in 1956 <sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>."
2841msgstr ""
2842
2843#. type: Content of: <p>
2844#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:14
2845msgid ""
2846"The usage of the lunar mansions continued to schedule the times of "
2847"agricultural, travel and medicine practices. Due to the importance of "
2848"observing the times of their heliacal risings, short treatises have been "
2849"written, and poems have been composed describing the asterisms of the 28 "
2850"mansions. A poem dedicated to description of the stars of the lunar mansions"
2851" was published by Gustave-Adolphe de Calassanti-Motylinski in 1899 in his "
2852"book <em>Les mansions lunaires chez les Arabes</em>, attributed to Muḥammad "
2853"al-Maqri (1578-1638) <sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup><sup><a "
2854"href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup>. A sample treatise is the one written by "
2855"Shaikh Ṣāliḥ al-Shethrī (d. ~1891), titled <em>A time-table for farmers</em>"
2856" <sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>."
2857msgstr ""
2858
2859#. type: Content of: <h4>
2860#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:16
2861msgid "Current Usage of Lunar Stations"
2862msgstr ""
2863
2864#. type: Content of: <p>
2865#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:18
2866msgid ""
2867"Agricultural almanacs based on the heliacal rising of lunar stations are "
2868"still in active use today. The official calendar of Saudi Arabia includes "
2869"these times <sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup>. The following is an "
2870"example of the use of a calendar based on the lunar stations for the 13 days"
2871" period starting with the rise of the 3rd lunar station <em>al-Thurayya</em>"
2872" (Pleiades) on June 7th <sup><a href=\"#footnote-9\">[9]</a></sup>:"
2873msgstr ""
2874
2875#. type: Content of: <p><blockquote>
2876#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:20
2877msgid ""
2878"Weather gets hotter and wind gets stronger. Wild grasses dry. Water in wells"
2879" gets shallower. Rain is rare during this time. Spring insects start to "
2880"disappear. Palm tree dates starts to get its colors. It is recommended to "
2881"irrigate trees with the right amounts and stop irrigation of vines when "
2882"grapes start to get its color."
2883msgstr ""
2884
2885#. type: Content of: <h4>
2886#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:23
2887msgid "Identification of the Lunar Stations"
2888msgstr ""
2889
2890#. type: Content of: <p>
2891#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:24
2892msgid ""
2893"Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 - d. 884 or 889) in his book <em>Kitāb al-anwāʾ</em> "
2894"gives detailed description of the stars of each lunar station while an "
2895"accurate identification can be extracted from the <em>Book of Stars</em> by "
2896"al-Sufi (d. 986). In his book, al-Sufi maps the stars known to ancient Arabs"
2897" to those of the Ptolemaic Constellations.  An example of al-Sufi "
2898"definitions of the stars of the lunar mansions, here is the definition of "
2899"<em>al-Ġafr</em> <sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup><sup><a "
2900"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>:"
2901msgstr ""
2902
2903#. type: Content of: <p><blockquote>
2904#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:27
2905msgid ""
2906"And the 22nd [star of Virgo] and the 23rd which is on the tail [hem of the "
2907"garment] with the 25th on the left foot [of Virgo] are named [by the Arabs] "
2908"<em>al-Ghafr</em> which is the 15th lunar mansion."
2909msgstr ""
2910
2911#. type: Content of: <p>
2912#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:29
2913msgid ""
2914"Because the stars of the Ptolemaic constellations have known coordinates, it"
2915" is relatively easy to identify the Arab star names."
2916msgstr ""
2917
2918#. type: Content of: <h4>
2919#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:31
2920msgid "The 28 lunar stations"
2921msgstr ""
2922
2923#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2924#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:33
2925msgid ""
2926"(Arabic: الشرطان) <em>Al-Sharaṭān</em> (The two signs) or (Arabic: الأشراط) "
2927"<em>\"al-Ashrāṭ\"</em> (The signs) composed of the 3 stars: α Ari (Hamal), β"
2928" Ari (Sheratan) and γ<sup>2</sup> Ari (Mesarthim)"
2929msgstr ""
2930
2931#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2932#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:34
2933msgid ""
2934"(Arabic: البطين) <em>Al-Buṭayn</em> (The small belly [of the little ram]) "
2935"composed of the 3 stars: ε Ari, δ Ari (Botein), and ρ<sup>3</sup> Ari"
2936msgstr ""
2937
2938#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2939#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:35
2940msgid ""
2941"(Arabic: الثريا) <em>Al-Thurayyā</em> (Pleiades) composed of the star "
2942"cluster of the Pleiades"
2943msgstr ""
2944
2945#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2946#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:36
2947msgid ""
2948"(Arabic: الدبران) <em>Al-Dabarān</em> (The Follower [of the Pleiades]) "
2949"composed of the single star α Tau (Aldebaran)"
2950msgstr ""
2951
2952#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2953#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:37
2954msgid ""
2955"(Arabic: الهقعة) <em>Al-Haqʿah</em> (The mark on the horse side) composed of"
2956" the three stars on the head of Orion: λ Ori (Meissa), φ<sup>1</sup> Ori and"
2957" φ<sup>2</sup> Ori"
2958msgstr ""
2959
2960#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2961#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:38
2962msgid ""
2963"(Arabic: الهنعة<em>Al-Hanʿah</em> (The bend in the neck of a camel) composed"
2964" of the 2 stars: γ Gem (Alhena) and ξ Gem"
2965msgstr ""
2966
2967#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2968#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:39
2969msgid ""
2970"(Arabic: الذراع) <em>Al-Dhirāʾ</em> (Retracted arm [of the lion]) composed "
2971"of the 2 stars: α CMi (Procyon) and β CMi (Gomeisa)"
2972msgstr ""
2973
2974#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2975#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:40
2976msgid ""
2977"(Arabic: النثرة) <em>Al-Nathrah</em> (The tip of the nose of the lion) "
2978"composed of the Praesepe cluster and the 2 stars: γ Cnc (Asellus Borealis) "
2979"and δ Cnc (Asellus Australis)"
2980msgstr ""
2981
2982#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2983#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:41
2984msgid ""
2985"(Arabic: الطرف) <em>Al-Ṭarf</em> (The eyes of the lion) composed of the 2 "
2986"stars: ε Leo and ο Leo (Subra)"
2987msgstr ""
2988
2989#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2990#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:42
2991msgid ""
2992"(Arabic: الجبهة) <em>Al-Ǧabhah</em> (The forehead of the lion) composed of 4"
2993" stars: ζ Leo (Adhafera), γ<sup>1</sup> Leo (Algieba), η Leo and α Leo "
2994"(Regulus)"
2995msgstr ""
2996
2997#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
2998#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:43
2999msgid ""
3000"(Arabic: الزبرة) <em>Al-Zubrah</em> (The mane of the lion) composed of the 2"
3001" stars: δ Leo (Zosma) and θ Leo (Chertan)"
3002msgstr ""
3003
3004#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3005#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:44
3006msgid ""
3007"(Arabic: الصرفة) <em>Al-Ṣarfah</em> (The change to colder weather) composed "
3008"of one star: β Leo (Denebola)"
3009msgstr ""
3010
3011#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3012#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:45
3013msgid ""
3014"(Arabic: العوا) <em>Al-ʿAwwā</em> (The bend) composed of 5 stars: β Vir "
3015"(Zavijava), η Vir (Zaniah), γ Vir (Porrima), δ Vir and ε Vir (Vindemiatrix)"
3016msgstr ""
3017
3018#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3019#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:46
3020msgid ""
3021"(Arabic: السماك) <em>Al-Simāk</em> (The unarmed high one) composed of the "
3022"star α Vir (Spica)"
3023msgstr ""
3024
3025#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3026#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:47
3027msgid ""
3028"(Arabic: الغفر)  <em>Al-Ġafr</em> (The cover) composed of 3 stars: ι Vir "
3029"(Syrma), κ Vir and λ Vir"
3030msgstr ""
3031
3032#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3033#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:48
3034msgid ""
3035"(Arabic: الزبانى)  <em>Al-Zubānā</em> (The claws of the scorpion) composed "
3036"of the 2 stars: α<sup>2</sup> Lib (Zubenelgenubi) and β Lib (Zubeneschamali)"
3037msgstr ""
3038
3039#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3040#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:49
3041msgid ""
3042"(Arabic: الإكليل)  <em>Al-Iklīl</em> (The ornamented headband, The diadem) "
3043"composed of the 3 stars: β<sup>1</sup> Sco (Acrab), δ Sco (Dschubba) and π "
3044"Sco."
3045msgstr ""
3046
3047#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3048#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:50
3049msgid ""
3050"(Arabic: القلب)  <em>Al-Qalb</em> (The heart of the scorpion) composed of "
3051"the star α Sco (Antares)"
3052msgstr ""
3053
3054#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3055#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:51
3056msgid ""
3057"(Arabic: الشولة)  <em>Al-Shawlah</em> (The sting of the scorpion) composed "
3058"of the 2 stars: λ Sco (Shaula) and υ Sco (Lesath)"
3059msgstr ""
3060
3061#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3062#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:52
3063msgid ""
3064"(Arabic: النعائم)  <em>Al-Naʿaʾim</em> (The Ostriches) 8 stars: γ2 Sgr, δ "
3065"Sgr, ε Sgr, η Sgr, σ Sgr, φ Sgr, τ Sgr, and ζ Sgr"
3066msgstr ""
3067
3068#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3069#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:53
3070msgid ""
3071"(Arabic: البلدة<em>Al-Baldah</em> (The empty area) is the area where there "
3072"are no stars (between <em>al-Naayem</em> and <em>Saad al-Thabih</em>)"
3073msgstr ""
3074
3075#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3076#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:54
3077msgid ""
3078"(Arabic: سعد الذابح)  <em>Saʿd al-Dhābiḥ</em> (The lucky star of the "
3079"Slaughterer) composed of the 3 stars: α<sup>1</sup> Cap (Algedi), β Cap "
3080"(Dabih), and ν Cap"
3081msgstr ""
3082
3083#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3084#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:55
3085msgid ""
3086"(Arabic: سعد بلع)  <em>Saʿd Bulaʿ</em> (The lucky star of the swallower) "
3087"composed of the 3 stars: ν Aqr, μ Aqr and ε Aqr (Albali)"
3088msgstr ""
3089
3090#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3091#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:56
3092msgid ""
3093"(Arabic: سعد السعود)  <em>Saʿd al-Suʿūd</em> (The luckiest of the lucky "
3094"stars) composed of the 3 stars: β Aqr (Sadalsuud), ξ Aqr and λ Cap"
3095msgstr ""
3096
3097#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3098#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:57
3099msgid ""
3100"(Arabic: سعد الأخبية)  <em>Saʿd al-Aḫbiyah</em> (The lucky stars of the tent"
3101" dwellers) composed of the 4 stars: γ Aqr (Sadachbia), π Aqr, ζ<sup>2</sup> "
3102"Aqr and η Aqr"
3103msgstr ""
3104
3105#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3106#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:58
3107msgid ""
3108"(Arabic: المقدم)  <em>Al-Muqaddam</em> (The front bucket mouth) composed of "
3109"the 2 stars: α And (Alpheratz) and γ Peg (Algenib)"
3110msgstr ""
3111
3112#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3113#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:59
3114msgid ""
3115"(Arabic: المؤخر)  <em>Al-Muʾaḫar</em> (The rear bucket mouth) composed of "
3116"the 2 stars: β Peg (Scheat) and α Peg (Markab)"
3117msgstr ""
3118
3119#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
3120#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:60
3121msgid ""
3122"(Arabic: الرشاء أو الحوت)  <em>Al-Rishāʾ</em> or <em>al-Ḥūt</em> (The rope "
3123"of the well bucket or The Fish) composed of the star β And (Mirach) and two "
3124"arcs of stars making a figure of a fish"
3125msgstr ""
3126
3127#. type: Content of: <h5>
3128#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:62
3129msgid "The Super lion and al-Ǧawzāʾ figures of the ancient Arab star lore"
3130msgstr ""
3131
3132#. type: Content of: <p>
3133#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:64
3134msgid ""
3135"One may notice from the names of the 7th to the 15th lunar stations that "
3136"they are part of a lion figure. This Arab lion figure covers around 100 "
3137"degrees, a little bit more than half of the sky dome. From the names of "
3138"these stars a lion figure can be constructed."
3139msgstr ""
3140
3141#. type: Content of: <p>
3142#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:67
3143msgid ""
3144"Two of the lunar stations, <em>al-Haqʿah</em> and <em>al-Hanʿah</em>, are "
3145"part of al-Ǧawzāʾ stars. al-Ǧawzāʾ is the figure covering Orion plus some "
3146"stars around it. The ancient Arabs imagined these stars as a figure of a "
3147"woman with a bow and arrow aimed at the lion (an image, probably influenced "
3148"from Roman Egypt: see depiction on Denderah zodiac which shows Babylonian as"
3149" well as Greek traces of constellations).  Mr. Roland Laffitte discussed "
3150"these two figures and offered a depiction of each in his article: <a "
3151"href=\"http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/our-arab-heritage-celestial-"
3152"vault\">Our Arab Heritage in the CelestialVault</a>. A more detailed "
3153"discussion of ancient Arab star lore is found in his book: &quot;Le Ciel des"
3154" Arabes&quot; <sup><a href=\"#footnote-12\">[12]</a></sup>."
3155msgstr ""
3156
3157#. type: Content of: <p>
3158#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:70
3159msgid ""
3160"In addition to the lunar stations, the prominent indigenous Arab asterisms "
3161"have been added."
3162msgstr ""
3163
3164#. type: Content of: <p>
3165#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:73
3166msgid ""
3167"Khalid al-Ajaji with additional documentation of this file by Susanne M "
3168"Hoffmann."
3169msgstr ""
3170
3171#. type: Content of: <p>
3172#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:78
3173msgid ""
3174"[1]: Kunitzsch P. The Arabs and the Stars, Variorum reprints Northampton "
3175"1989, Al-Manazil, Item XX pp 1-7."
3176msgstr ""
3177
3178#. type: Content of: <p>
3179#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:79
3180msgid ""
3181"[2]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and"
3182" Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Lunar Mansions in Islamic History, "
3183"Kunitzsch P. p 520"
3184msgstr ""
3185
3186#. type: Content of: <p>
3187#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:80
3188msgid ""
3189"[3]: Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab al-Anwā’, pp 6,7 (Arabic "
3190"print of the original book in 1956 in India Hydarabad/Deccan)"
3191msgstr ""
3192
3193#. type: Content of: <p>
3194#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:81
3195msgid ""
3196"[4]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and"
3197" Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Ibn Qutayba, Kunitzsch P. p 429"
3198msgstr ""
3199
3200#. type: Content of: <p>
3201#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:82
3202msgid ""
3203"[5]: Ta̕rīf manāzil alkamar, Les mansions lunaires des Arabes; Muhammad "
3204"al-Mukrī.; A de Calassanti-Motylinski published in Alger, Imprimerie "
3205"orientale, 1899."
3206msgstr ""
3207
3208#. type: Content of: <p>
3209#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:83
3210msgid ""
3211"[6]: <a href=\"http://www.uranos.fr/DOCU_03_T03.htm\">Muhammad al-Muqrī "
3212"poem</a>"
3213msgstr ""
3214
3215#. type: Content of: <p>
3216#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:84
3217msgid ""
3218"[7]: Salih al-Shethri, Timetable for farmers <em>Jadwal fi ilm al-harth ala "
3219"hisaab al-shuthoor</em> (جدول في علم الحرث على حساب الشثور) ISBN "
3220"9960-49-971-5"
3221msgstr ""
3222
3223#. type: Content of: <p>
3224#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:85
3225msgid ""
3226"[8]: <a href=\"http://www.ummulqura.org.sa/\">Official Calendar</a> of the "
3227"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"
3228msgstr ""
3229
3230#. type: Content of: <p>
3231#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:86
3232msgid ""
3233"[9]: Moon stations and Agriculture seasons. A bulletin by the Agriculture "
3234"Administration of the Chamber of Commerce in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 2002"
3235msgstr ""
3236
3237#. type: Content of: <p>
3238#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:87
3239msgid ""
3240"[10]: Book of the Stars by al-Sufi (died 986): Critical edition with "
3241"commentary by Khalid AlAjaji, digital edition, 2021 AD, كتاب الكواكب لأبي "
3242"الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد"
3243" الله ."
3244msgstr ""
3245
3246#. type: Content of: <p>
3247#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:88
3248msgid ""
3249"[11]: Schjellerup, Description des etoiles fixes, 1874, p. 163. (Translation"
3250" into French)"
3251msgstr ""
3252
3253#. type: Content of: <p>
3254#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:89
3255msgid "[12]: Laffitte, Roland, Le Ciel des Arabes, Geuthner, Paris 2012"
3256msgstr ""
3257
3258#. type: Content of: <h3>
3259#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:1
3260msgid "Aztec"
3261msgstr ""
3262
3263#. type: Content of: <p>
3264#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:2
3265msgid ""
3266"For ancient aztecs, the knowledge of the night skies and stars movement had "
3267"great importance for their calendars and the measurement of both "
3268"agricultural and sacred cycles. However, great part of this knowledge was "
3269"lost as consequence of the Spanish conquest which occurred on continental "
3270"America in the 16th century."
3271msgstr ""
3272
3273#. type: Content of: <p>
3274#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:3
3275msgid ""
3276"The elements of the Aztec society such as culture, economy and science is "
3277"preserved in the <em>tlacuilos</em>, word that comes from the ancient "
3278"Nahuatl word <em>tlacuiloa</em>, which means <em>writing with drawings</em>."
3279" These Tlacuilos where stored in the <em>amoxcalli</em>, meaning amoxtli: "
3280"books and calli: house. Later their became known as <em>codices</em>; a word"
3281" that came from the Latin word Codex which means written book."
3282msgstr ""
3283
3284#. type: Content of: <p>
3285#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:4
3286msgid ""
3287"After the Spanish conquest many of the pre-hispanic Codexes where destroyed,"
3288" their main feature is that their where drawn in many different materials "
3289"such as deer skin, <em>amate</em> paper or cotton fabric and they had no "
3290"text only draws or <em>glifos</em>. However the collection of Mesoamerican "
3291"customs continued prior to the Spanish conquest thanks to the work of some "
3292"native indians and some Spanish priests, this codexes are known as Colonial "
3293"Codexes and there is a change of the way of drawing because of the new "
3294"techniques of drawing and the new materials imported from Europe, also "
3295"because of the incorporation of descriptive text both in Spanish and "
3296"Nahuatl."
3297msgstr ""
3298
3299#. type: Content of: <h5>
3300#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:6
3301msgid "<em>Astronomical building</em>"
3302msgstr ""
3303
3304#. type: Content of: <p>
3305#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:7
3306msgid ""
3307"Sadly, the Aztec astronomical knowledge in the remaining codexes is really "
3308"small. The next image is one of the few that names some constellations and "
3309"astronomical phenomena identified by the Aztec, it belong to the "
3310"<em>Primeros Memoriales</em> (first memorials), which is a colonial "
3311"manuscript of the 16th century written by Fray Bernardino de Sahagun."
3312msgstr ""
3313
3314#. type: Content of: <p>
3315#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:9
3316msgid ""
3317"Now, in this work we have an explanation of some Aztec stellar figures for "
3318"Stellarium."
3319msgstr ""
3320
3321#. type: Content of: <h4>
3322#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:10
3323msgid "<em>Mamalhuaztli</em>"
3324msgstr ""
3325
3326#. type: Content of: <p>
3327#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:11
3328msgid ""
3329"Ancient Aztec identified the Orion's Belt as Mamalhuaztli, and it "
3330"represented the wood sticks used to light the new fire in the commemoration "
3331"celebrated every 52 years by the Mexicans and their neighbors named "
3332"<em>toxiuh molpilia</em> which means binding of the years and coincided with"
3333" the beginning of the new year named <em>xiuhtzitzquilo</em>."
3334msgstr ""
3335
3336#. type: Content of: <h4>
3337#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:13
3338msgid "<em>Tianquiztli</em>"
3339msgstr ""
3340
3341#. type: Content of: <p>
3342#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:14
3343msgid ""
3344"The group of stars that we know as Pleiades symbolized for the Mexicas "
3345"<em>Tianquiztli</em>, which means market, perhaps because of the crowd that "
3346"gathers on them, they're generally represented by one or two people inside a"
3347" circle with goods."
3348msgstr ""
3349
3350#. type: Content of: <p>
3351#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:16
3352msgid ""
3353"Currently, in Mexico the informal market or street markets are called "
3354"<em>Tianguis</em>."
3355msgstr ""
3356
3357#. type: Content of: <h4>
3358#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:17
3359msgid "<em>Citlaltlachtli</em>"
3360msgstr ""
3361
3362#. type: Content of: <p>
3363#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:18
3364msgid ""
3365"The constellation of Gemini was called <em>Citlaltlachtli</em>, which means "
3366"the ball game of the stars. This game was endowed with a ritual significance"
3367" and used a natural rubber ball. It is said that the movement of the ball "
3368"within the playing field refers to the movement of the sun and moon."
3369msgstr ""
3370
3371#. type: Content of: <h4>
3372#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:19
3373msgid "<em>Xonecuilli</em>"
3374msgstr ""
3375
3376#. type: Content of: <p>
3377#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:20
3378msgid ""
3379"The Ursa Minor constellation is identified as <em>Xonecuilli</em> which "
3380"means twisted foot, and is related to Nanahuatzin, this character is "
3381"represented with twisted feet, filled with boils and sores, this sick and "
3382"poor God sacrificed himself to become <em>Tonatiuh</em> the Sun god."
3383msgstr ""
3384
3385#. type: Content of: <p>
3386#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:22
3387msgid ""
3388"Apparently, this constellation can also be associated with the Southern "
3389"Cross and its surrounding stars as is referred by <em>Tezozomoc</em>. For "
3390"its part, Sahagun speaks of his resemblance to bread made in the form of "
3391"letter S and called by the Aztecs <em>xonecuilli</em>."
3392msgstr ""
3393
3394#. type: Content of: <p>
3395#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:23
3396msgid "<em>xonecuilli</em>"
3397msgstr ""
3398
3399#. type: Content of: <h4>
3400#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:24
3401msgid "<em>Citlalcolotl</em>"
3402msgstr ""
3403
3404#. type: Content of: <p>
3405#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:25
3406msgid ""
3407"According to the Florentino Codex Sahagun's informants identified a group of"
3408" stars known as <em>Citlalcolotl</em>, the scorpion star. In turn, Tezozomoc"
3409" also mentions the scorpion star and he called it <em>Colotlixayac</em>, "
3410"which means face of a scorpion."
3411msgstr ""
3412
3413#. type: Content of: <h5>
3414#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:27
3415msgid "<em>Paris Codex</em>"
3416msgstr ""
3417
3418#. type: Content of: <p>
3419#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:28
3420msgid ""
3421"In a section of the Paris Codex called zodiac pages appears the scorpion, in"
3422" this codex the icons shows figures of animals hanging from the body of the "
3423"Celestial Dragon."
3424msgstr ""
3425
3426#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><h3>
3427#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:29
3428#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:237
3429msgid "Conclusion"
3430msgstr ""
3431
3432#. type: Content of: <p>
3433#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:30
3434msgid ""
3435"It is noteworthy that the interpretation of some of these constellations are"
3436" still in discussion, and of course there must be other constellations to "
3437"represent. Any comments and/or collaboration are welcome in order to "
3438"preserve the stellar knowledge and meaning of the Aztec culture."
3439msgstr ""
3440
3441#. type: Content of: <h3>
3442#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:31
3443#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:31
3444#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2969
3445#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:14
3446#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:29
3447#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:50
3448#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:7
3449#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:86
3450#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:25
3451#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:273
3452#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:7
3453#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:62
3454#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:4
3455#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:6
3456#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:3
3457#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:41
3458#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:4
3459#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:17
3460#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:53
3461#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:14
3462#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:12
3463#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:73
3464msgid "External links"
3465msgstr ""
3466
3467#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3468#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:33
3469msgid ""
3470"<a "
3471"href=\"http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html\">Fuego"
3472" Nuevo</a>"
3473msgstr ""
3474
3475#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3476#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:34
3477msgid ""
3478"<a href=\"http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm\">Constelaciones "
3479"Prehisp&#225;nicas</a>"
3480msgstr ""
3481
3482#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3483#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:35
3484msgid ""
3485"<a href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf\">The Question"
3486" of the Zodiac in America</a>"
3487msgstr ""
3488
3489#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3490#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:37
3491msgid ""
3492"<a "
3493"href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html\">Aztec "
3494"Mythology</a>"
3495msgstr ""
3496
3497#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3498#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:38
3499msgid ""
3500"<a href=\"http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF\">Los c&#243;dices de "
3501"M&#233;xico</a>"
3502msgstr ""
3503
3504#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3505#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:39
3506msgid ""
3507"<a "
3508"href=\"http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico\">Los"
3509" c&#243;dices coloniales de M&#233;xico</a>"
3510msgstr ""
3511
3512#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3513#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:41
3514msgid ""
3515"<a "
3516"href=\"http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm\">Real"
3517" c&#233;dula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva "
3518"Espa&#241;a de Fray Bernardino de Sahag&#250;n</a>"
3519msgstr ""
3520
3521#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3522#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:44
3523msgid ""
3524"<a href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli\">Akapochtli</a>"
3525msgstr ""
3526
3527#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3528#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:45
3529msgid ""
3530"<a "
3531"href=\"http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&amp;pg=PA118&amp;lpg=PA118&amp;dq=Colotlixayac&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=F6xlTU1rer&amp;sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=Colotlixayac&amp;f=false\">Iconograf&#237;a"
3532" mexicana, Volumen 3</a>"
3533msgstr ""
3534
3535#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3536#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:46
3537msgid ""
3538"<a href=\"http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html\">El "
3539"C&#243;dice Par&#237;s</a>"
3540msgstr ""
3541
3542#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3543#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:47
3544msgid ""
3545"<a "
3546"href=\"http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html\">El"
3547" nacimiento del sol y la luna</a>"
3548msgstr ""
3549
3550#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3551#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:48
3552msgid ""
3553"<a href=\"http://aulex.org/nah-es/\">Diccionario n&aacute;huatl - "
3554"espa&#241;ol en l&#237;nea en AULEX</a>"
3555msgstr ""
3556
3557#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3558#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:49
3559msgid ""
3560"<a "
3561"href=\"http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html\">Tlachtli</a>"
3562msgstr ""
3563
3564#. type: Content of: <h3>
3565#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:51
3566#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:527
3567#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:467
3568msgid "Thanks to"
3569msgstr ""
3570
3571#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3572#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:53
3573msgid "Javier G&#243;mez Sandoval"
3574msgstr ""
3575
3576#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3577#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:54
3578msgid "Martha Patricia Rivera"
3579msgstr ""
3580
3581#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3582#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:55
3583msgid "Emilio Ram&#243;n Bola&#241;os Guerra"
3584msgstr ""
3585
3586#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3587#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:56
3588msgid "Hector Vega"
3589msgstr ""
3590
3591#. type: Content of: <h5>
3592#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:57
3593#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:64
3594msgid "Rafael Rojas Segoviano"
3595msgstr ""
3596
3597#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3598#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:58
3599msgid "Juan Caballero"
3600msgstr ""
3601
3602#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
3603#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:59
3604msgid "SAAGS"
3605msgstr ""
3606
3607#. type: Content of: <p>
3608#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:62
3609msgid "<strong>Enrique G&#243;mez Candelario</strong>"
3610msgstr ""
3611
3612#. type: Content of: <p>
3613#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:62
3614msgid "<a href=\"mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com\">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a>"
3615msgstr ""
3616
3617#. type: Content of: <h5>
3618#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:64
3619msgid "English translation by:"
3620msgstr ""
3621
3622#. type: Content of: <h1>
3623#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:1
3624msgid "Babylonian &mdash; MUL.APIN"
3625msgstr ""
3626
3627#. type: Content of: <p>
3628#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:2
3629msgid ""
3630"This <em>Babylonian sky culture</em>, which had been in use before the Greek"
3631" one, is preserved in a (probably almost) canonical state dating back to the"
3632" 12th century BCE.  The earliest fragment known is from the 7th century BCE "
3633"but the celestial data in the text suggests a much earlier origin of the "
3634"observational base - most likely between -1350 and -1150."
3635msgstr ""
3636
3637#. type: Content of: <p>
3638#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:7
3639msgid ""
3640"<i>photograph of one of the clay tablets that are as big as a sheet of paper"
3641" (courtesy: the trustees of the British Museum)</i>"
3642msgstr ""
3643
3644#. type: Content of: <p>
3645#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:8
3646msgid ""
3647"The compendium MUL.APIN consists of two large clay tablets with six and five"
3648" lists of different content.  On the first tablet, there is the so called "
3649"\"star catalogue\" (a list of names of stars and constellations), followed "
3650"by three lists of heliacal risings and settings, a list of ziqpu "
3651"(culminating) asterisms, and the list of constellations in the lunar path.  "
3652"The second tablet contains intercalary rules for the calendar, rules for the"
3653" sundial and rules for omina."
3654msgstr ""
3655
3656#. type: Content of: <h2>
3657#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:14
3658msgid "Zodiac"
3659msgstr ""
3660
3661#. type: Content of: <p>
3662#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:15
3663msgid ""
3664"The zodiac definitely came to Greece from Babylonian source.  It is not "
3665"preserved when it had been invented there and when it was transformed to "
3666"Greek mathematical astronomy.  We know for sure that Hipparchus (2nd ct. "
3667"BCE) cites ecliptical longitudes from Eudoxus (4th ct. BCE)  with a zodiac "
3668"divided into 12x30 units, equaling our 360°. These direct citations from the"
3669" 4th century BCE suggest a much earlier invention because the concept of the"
3670" zodiac of 360° was very likely well established in Babylonian mathematical "
3671"astronomy before it was copied by Greek mathematicians.  Taking Eudoxus' "
3672"writing as a <em>terminus ante quem</em>, we extrapolate a date for the "
3673"genesis of the zodiac in Mesopotamia before 400 BCE.  In other fragments of "
3674"mathematical astronomy (between 800 and 700 BCE) the concept of the zodiac "
3675"is not present.  Some scholars argue for the 6th century BCE as date of "
3676"invention - but to be honest, we don't know.  The common sense is that the "
3677"zodiac was probably invented around the middle of the 1st millennium BCE."
3678msgstr ""
3679
3680#. type: Content of: <p>
3681#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:25
3682msgid ""
3683"In MUL.APIN, there is definitely no zodiac but a predecessor: the path of "
3684"the Moon.  There are lists of constellations or \"gods who stand in the path"
3685" of the Moon, through whose region the Moon during a month [passes "
3686"repeatedly] and keeps touching them.\" (cited from the edition by Hunger and"
3687" Steele, 2018, p. 143).  This list of the MUL.APIN compendium is not "
3688"considered in this sky culture; constellations in the path of the Moon are "
3689"not highlighted."
3690msgstr ""
3691
3692#. type: Content of: <h3>
3693#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:31
3694#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:20
3695msgid "Planets"
3696msgstr ""
3697
3698#. type: Content of: <p>
3699#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:32
3700msgid ""
3701"This sky culture was made more or less only with the first list of the "
3702"compendium, the so called `star catalogue'.  It is not a real star catalogue"
3703" because it does not give a single coordinate and most of the names given "
3704"there are names of asterisms or constellations (and not point-like objects "
3705"such as stars). The text of this first list is reproduced below - yet, we "
3706"layouted it as a table to emphasis its function as an explanatory list. The "
3707"catalogue also includes the names of planets: of course, planets do not have"
3708" a fixed position.  However, in Mesopotamian culture it was common to "
3709"mention them for a complete set of objects in the sky.  They are usually "
3710"denoted (or drawn) at the position of their exaltation point (one of the "
3711"later Greek <em>hypsomata</em> - but Greek astrology provided two "
3712"<em>hypsomata</em> per planet while Babylonian had only one)."
3713msgstr ""
3714
3715#. type: Content of: <p>
3716#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:38
3717msgid ""
3718"The names of the planets displayed in Stellarium are names of the objects in"
3719" the sky and not of the gods associated with them.  The list below shows "
3720"that almost every asterism was associated with a deity.  According to "
3721"Babylonian belief, a deity has two representations: one in the sky and one "
3722"on Earth as statue in the temple.  That means a celestial object `is' not "
3723"the deity but only one of its possible expressions. This is also the case "
3724"for the planets.  For instance, even a millennium before MUL.APIN, the "
3725"goddess of sexual love and desire as well as goddess of war, the Sumerian "
3726"Inanna/ Akkadian Ishtar had been associated with the planet Venus.  This "
3727"goddess was later `translated' to the Greek Aphrodite and Roman Venus and "
3728"even in the Greco-Roman culture the name of the planet was Phosphoros "
3729"(Greek: the Luminous One) or Lucifer (Latin: the Bringer of Light) but "
3730"associated with the goddess.  Similar cases exist for most of the "
3731"constellations and single stars listed in MUL.APIN."
3732msgstr ""
3733
3734#. type: Content of: <p>
3735#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:47
3736msgid ""
3737"In the list reproduced below, the left column gives the name of the object "
3738"in the sky and the right column (in most of the cases) gives the associated "
3739"deity."
3740msgstr ""
3741
3742#. type: Content of: <h2>
3743#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:49
3744msgid "Star Catalogue"
3745msgstr ""
3746
3747#. type: Content of: <p>
3748#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:50
3749msgid ""
3750"The following table copies the reconstruction of the text of MUL.APIN by "
3751"Hermann Hunger+ (1989, 2018), gives translations by Manfred Krebernik "
3752"(published at the Rencontre Assyriologique International, Innsbruck, 2018) "
3753"and identifies the Akkadian words with celestial regions and constellations "
3754"(work by Susanne M. Hoffmann, 2015-2018, presented at Deutsche "
3755"Orientalisten-Tagung, Jena, 2017)."
3756msgstr ""
3757
3758#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3759#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:57
3760#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:273
3761#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:407
3762#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:21
3763#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:209
3764#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:347
3765msgid "constellation number"
3766msgstr ""
3767
3768#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3769#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:58
3770#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:274
3771#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:408
3772msgid "asterism to be \"explained\" (e.g. by relating it to a deity)"
3773msgstr ""
3774
3775#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3776#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:59
3777#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:275
3778#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:409
3779msgid "\"explanation\" (e.g. related deity)"
3780msgstr ""
3781
3782#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3783#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:60
3784#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:276
3785#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:410
3786#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:24
3787#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:212
3788#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:350
3789msgid "position in the sky"
3790msgstr ""
3791
3792#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3793#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:64
3794#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:29
3795msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Plough)"
3796msgstr ""
3797
3798#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3799#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:65
3800msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enlil"
3801msgstr ""
3802
3803#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3804#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:70
3805msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i>(Wolf)"
3806msgstr ""
3807
3808#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3809#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:71
3810msgid "seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>"
3811msgstr ""
3812
3813#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3814#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:76
3815#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:42
3816msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#298;BU</i>(Old Man)"
3817msgstr ""
3818
3819#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3820#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:77
3821msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enme&scaron;arra"
3822msgstr ""
3823
3824#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3825#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:82
3826#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:49
3827msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Throwing-stick)"
3828msgstr ""
3829
3830#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3831#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:83
3832msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Gamlum(Throwing-stick)"
3833msgstr ""
3834
3835#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3836#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:84
3837#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:196
3838#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:342
3839#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:446
3840#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:51
3841#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:155
3842#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:293
3843#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:393
3844msgid "in"
3845msgstr ""
3846
3847#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3848#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:88
3849#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:55
3850msgid ""
3851"<sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;RAB&Ucirc;TU</i>(Great Twins)"
3852msgstr ""
3853
3854#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3855#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:89
3856msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lugalirra and <sup>GOD</sup>Meslamta&#702;ea"
3857msgstr ""
3858
3859#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3860#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:94
3861#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:63
3862msgid ""
3863"<sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;&#7778;E&#7722;R&#362;TU</i>(Little"
3864" Twins)"
3865msgstr ""
3866
3867#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3868#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:95
3869msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Alammu&scaron; and <sup>GOD</sup>Ningublaga"
3870msgstr ""
3871
3872#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3873#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:100
3874#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:69
3875msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Crab)"
3876msgstr ""
3877
3878#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3879#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:101
3880msgid "seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
3881msgstr ""
3882
3883#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3884#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:106
3885#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:75
3886msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>(Lion)"
3887msgstr ""
3888
3889#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3890#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:107
3891msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Latarak"
3892msgstr ""
3893
3894#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3895#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:112
3896msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>"
3897msgstr ""
3898
3899#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3900#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:113
3901msgid "STAR (of the) King"
3902msgstr ""
3903
3904#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3905#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:114
3906#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:83
3907msgid "Regulus"
3908msgstr ""
3909
3910#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3911#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:118
3912msgid "twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>"
3913msgstr ""
3914
3915#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3916#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:119
3917msgid ""
3918"&quot;date-palm spadix&quot; (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua, "
3919"<sup>GOD</sup>Zarpan&#299;tum"
3920msgstr ""
3921
3922#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3923#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:124
3924msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(The Bright?)"
3925msgstr ""
3926
3927#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3928#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:125
3929msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enlil who determines the destinies of the land"
3930msgstr ""
3931
3932#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3933#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:130
3934msgid "STAR in front of it"
3935msgstr ""
3936
3937#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3938#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:131
3939msgid ""
3940"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i>(Abundant), vizier of "
3941"<sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil"
3942msgstr ""
3943
3944#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
3945#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:132
3946#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:330
3947#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:101
3948#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:279
3949msgid "or"
3950msgstr ""
3951
3952#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3953#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:136
3954#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:230
3955#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:298
3956#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:328
3957msgid "STAR behind it"
3958msgstr ""
3959
3960#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3961#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:137
3962msgid ""
3963"<sup>STAR</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i>(Dignity), vizier of "
3964"<sup>GOD</sup>Ti&scaron;pak"
3965msgstr ""
3966
3967#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3968#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:142
3969msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>(Wagon)"
3970msgstr ""
3971
3972#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3973#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:143
3974msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil"
3975msgstr ""
3976
3977#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3978#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:147
3979msgid "15"
3980msgstr ""
3981
3982#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3983#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:148
3984msgid "STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>"
3985msgstr ""
3986
3987#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3988#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:149
3989msgid ""
3990"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Fox), <sup>GOD</sup>Erra, the "
3991"strong of the gods"
3992msgstr ""
3993
3994#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
3995#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:150
3996msgid "Alcor (80 UMa)"
3997msgstr ""
3998
3999#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4000#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:154
4001msgid "STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>"
4002msgstr ""
4003
4004#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4005#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:155
4006msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe), <sup>GOD</sup>Aya"
4007msgstr ""
4008
4009#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4010#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:160
4011msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA(Hitched yoke?)"
4012msgstr ""
4013
4014#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4015#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:161
4016msgid "<sup>GOD</sup><i>Anu-rab&ucirc;</i> of heaven"
4017msgstr ""
4018
4019#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4020#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:166
4021msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA(Wagon of heaven)"
4022msgstr ""
4023
4024#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4025#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:167
4026msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Damkianna"
4027msgstr ""
4028
4029#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4030#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:168
4031#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:137
4032msgid "somewhere betw UMi and Vega?"
4033msgstr ""
4034
4035#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4036#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:172
4037msgid "STAR in its bond"
4038msgstr ""
4039
4040#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4041#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:173
4042msgid ""
4043"<sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i>(Heir of the Ema&#7723;-temple), "
4044"foremost son of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
4045msgstr ""
4046
4047#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4048#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:179
4049msgid "The stars (of the) Standing Gods of the Ekur temple"
4050msgstr ""
4051
4052#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4053#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:183
4054msgid "The stars (of the) Sitting Gods of the Ekur temple"
4055msgstr ""
4056
4057#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4058#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:188
4059#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:147
4060msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>(She-Goat)"
4061msgstr ""
4062
4063#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4064#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:189
4065msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Gula"
4066msgstr ""
4067
4068#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4069#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:194
4070msgid "STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>"
4071msgstr ""
4072
4073#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4074#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:195
4075msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) (of <sup>GOD</sup>Gula)"
4076msgstr ""
4077
4078#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4079#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:200
4080#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:159
4081msgid "bright STAR of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>"
4082msgstr ""
4083
4084#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4085#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:201
4086msgid ""
4087"<sup>GOD</sup>Lamassatu, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Baba (= <sup>GOD</sup>Gu-"
4088"la)"
4089msgstr ""
4090
4091#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4092#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:206
4093#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:450
4094msgid "2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it"
4095msgstr ""
4096
4097#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4098#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:207
4099msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and <sup>GOD</sup>Errakal"
4100msgstr ""
4101
4102#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4103#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:212
4104msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A"
4105msgstr ""
4106
4107#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4108#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:213
4109msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>U.GUR(Nergal)"
4110msgstr ""
4111
4112#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4113#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:218
4114msgid "STAR to the right of it"
4115msgstr ""
4116
4117#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4118#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:219
4119msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i>(Pig), <sup>GOD</sup>Damu"
4120msgstr ""
4121
4122#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4123#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:224
4124msgid "STAR to the left of it"
4125msgstr ""
4126
4127#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4128#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:225
4129msgid "<sup>STARS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i>(Horse)"
4130msgstr ""
4131
4132#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4133#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:231
4134msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>, vizier of STAR.STAR (Pleiades)"
4135msgstr ""
4136
4137#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4138#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:236
4139msgid ""
4140"twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag)"
4141msgstr ""
4142
4143#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4144#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:237
4145msgid ""
4146"<sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;arriru (Field Mouse), "
4147"<sup>GOD</sup>Manz&acirc;t(Rainbow)"
4148msgstr ""
4149
4150#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4151#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:242
4152msgid "red bright STAR in the kidney of <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>"
4153msgstr ""
4154
4155#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4156#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:243
4157msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>P&#256;&Scaron;ITTU</i>(Deleter)"
4158msgstr ""
4159
4160#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4161#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:248
4162msgid "When the STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil are completed:"
4163msgstr ""
4164
4165#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4166#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:252
4167msgid "big STAR, its &quot;light&quot; is dim, it divides the sky and stands"
4168msgstr ""
4169
4170#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4171#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:253
4172msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Marduk, <sup>GOD</sup>N&#275;beru(Ford)"
4173msgstr ""
4174
4175#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4176#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:254
4177msgid "Milky Way???"
4178msgstr ""
4179
4180#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4181#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:258
4182msgid ""
4183"<sup>STAR</sup>SAG.ME.GAR(Jupiter), it changes its place and crosses the sky"
4184msgstr ""
4185
4186#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4187#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:259
4188msgid "Jupiter [hypsoma]"
4189msgstr ""
4190
4191#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4192#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:263
4193msgid "33 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil"
4194msgstr ""
4195
4196#. type: Content of: <p>
4197#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:267
4198msgid ""
4199"<b>Remark 1</b>: <i>Babylonian lists do not have headlines but a sort of "
4200"caption. Lines written in red [by us] indicate this line to be such a footer"
4201" which summarizes the text before as a sort of (sub)section or chapter. The "
4202"planets, we highlighted in blue.</i>"
4203msgstr ""
4204
4205#. type: Content of: <p>
4206#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:268
4207msgid ""
4208"<b>Remark 2</b>: <i>At this line, the text tells us that there were 33 "
4209"asterism listed before this line. However, on the original clay tablet(s) "
4210"there had been only 31 lines. Therefore, the counting of asterisms for the "
4211"authors of MUL.APIN is an often discussed topic in this context. There are "
4212"several different suggestions and we have even made an own one but since all"
4213" versions are uncertain, we are not brave enough to publish any of them "
4214"here. We are not sure, if there is any common sense about that in the "
4215"scientific community.</i>"
4216msgstr ""
4217
4218#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4219#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:280
4220#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:217
4221msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;&quot;FIELD&quot;(area measure)"
4222msgstr ""
4223
4224#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4225#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:281
4226msgid ""
4227"seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of "
4228"<sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
4229msgstr ""
4230
4231#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4232#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:286
4233msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD'"
4234msgstr ""
4235
4236#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4237#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:287
4238msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Swallow)"
4239msgstr ""
4240
4241#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4242#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:292
4243msgid "STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD'"
4244msgstr ""
4245
4246#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4247#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:293
4248msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i>"
4249msgstr ""
4250
4251#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4252#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:299
4253msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker), <sup>GOD</sup>Tammuz"
4254msgstr ""
4255
4256#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4257#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:304
4258msgid "STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle)"
4259msgstr ""
4260
4261#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4262#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:305
4263msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu, the great gods"
4264msgstr ""
4265
4266#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4267#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:310
4268msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>BULL&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>)"
4269msgstr ""
4270
4271#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4272#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:311
4273msgid ""
4274"<sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull), crown of "
4275"<sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
4276msgstr ""
4277
4278#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4279#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:316
4280#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:263
4281msgid ""
4282"<sup>STAR</sup>TRUE&middot;SHEPHERD&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN "
4283"(<i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>, Orion)"
4284msgstr ""
4285
4286#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4287#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:317
4288msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Papsukkal, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
4289msgstr ""
4290
4291#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4292#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:322
4293#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:270
4294msgid "Twin STARs opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>"
4295msgstr ""
4296
4297#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4298#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:323
4299msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lulal and <sup>GOD</sup>Latarak"
4300msgstr ""
4301
4302#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><notr><sub>
4303#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:324
4304#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:272
4305msgid "3"
4306msgstr ""
4307
4308#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><notr><sub>
4309#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:324
4310#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:272
4311msgid "4"
4312msgstr ""
4313
4314#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4315#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:329
4316msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)"
4317msgstr ""
4318
4319#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4320#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:334
4321msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute;(Arrow)"
4322msgstr ""
4323
4324#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4325#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:335
4326msgid ""
4327"<i>&Scaron;ilt&#257;&#7723;u</i> (Arrow), great hero (of) "
4328"<sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta"
4329msgstr ""
4330
4331#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4332#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:336
4333#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:286
4334msgid "Sirius +"
4335msgstr ""
4336
4337#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4338#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:340
4339msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i>(Bow)"
4340msgstr ""
4341
4342#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4343#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:341
4344msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>I&scaron;tar-of-Elam, daughter of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil"
4345msgstr ""
4346
4347#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4348#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:346
4349msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRA&#7722;(Snake-god)"
4350msgstr ""
4351
4352#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4353#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:347
4354msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ningi&scaron;zida, lord of the 'Earth' (= netherworld)"
4355msgstr ""
4356
4357#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4358#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:352
4359msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i>(Raven)"
4360msgstr ""
4361
4362#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4363#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:353
4364msgid "Raven, STAR of <sup>GOD</sup>Adad"
4365msgstr ""
4366
4367#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4368#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:358
4369msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ER&#702;U</i>(Furrow)"
4370msgstr ""
4371
4372#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4373#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:359
4374msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ala, ear of grain"
4375msgstr ""
4376
4377#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4378#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:364
4379#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:319
4380msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIB&#256;N&#298;TU</i>(Scales)"
4381msgstr ""
4382
4383#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4384#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:365
4385msgid "Horns of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Scorpion)"
4386msgstr ""
4387
4388#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4389#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:366
4390#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:321
4391msgid "circa Lib"
4392msgstr ""
4393
4394#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4395#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:370
4396#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:326
4397msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Zababa"
4398msgstr ""
4399
4400#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4401#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:371
4402msgid ""
4403"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i>(Eagle) and "
4404"<sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i>(Corpse)"
4405msgstr ""
4406
4407#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4408#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:376
4409msgid ""
4410"<sup>STAR</sup><i>DILPAT</i>(Venus), it changes its place and crosses the "
4411"sky"
4412msgstr ""
4413
4414#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4415#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:381
4416msgid ""
4417"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7778;ALBAT&#256;NU</i>(Mars), it changes its place and "
4418"crosses the sky"
4419msgstr ""
4420
4421#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
4422#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:382
4423#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:59
4424msgid "Mars"
4425msgstr ""
4426
4427#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4428#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:386
4429msgid ""
4430"<sup>STAR</sup>STEADY&middot;&quot;WILD&middot;SHEEP&quot;(<i>KAJJAM&#256;NU</i>,"
4431" Saturn), it changes its place and crosses the sky"
4432msgstr ""
4433
4434#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4435#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:387
4436msgid "Saturn"
4437msgstr ""
4438
4439#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4440#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:391
4441msgid ""
4442"<sup>STAR</sup>DANCING&middot;&quot;WILD&middot;SHEEP&quot;(<i>&Scaron;I&#7722;&#7788;U</i>,"
4443" Mercury), whose name is <sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta, either in the East or in the"
4444" West, where ever in the month it appears, where ever in the month it "
4445"disappears"
4446msgstr ""
4447
4448#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4449#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:393
4450msgid "Mercury"
4451msgstr ""
4452
4453#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4454#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:397
4455msgid "23 STAR<sup>s</sup> of Anum"
4456msgstr ""
4457
4458#. type: Content of: <p>
4459#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:402
4460msgid ""
4461"<b>Remark 3:</b> <i>Giving a \"+\" sign in the column of the modern "
4462"counterpart, we indicate that (likely/ possibly) more stars are belonging to"
4463" this Babylonian asterism. In case of the Arrow, for instance, it is sure "
4464"that Sirius belongs to this constellation but modern authors published at "
4465"least three versions which further stars have to be added. Another case is "
4466"the Eagle next to another constellation named \"the Corpse\". This could "
4467"possibly be a predecessor of Ptolemy's newly added double-constellation "
4468"\"Eagle with Antinuos\" but it can also be independent - that is why, we "
4469"give \"Aql+\".</i>"
4470msgstr ""
4471
4472#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4473#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:414
4474#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:355
4475msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>N&#362;NU</i>(Fish)"
4476msgstr ""
4477
4478#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4479#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:415
4480msgid ""
4481"<sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of "
4482"<sup>GOD</sup>Ea"
4483msgstr ""
4484
4485#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4486#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:420
4487msgid "GREAT&middot;STAR"
4488msgstr ""
4489
4490#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4491#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:421
4492#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:427
4493msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ea"
4494msgstr ""
4495
4496#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4497#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:426
4498#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:370
4499msgid "STAR of (the city of) Eridu"
4500msgstr ""
4501
4502#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4503#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:432
4504#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:444
4505msgid "STAR to its right"
4506msgstr ""
4507
4508#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4509#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:433
4510msgid "STAR (of) <sup>&lt;GOD&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;"
4511msgstr ""
4512
4513#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4514#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:438
4515#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:384
4516msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;AB(B)A&#7778;&#7778;&#274;R&#256;NU</i>"
4517msgstr ""
4518
4519#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4520#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:439
4521msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ningirsu"
4522msgstr ""
4523
4524#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4525#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:445
4526msgid ""
4527"<sup>STAR</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Harrow), weapon of "
4528"<sup>GOD</sup>M&#257;r-b&#299;ti, in the centre of which the Aps&ucirc; is "
4529"visible"
4530msgstr ""
4531
4532#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4533#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:451
4534msgid ""
4535"<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ullat and <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;, "
4536"<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ama&scaron; and <sup>GOD</sup>Adad"
4537msgstr ""
4538
4539#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4540#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:456
4541msgid ""
4542"STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea"
4543msgstr ""
4544
4545#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4546#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:457
4547msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numu&scaron;da, <sup>GOD</sup>Adad"
4548msgstr ""
4549
4550#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4551#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:462
4552msgid "STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Scorpion)"
4553msgstr ""
4554
4555#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4556#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:463
4557msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i> = <sup>GOD</sup>Kusu"
4558msgstr ""
4559
4560#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4561#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:468
4562#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:416
4563msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>"
4564msgstr ""
4565
4566#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4567#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:469
4568msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>I&scaron;&#7723;ara, lady of the inhabited world"
4569msgstr ""
4570
4571#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><i>
4572#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:474
4573#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:422
4574msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>IRAT&middot;ZUQAQ&#298;PI"
4575msgstr ""
4576
4577#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4578#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:474
4579msgid "</i>(Breast of the Scorpion)"
4580msgstr ""
4581
4582#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4583#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:475
4584msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lisin, <sup>GOD</sup>Nab&ucirc;"
4585msgstr ""
4586
4587#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
4588#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:476
4589#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:424
4590#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:61
4591msgid "Antares"
4592msgstr ""
4593
4594#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4595#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:480
4596msgid ""
4597"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of "
4598"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>"
4599msgstr ""
4600
4601#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4602#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:481
4603msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;arur and <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;argaz"
4604msgstr ""
4605
4606#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4607#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:486
4608msgid "STAR behind them"
4609msgstr ""
4610
4611#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4612#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:487
4613msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsa&#285;"
4614msgstr ""
4615
4616#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4617#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:492
4618msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i>(Bark) &lt;&lt;and&gt;&gt;"
4619msgstr ""
4620
4621#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4622#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:493
4623msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i>(Goat-fish)"
4624msgstr ""
4625
4626#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
4627#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:498
4628msgid "15 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea"
4629msgstr ""
4630
4631#. type: Content of: <h3>
4632#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:503
4633#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:12
4634msgid "Source(s)"
4635msgstr ""
4636
4637#. type: Content of: <p>
4638#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:504
4639msgid ""
4640"The stick figures are interpretations by Susanne M. Hoffmann based on some "
4641"years of her doctoral and post-doctoral research.  In some cases they "
4642"deviate from the common identifications copied by Pingree, Hunger and other "
4643"scholars since 1950 or earlier.  Hunger's new edition of MUL.APIN (2018) "
4644"allowed new insights. Some of the figures have been derived in Hoffmann's "
4645"dissertation thesis (in the chapters on the Babylonian roots of the Greek "
4646"culture: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, 2017) and some others were "
4647"developed during her work as director of the planetarium Königsleiten "
4648"together with other, mainly German, planetariums.  A first scientific "
4649"article on visualization of two versions of the Babylonian zodiac appeared "
4650"in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: Popularisierung der Astronomie, Nuncius "
4651"Hamburgensis, Hamburg, 2017.  Further publications are in preparation (e.g. "
4652"together with M. Krebernik for the proceedings of the Rencontre "
4653"Assyriologique Internationale 2018). See chapter \"Further Reading\" below."
4654msgstr ""
4655
4656#. type: Content of: <h2>
4657#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:513
4658msgid "Sources / Further Reading"
4659msgstr ""
4660
4661#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
4662#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:515
4663msgid ""
4664"British Museum <a "
4665"href=\"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/152339001\">Image "
4666"Tablet No 152339001</a>"
4667msgstr ""
4668
4669#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <ul><li>
4670#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:516
4671#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:454
4672#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:455
4673#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:456
4674#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:457
4675#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:461
4676msgid "fr"
4677msgstr ""
4678
4679#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
4680#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:516
4681msgid ""
4682"Hermann Hunger and John Steele, The Babylonian astronomical compendium "
4683"MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/New York 2018."
4684msgstr ""
4685
4686#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
4687#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:517
4688msgid ""
4689"Susanne M. Hoffmann: <a "
4690"href=\"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821\">Hipparchs "
4691"Himmelsglobus</a>, Springer, Wiesbaden, New York, 2017."
4692msgstr ""
4693
4694#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
4695#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:518
4696msgid ""
4697"Susanne M. Hoffmann: <em>History of Constellations as popularization of "
4698"uranometry</em> in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: <a "
4699"href=\"https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-"
4700"der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-"
4701"astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-"
4702"bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/\">Popularisierung der Astronomie</a>, Nuncius "
4703"Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg, 2017."
4704msgstr ""
4705
4706#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
4707#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:519
4708msgid ""
4709"Susanne M. Hoffmann and M. Krebernik: <em>What do deities tell us about the "
4710"celestial positioning system?</em> in: Proceedings of the Rencontre "
4711"Assyriologique Internationale 2018 (In preparation)."
4712msgstr ""
4713
4714#. type: Content of: <p>
4715#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:523
4716msgid ""
4717"This sky culture originates from many years of research by several scholars."
4718"  We provide this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to"
4719" be cited according to the common rules.  This sky culture is provided under"
4720" CC BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (share-alike, do not change it "
4721"without consulting the contributors, and cite the contributors). Thank you!"
4722msgstr ""
4723
4724#. type: Content of: <p>
4725#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:528
4726msgid ""
4727"The positioning of the Babylonian terms in the sky and the drawing of the "
4728"stick figures for Stellarium had been done by Susanne M. Hoffmann.  As an "
4729"astronomer she thanks for the help of several philologists and the some very"
4730" enthusiastic planetarium managers for some developments in their domes."
4731msgstr ""
4732
4733#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
4734#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:531
4735msgid "Prof. i.R. Dr. Hermann Hunger (Assyriology, Vienna)"
4736msgstr ""
4737
4738#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
4739#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:532
4740msgid "Prof. Dr. Manfred Krebernik (Assyriology, Jena)"
4741msgstr ""
4742
4743#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
4744#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:533
4745#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:470
4746msgid ""
4747"Dr. Björn Voss (Manager of LWL Planetarium Münster and head of Society of "
4748"German-speaking Planetariums)"
4749msgstr ""
4750
4751#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
4752#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:534
4753msgid "Dr. Monika Staesche (Manager of Planetarium am Insulaner, Berlin)"
4754msgstr ""
4755
4756#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
4757#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:535
4758#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:471
4759msgid "Stefan Harnisch (Manager of Planetarium Jena)"
4760msgstr ""
4761
4762#. type: Content of: <p>
4763#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:540
4764msgid ""
4765"The Babylonian star names and constellation lines were compiled and added to"
4766" Stellarium:"
4767msgstr ""
4768
4769#. type: Content of: <p>
4770#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:541
4771msgid "<em>Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em>"
4772msgstr ""
4773
4774#. type: Content of: <p>
4775#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:542
4776msgid ""
4777"Paintings by: <em>Jessica Gullberg </em> (consulted by Steven Gullberg and "
4778"Susanne M Hoffmann)"
4779msgstr ""
4780
4781#. type: Content of: <h5>
4782#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:543
4783#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:305
4784#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:294
4785msgid "written in English:"
4786msgstr ""
4787
4788#. type: Content of: <h5>
4789#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:543
4790msgid "SMH"
4791msgstr ""
4792
4793#. type: Content of: <h1>
4794#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:1
4795msgid "Babylonian &mdash; Seleucid"
4796msgstr ""
4797
4798#. type: Content of: <p>
4799#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:2
4800msgid ""
4801"The Seleucid Era in Babylonian history is the era of the successors of "
4802"Alexander the Great who conquered Babylon in 331 BCE. In these days MUL.APIN"
4803" (already thousand years old) was still copied and, thus, appears to have "
4804"developed to be an old-fashioned but not outdated standard. Moreover, there "
4805"is no alternative compendium like MUL.APIN from the Late Babylonian epoch."
4806msgstr ""
4807
4808#. type: Content of: <p>
4809#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:3
4810msgid ""
4811"This <em>Seleucid</em> or <em>Late Babylonian sky culture</em> is supposed "
4812"to show the (estimated) state of Babylonian constellations contemporary to "
4813"the Greek culture. There is no description of the full sky. Changes with "
4814"regard to the MUL.APIN version have certainly applied in the zodiac since "
4815"several centuries. This can be stated for sure because in this time, there "
4816"is a blossoming zodiacal astrology. Since there had been no zodiac in "
4817"MUL.APIN and the zodiac developed around the middle of the -1st millennium, "
4818"in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium BCE, there had been different versions"
4819" of the constellations around the ecliptic."
4820msgstr ""
4821
4822#. type: Content of: <p>
4823#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:6
4824msgid ""
4825"However, we do not know much about the rest of the sky. Hence, for the "
4826"constellations far away from the zodiac, again the constellations of "
4827"MUL.APIN can be taken as state of the art. Please see MUL.APIN sky culture "
4828"for more information and use the MUL.APIN constellations for an impression "
4829"of the Old Babylonian (or Middle Babylonian) sky culture."
4830msgstr ""
4831
4832#. type: Content of: <h3>
4833#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:8
4834msgid "Single Stars"
4835msgstr ""
4836
4837#. type: Content of: <p>
4838#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:10
4839msgid ""
4840"In contrast to constellations, there are much more lists of single stars "
4841"preserved from the later epochs. We use this Late Babylonian or Seleucid sky"
4842" culture to focus on the single star names. There are plenty of <i>ziqpu</i>"
4843" lists (lists of culminating stars) and for measurements in the zodiac, "
4844"\"normal stars\" have been introduced. Normal stars (from Latin \"norma\" = "
4845"the measure) are a frame of reference for mathematical astrometry of the "
4846"Late Babylonian epoch. While for most of the other stars the margin of error"
4847" concerning their identification with a celestial counterpart is sometimes "
4848"huge, the normal stars are identified properly because their coordinates can"
4849" be derived from the planets standing next to them (Jones, 2004)."
4850msgstr ""
4851
4852#. type: Content of: <p>
4853#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:13
4854msgid ""
4855"The lists of ziqpu stars and normal stars are mostly compiled from the "
4856"modern compendium Hunger and Pingree: Astral Science in Mesopotamia, 1999 "
4857"and some of the other papers given in \"Further Reading\". The book by "
4858"Hoffmann, 2017 already contains several computations with these stars and "
4859"more literature (e.g. Wayne Horowitz has worked on <i>ziqpu</i> stars for "
4860"many years but is not mentioned here with a special paper although his "
4861"translations contributed a lot for this study). A likely version of the Late"
4862" Babylonian stick figures will be added in a later release of Stellarium."
4863msgstr ""
4864
4865#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
4866#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:16
4867msgid "MUL.APIN constellations partially re-worked"
4868msgstr ""
4869
4870#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4871#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:22
4872#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:210
4873#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:348
4874msgid "asterism"
4875msgstr ""
4876
4877#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4878#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:23
4879#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:211
4880#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:349
4881msgid "our commentary"
4882msgstr ""
4883
4884#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4885#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:35
4886msgid ""
4887"<sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i> (Wolf): seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>"
4888msgstr ""
4889
4890#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4891#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:36
4892msgid "\"wolf\" here does not mean the animal but a part of the plough."
4893msgstr ""
4894
4895#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4896#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:64
4897msgid "do not exist anymore (merged with Great Twins)"
4898msgstr ""
4899
4900#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4901#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:81
4902msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: STAR (of the) King"
4903msgstr ""
4904
4905#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4906#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:87
4907msgid ""
4908"twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: "
4909"&quot;date-palm spadix&quot; (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua"
4910msgstr ""
4911
4912#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4913#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:93
4914msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(The Bright?) = <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil"
4915msgstr ""
4916
4917#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4918#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:99
4919msgid ""
4920"STAR in front of it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i> (Abundant)"
4921msgstr ""
4922
4923#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4924#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:105
4925msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i> (Dignity)"
4926msgstr ""
4927
4928#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4929#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:111
4930msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i> (Wagon)"
4931msgstr ""
4932
4933#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4934#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:117
4935msgid ""
4936"STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: "
4937"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Fox)"
4938msgstr ""
4939
4940#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4941#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:119
4942msgid "Alcor"
4943msgstr ""
4944
4945#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4946#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:123
4947msgid ""
4948"STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: "
4949"<sup>STAR</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe)"
4950msgstr ""
4951
4952#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4953#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:129
4954msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA (Hitched yoke?)"
4955msgstr ""
4956
4957#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4958#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:135
4959msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)"
4960msgstr ""
4961
4962#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4963#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:141
4964msgid ""
4965"STAR in its bond: <sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i> (Heir of the "
4966"Ema&#7723;-temple)"
4967msgstr ""
4968
4969#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4970#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:153
4971msgid ""
4972"STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>: "
4973"<sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) [of Goddess Gula]"
4974msgstr ""
4975
4976#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4977#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:165
4978msgid ""
4979"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and "
4980"<sup>GOD</sup>Errakal"
4981msgstr ""
4982
4983#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4984#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:171
4985msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>nimru</i> (Panther)"
4986msgstr ""
4987
4988#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4989#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:172
4990msgid ""
4991"In Late Babylonian language (\"dictionaries\") a new reading of this "
4992"constellation name appears: it should be interpreted as Akkadian word "
4993"\"nimru\" translating to \"the Panther\"; the old demon at this place seems "
4994"to have been replaced."
4995msgstr ""
4996
4997#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
4998#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:177
4999msgid ""
5000"STAR to the right of it: <sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i> (Pig)"
5001msgstr ""
5002
5003#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5004#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:183
5005msgid "STAR to the left of it: <sup>STARS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i> (Horse)"
5006msgstr ""
5007
5008#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5009#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:189
5010msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i> (Stag)"
5011msgstr ""
5012
5013#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5014#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:190
5015msgid ""
5016"We shifted the Stag to display another suggestion and because the Panther "
5017"occupies different areas than the UKADUA demon. It is still uncertain but in"
5018" this version the breast of the Stag includes M31 which could be the \"Field"
5019" Mouse\"."
5020msgstr ""
5021
5022#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5023#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:195
5024msgid ""
5025"twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag): "
5026"<sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;arriru (Field Mouse)"
5027msgstr ""
5028
5029#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5030#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:201
5031msgid "Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil finished."
5032msgstr ""
5033
5034#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5035#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:223
5036msgid ""
5037"STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': "
5038"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Swallow)"
5039msgstr ""
5040
5041#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5042#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:224
5043msgid ""
5044"the southern one of the two ellipses of fish; in comparison to the earlier "
5045"version a small constellation which shifted northwestwards"
5046msgstr ""
5047
5048#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5049#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:229
5050msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIBATI</i>(Tails)"
5051msgstr ""
5052
5053#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5054#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:230
5055msgid ""
5056"Since the Old Babylonian 'Great Swallow' turned into a small swallow and was"
5057" shifted to another place, the V-shaped tails of the Great Swallow remained "
5058"without any meaning. Still, they are used as constellation (Tails - but "
5059"nobody knows of whom). Later, the V-shape was interpreted as a band "
5060"connecting the little swallow with a little fish below the constellation of "
5061"Anunitu."
5062msgstr ""
5063
5064#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5065#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:236
5066msgid ""
5067"STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': "
5068"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i>"
5069msgstr ""
5070
5071#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5072#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:237
5073msgid ""
5074"Our stick figure is prepared to transform to the Greek Andromeda: Anunitu is"
5075" another name for the Babylonian goddess of sexual love Ishtar who was "
5076"equalized with Greek Aphrodite whose myth in Syria was connected to fish."
5077msgstr ""
5078
5079#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5080#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:242
5081msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker)"
5082msgstr ""
5083
5084#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5085#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:243
5086msgid ""
5087"Over centuries of abbreviation of the names of constellations, the "
5088"Babylonian LU.HUN.GA transformed to HUN which is a sign similar to UDU "
5089"(sheep). Therefore, the working man transformed to a sheep. This was likely "
5090"a Babylonian wordplay only and therefore the constellation figure is not "
5091"supposed to really look like a sheep."
5092msgstr ""
5093
5094#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5095#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:249
5096msgid "STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle): <sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu"
5097msgstr ""
5098
5099#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5100#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:250
5101msgid ""
5102"Old Babylonian termed only \"the Star Cluster\", Middle Babylonian insists "
5103"to equalize this with Sebettu (the Seven Gods, warriors) - reason unknown. "
5104"Late Babylonian more often uses the term \"the Bristle\" on the neck of the "
5105"Bull. This interpretation is equal to the Greek one."
5106msgstr ""
5107
5108#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5109#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:256
5110msgid ""
5111"<sup>STAR</sup>BULL&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>) and "
5112"<sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull)"
5113msgstr ""
5114
5115#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5116#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:257
5117msgid ""
5118"The Bull of Heaven is a mythological figure from the epos of Gilgamesh. "
5119"Gilgamesh fights him and divides him in halves (which explains its depiction"
5120" in the sky). The \"Jaw\" are the Hyades."
5121msgstr ""
5122
5123#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5124#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:258
5125msgid "and Hyades"
5126msgstr ""
5127
5128#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5129#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:277
5130msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)"
5131msgstr ""
5132
5133#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5134#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:278
5135msgid ""
5136"Normally, the Cock is identified with modern Lepus but this does not make "
5137"any sense to me: \"behind\" Orion, i.e. rising after him is Prokyon, a very "
5138"bright star without any known Babylonian name. The Greeks named him \"pro "
5139"kyon\" (rising before the dog) because in some of the conquered cultures "
5140"Prokyon was an indicator for the soon rising of Sirius (the dog star for "
5141"them). Sirius was not a dog star in Babylonian sky culture but, however, "
5142"important for the calendar. That is why, I suggest to take Prokyon for a "
5143"crowing rooster, somehow announcing the brighter Sirius."
5144msgstr ""
5145
5146#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5147#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:284
5148msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute; (Arrow)"
5149msgstr ""
5150
5151#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5152#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:285
5153msgid ""
5154"The depicted version is a suggestion. Sure is only Sirius, for the rest, "
5155"there are multiple options."
5156msgstr ""
5157
5158#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5159#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:291
5160msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i> (Bow)"
5161msgstr ""
5162
5163#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5164#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:292
5165msgid ""
5166"I suppose, this is the mostly accepted version (out of several existing "
5167"options)."
5168msgstr ""
5169
5170#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5171#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:298
5172msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRA&#7722; (Snake-god)"
5173msgstr ""
5174
5175#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5176#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:305
5177msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i> (Raven)"
5178msgstr ""
5179
5180#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5181#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:312
5182msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i><sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ala</i>, ear of grain"
5183msgstr ""
5184
5185#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5186#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:313
5187msgid ""
5188"The old constellation of the Furrow vanished and left the Maiden (goddess "
5189"&Scaron;ala) instead. The stable element is the 'ear of grain' as name for "
5190"the brightest star (Greek Stachys, Latin Spica)."
5191msgstr ""
5192
5193#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5194#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:320
5195msgid ""
5196"Since MUL.APIN identifies the Scales with a part (horns) of the Scorpion "
5197"this constellation vanished in early Greek astronomy and re-appeared only in"
5198" early Roman times (Almagest and thereafter). We think, that the earlier "
5199"versions of the Scales should have been a separate constellation and not "
5200"part of the Scorpion. That's why, we turned it around 180° because in the "
5201"Babylonian sky culture Virgo (as Furrow as well as the Maiden &Scaron;ala) "
5202"does not need so much space."
5203msgstr ""
5204
5205#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5206#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:327
5207msgid "Normally identified with the area of Ophiuchus."
5208msgstr ""
5209
5210#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5211#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:332
5212msgid ""
5213"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i> (Eagle) and <sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i> "
5214"(Corpse)"
5215msgstr ""
5216
5217#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5218#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:333
5219msgid ""
5220"The Eagle (Aql) is connected with a Corpse which reminds on the Almagest "
5221"figure of the Eagle carrying dead Antinuos. It appears likely that the "
5222"Eagle, in former times, had been a vulture because vultures are associated "
5223"with dead bodies and eagles not and in Babylonian mythology an eagle carries"
5224" preferably a living (not dead) man. Additionally, many early languages do "
5225"not distinguish eagles and vultures."
5226msgstr ""
5227
5228#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5229#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:339
5230msgid "Path of Anum completed."
5231msgstr ""
5232
5233#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5234#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:356
5235msgid "Greek \"the Great Fish\""
5236msgstr ""
5237
5238#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5239#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:363
5240msgid "GREAT&middot;STAR: <sup>GOD</sup>Ea"
5241msgstr ""
5242
5243#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5244#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:364
5245msgid ""
5246"The god of wisdom and witchcraft, Ea, is usually depicted with streams of "
5247"water springing from his shoulders. For Babylonians this was a clear image "
5248"of the springs of Euphrates and Tigris. Since this was not cler to the "
5249"Greek, they named this figure simply \"the Man with the Water\" or \"Water-"
5250"Carrier\"."
5251msgstr ""
5252
5253#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5254#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:377
5255msgid "STAR to its right: STAR (of) <sup>&lt;GOD&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;"
5256msgstr ""
5257
5258#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5259#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:378
5260msgid ""
5261"Since Canopus is almost opposite Aquarius in the sky, it is unclear where "
5262"this asterism is to be located."
5263msgstr ""
5264
5265#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5266#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:385
5267msgid "still unclear"
5268msgstr ""
5269
5270#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5271#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:391
5272msgid ""
5273"STAR to its right: <sup>STAR</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Harrow), in "
5274"the centre of which the Aps&ucirc; is visible"
5275msgstr ""
5276
5277#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5278#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:392
5279msgid ""
5280"still unclear - but maybe the Aps&ucirc; is the southernmost part of the "
5281"Milky Way."
5282msgstr ""
5283
5284#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5285#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:397
5286msgid ""
5287"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ullat and "
5288"<sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;"
5289msgstr ""
5290
5291#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5292#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:398
5293msgid "no hints, no clue"
5294msgstr ""
5295
5296#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5297#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:403
5298msgid ""
5299"STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea: "
5300"STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numu&scaron;da"
5301msgstr ""
5302
5303#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5304#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:404
5305msgid "should be an male anthropomorphous figure (a god)"
5306msgstr ""
5307
5308#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5309#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:410
5310msgid ""
5311"STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i> (Scorpion): "
5312"<sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i>"
5313msgstr ""
5314
5315#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5316#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:422
5317msgid "</i> (Breast of the Scorpion): <sup>GOD</sup>Lisin"
5318msgstr ""
5319
5320#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5321#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:423
5322msgid "single star name"
5323msgstr ""
5324
5325#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5326#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:428
5327msgid ""
5328"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of "
5329"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;arur and "
5330"<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;argaz"
5331msgstr ""
5332
5333#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5334#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:429
5335msgid ""
5336"Since &Scaron;argaz is an old term for the sting, this is almost clear and "
5337"re-applied as official modern star name by the IAU 2016."
5338msgstr ""
5339
5340#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5341#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:434
5342msgid "STAR behind them: <sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsa&#285;"
5343msgstr ""
5344
5345#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5346#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:435
5347msgid ""
5348"The depiction of god Pabilsa&#285; is iconographically clear. It can easily "
5349"be transformed to a Greek centaur (see Boll, 1903)."
5350msgstr ""
5351
5352#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5353#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:440
5354msgid ""
5355"<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i> (Bark) (and?) "
5356"<sup>STAR</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i> (Goat-fish)"
5357msgstr ""
5358
5359#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5360#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:441
5361msgid ""
5362"Either the Bark was identified with the Goat-Fish implying that both terms "
5363"designate the same constellation (esp. likely for Old Babylonian epochs "
5364"before MUL.APIN, hypotheses published by Craig Crossen in Sky&Telescope). "
5365"Alternatively (and esp. likely for later epochs) the Bark was shifted to the"
5366" west, under the feet of Pabilsa&#285; (Sagittarius). That explains "
5367"Eratosthenes's long debate on the illogial image of a centaur standing on a "
5368"ship. In case The Bark was a standalone constellation, it should be "
5369"identified with Ptolemy's Southern Crown (Corona Australis)."
5370msgstr ""
5371
5372#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
5373#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:447
5374msgid "Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea completed."
5375msgstr ""
5376
5377#. type: Content of: <h2>
5378#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:452
5379#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:45
5380msgid "Further Reading"
5381msgstr ""
5382
5383#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5384#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:454
5385msgid "Franz Boll (1903), Sphaera. Teubner, Leipzig."
5386msgstr ""
5387
5388#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5389#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:455
5390msgid "Craig Crossen (2015), Sky and Telescope, March 2015, p.36-40."
5391msgstr ""
5392
5393#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5394#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:456
5395msgid ""
5396"Hermann Hunger and David Pingree (1999), Astral Science in Mesopotamia, "
5397"Brill, Leiden."
5398msgstr ""
5399
5400#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5401#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:457
5402msgid ""
5403"Hermann Hunger and John Steele (2018), The Babylonian astronomical "
5404"compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/ New York."
5405msgstr ""
5406
5407#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5408#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:458
5409msgid ""
5410"Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), <a "
5411"href=\"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821\">Hipparchs "
5412"Himmelsglobus</a>, Springer, Wiesbaden, New York."
5413msgstr ""
5414
5415#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5416#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:459
5417msgid ""
5418"Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), <em>History of Constellations as popularization "
5419"of uranometry</em> in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: <a "
5420"href=\"https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-"
5421"der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-"
5422"astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-"
5423"bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/\">Popularisierung der Astronomie</a>, Nuncius "
5424"Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg."
5425msgstr ""
5426
5427#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5428#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:460
5429msgid ""
5430"Alexander Jones (2004), “A Study of Babylonian Observations of Planets Near "
5431"Normal Stars”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences."
5432msgstr ""
5433
5434#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5435#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:461
5436msgid ""
5437"Jordi Pàmias and Klaus Geus (2007), Eratosthenes: Sternsagen (Catasterismi),"
5438" Utopica, Oberhaid."
5439msgstr ""
5440
5441#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5442#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:462
5443msgid ""
5444"many publications on <i>ziqpu</i> star lists by Wayne Horowitz, John M. "
5445"Steele, E. Weidner, J. Koch, and others are compiled or/and discussed in the"
5446" above books, especially the one by Hunger and Pingree (1999) which is why "
5447"we do not list them in detail here."
5448msgstr ""
5449
5450#. type: Content of: <p>
5451#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:465
5452msgid ""
5453"This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND 4.0 (international) licence "
5454"(noncommercial use only, share-alike, do not change it without consulting "
5455"the contributors, and please cite the contributors). Thank you!"
5456msgstr ""
5457
5458#. type: Content of: <p>
5459#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:468
5460msgid ""
5461"Thanks to some very enthusiastic planetarium managers for their request and "
5462"development time in their domes."
5463msgstr ""
5464
5465#. type: Content of: <p>
5466#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:476
5467msgid "The Babylonian star names were compiled and added to Stellarium and"
5468msgstr ""
5469
5470#. type: Content of: <p>
5471#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:477
5472msgid "the Babylonian constellation lines and images were prepared by:"
5473msgstr ""
5474
5475#. type: Content of: <p>
5476#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:478
5477msgid "<em>Susanne M Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em>"
5478msgstr ""
5479
5480#. type: Content of: <h2>
5481#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:1
5482msgid "Belarusian"
5483msgstr ""
5484
5485#. type: Content of: <p>
5486#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:2
5487msgid ""
5488"Shown here are some interesting folk astronomy constellations found in "
5489"Belarus, a country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, "
5490"Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the "
5491"northwest. Belarus is landlocked and contains large tracts of marshy land "
5492"and thousands of lakes. Forests cover about 40% of the country. Belarus is "
5493"exceptional in that people in the villages have preserved their traditional "
5494"knowledge about the stars and related beliefs, right through to the present "
5495"time. The illustrations are by no means exhaustive. In fact, many asterisms "
5496"have multiple recorded meanings, ranging from ancient to Christianized."
5497msgstr ""
5498
5499#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5500#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:10
5501msgid ""
5502"Elias's Cart &mdash; the burning cart that is ridden by Elias, the "
5503"Christianized version of a constellation previously seen as <em>simply</em> "
5504"a large cart."
5505msgstr ""
5506
5507#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5508#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:11
5509msgid "The Bride"
5510msgstr ""
5511
5512#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5513#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:12
5514msgid "The Chicks"
5515msgstr ""
5516
5517#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5518#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:13
5519msgid "The Cross &mdash; a Peter’s cross"
5520msgstr ""
5521
5522#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5523#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:14
5524msgid "The Crown &mdash; the thorn wreath that was put on Christ’s head."
5525msgstr ""
5526
5527#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5528#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:15
5529msgid "The Goat"
5530msgstr ""
5531
5532#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5533#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:16
5534msgid "The Grass Snakes"
5535msgstr ""
5536
5537#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5538#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:17
5539msgid ""
5540"The Kingdoms &mdash; These two stars served as a symbol of two states: the "
5541"Great Lithuanian Princedom and the Polish Kingdom."
5542msgstr ""
5543
5544#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5545#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:18
5546msgid ""
5547"The Mowers &mdash; These three stars stand one after another in the manner "
5548"of people mowing the fields."
5549msgstr ""
5550
5551#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5552#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:19
5553msgid ""
5554"The Nail &mdash; The north star is seen as a nail around which the skies "
5555"revolve."
5556msgstr ""
5557
5558#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5559#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:20
5560msgid "The Ploughman"
5561msgstr ""
5562
5563#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5564#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:21
5565msgid "The Rake"
5566msgstr ""
5567
5568#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5569#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:22
5570msgid "The Ram"
5571msgstr ""
5572
5573#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5574#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:23
5575msgid ""
5576"The Serpent &mdash; St. Yuri killed this serpent and hung it near the star "
5577"that always stands in the same place"
5578msgstr ""
5579
5580#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5581#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:24
5582msgid ""
5583"The Sieve &mdash; It was said that “God used to sift grains of <i>zhito</i> "
5584"through it."
5585msgstr ""
5586
5587#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5588#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:25
5589msgid ""
5590"The Small Cart &mdash; Ursa Minor resembles the large cart of Ursa Major."
5591msgstr ""
5592
5593#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5594#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:26
5595msgid "The Throne &mdash; Lord Jesus’s chair."
5596msgstr ""
5597
5598#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5599#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:27
5600msgid "The Twins"
5601msgstr ""
5602
5603#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5604#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:28
5605msgid "The Goose's Way"
5606msgstr ""
5607
5608#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5609#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:33
5610msgid ""
5611"<a href=\"http://aviti.livejournal.com\">Belarussian Folk Astronomy</a> The "
5612"author's website, in Belarusian."
5613msgstr ""
5614
5615#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5616#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:34
5617msgid ""
5618"<a "
5619"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy\">Belarusian"
5620" Ethnoastronomy.</a>"
5621msgstr ""
5622
5623#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5624#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:35
5625msgid ""
5626"<a "
5627"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/8787640/Ethnoastronomical_aspect_of_traditional_belarusian_fitonimicon_problem_statement\">Ethnoastronomical"
5628" aspect of traditional belarusian fitonimicon: problem statement.</a>"
5629msgstr ""
5630
5631#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5632#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:36
5633msgid ""
5634"<a "
5635"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-"
5636"beliefs\">Meteor Beliefs Project: East European meteor folk-beliefs.</a>"
5637msgstr ""
5638
5639#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5640#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:37
5641msgid ""
5642"<a "
5643"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-"
5644"beliefs\">Meteor Beliefs Project Belarussian meteor folk-beliefs.</a>"
5645msgstr ""
5646
5647#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
5648#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:38
5649msgid ""
5650"<a "
5651"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs\">Astronyms"
5652" in Belarussian folk beliefs.</a>"
5653msgstr ""
5654
5655#. type: Content of: <p>
5656#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:43
5657msgid ""
5658"The creation of this sky culture for Stellarium was suggested by Alexander "
5659"Wolf to Johan Meuris, based on the article <b>Astronyms in Belarussian Folk "
5660"Beliefs</b> by Tsimafei Avilin, published in the peer-reviewed journal "
5661"Archaeologia Baltica."
5662msgstr ""
5663
5664#. type: Content of: <p>
5665#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:45
5666msgid "Illustrations by Johan Meuris."
5667msgstr ""
5668
5669#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5670#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:1
5671#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:24
5672msgid "Boorong"
5673msgstr ""
5674
5675#. type: Content of: <p>
5676#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:2
5677msgid ""
5678"One hundred and forty years ago, a Boorong family at Lake Tyrrell (North-"
5679"Western Victoria, Australia) told William Stanbridge something of their "
5680"stories relating to the night sky.  Some forty stars, constellations and "
5681"other celestial phenomena were named and located. He wrote them down and "
5682"related this information to the Philosophical Institute in Melbourne in "
5683"1857. In his paper he wrote down the Aboriginal term and gave its European "
5684"equivalent.  What John Morieson has done is look closely at these celestial "
5685"phenomena, attempt to satisfactorily identity them and to imitate the way "
5686"the Boorong people may have seen them. John's interpretation was used to "
5687"create the constellation figures in Stellarium."
5688msgstr ""
5689
5690#. type: Content of: <p>
5691#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:8
5692msgid ""
5693"The Boorong were very much acquainted with the night sky, and William "
5694"Stanbridge wrote in 1857 that they &quot;Pride themselves upon knowing more "
5695"of Astronomy than any other tribe&quot;."
5696msgstr ""
5697
5698#. type: Content of: <h3>
5699#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:11
5700msgid "Constellations and other celestial objects"
5701msgstr ""
5702
5703#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5704#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:14
5705msgid "<b>Name</b>"
5706msgstr ""
5707
5708#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5709#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:15
5710msgid "<b>Explanation</b>"
5711msgstr ""
5712
5713#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5714#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:16
5715msgid "<b>Celestial Clue</b>"
5716msgstr ""
5717
5718#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5719#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:19
5720msgid "Berm-berm-gle"
5721msgstr ""
5722
5723#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5724#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:20
5725msgid "Red-kneed dotterel"
5726msgstr ""
5727
5728#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5729#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:25
5730msgid "Night; small mallee; starry firmament"
5731msgstr ""
5732
5733#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5734#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:26
5735msgid "Starry firmament at night"
5736msgstr ""
5737
5738#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5739#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:29
5740msgid "Bunya"
5741msgstr ""
5742
5743#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5744#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:30
5745msgid "Ring-tail possum"
5746msgstr ""
5747
5748#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5749#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:31
5750msgid "Top star in Southern Cross"
5751msgstr ""
5752
5753#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5754#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:34
5755msgid "Chargee Gnowee"
5756msgstr ""
5757
5758#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5759#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:35
5760msgid "Elder sister, sister of the sun"
5761msgstr ""
5762
5763#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5764#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:39
5765msgid "Bittur"
5766msgstr ""
5767
5768#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5769#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:40
5770msgid "Larvae of the woodant"
5771msgstr ""
5772
5773#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5774#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:44
5775msgid "Collenbitchick"
5776msgstr ""
5777
5778#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5779#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:45
5780msgid "Species of ant"
5781msgstr ""
5782
5783#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5784#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:46
5785msgid "Double star in head of Capricornus"
5786msgstr ""
5787
5788#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5789#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:49
5790msgid "Collowgulloric War"
5791msgstr ""
5792
5793#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5794#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:50
5795msgid "Female crow, wife of War"
5796msgstr ""
5797
5798#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5799#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:51
5800msgid "Eta Carinae"
5801msgstr ""
5802
5803#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5804#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:54
5805msgid "Colowgulloric Warepil"
5806msgstr ""
5807
5808#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5809#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:55
5810msgid "Female eagle, wife of Warepil"
5811msgstr ""
5812
5813#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5814#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:56
5815msgid "Rigel In Orion"
5816msgstr ""
5817
5818#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5819#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:59
5820msgid "Djuit"
5821msgstr ""
5822
5823#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5824#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:60
5825msgid "Red-rumped parrot"
5826msgstr ""
5827
5828#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5829#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:64
5830msgid "Gellarlec"
5831msgstr ""
5832
5833#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5834#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:65
5835msgid "Pink cockatoo"
5836msgstr ""
5837
5838#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5839#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:66
5840msgid "Aldebaran"
5841msgstr ""
5842
5843#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5844#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:69
5845msgid "Ginabongbearp"
5846msgstr ""
5847
5848#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5849#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:70
5850msgid "Sulphur-crested white cockatoo; pulling up daylight"
5851msgstr ""
5852
5853#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
5854#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:71
5855#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:46
5856msgid "Jupiter"
5857msgstr ""
5858
5859#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5860#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:74
5861msgid "Gnowee"
5862msgstr ""
5863
5864#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5865#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:75
5866msgid "Day; Sun"
5867msgstr ""
5868
5869#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5870#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:76
5871#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:66
5872#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:16
5873#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:141
5874#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:53
5875msgid "Sun"
5876msgstr ""
5877
5878#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5879#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:79
5880msgid "Karik Karik"
5881msgstr ""
5882
5883#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5884#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:80
5885msgid "Spear thrower; Australian Kestrel"
5886msgstr ""
5887
5888#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5889#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:81
5890msgid "Two stars at end of Scorpius"
5891msgstr ""
5892
5893#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5894#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:84
5895msgid "Kourt-chin"
5896msgstr ""
5897
5898#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5899#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:85
5900msgid "Male and female brolga"
5901msgstr ""
5902
5903#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5904#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:86
5905msgid "Clouds of Magellan"
5906msgstr ""
5907
5908#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5909#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:89
5910msgid "Kulkanbulla"
5911msgstr ""
5912
5913#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5914#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:90
5915msgid "Two teenage boys"
5916msgstr ""
5917
5918#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5919#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:91
5920msgid "Belt and Scabbard of Orion"
5921msgstr ""
5922
5923#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5924#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:94
5925msgid "Lamankurrk"
5926msgstr ""
5927
5928#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5929#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:95
5930msgid "Girls, young women"
5931msgstr ""
5932
5933#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5934#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:99
5935msgid "Marpeankurrk"
5936msgstr ""
5937
5938#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5939#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:100
5940msgid "Meat ant; treecreeper"
5941msgstr ""
5942
5943#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5944#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:101
5945#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:64
5946msgid "Arcturus"
5947msgstr ""
5948
5949#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5950#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:104
5951msgid "Millee"
5952msgstr ""
5953
5954#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5955#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:105
5956msgid "Murray River"
5957msgstr ""
5958
5959#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5960#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:106
5961#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:111
5962msgid "Part of the Milky Way"
5963msgstr ""
5964
5965#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5966#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:109
5967msgid "Mindi"
5968msgstr ""
5969
5970#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5971#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:110
5972msgid "The maned snake"
5973msgstr ""
5974
5975#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5976#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:114
5977msgid "Mityan"
5978msgstr ""
5979
5980#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5981#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:115
5982msgid "Quoll"
5983msgstr ""
5984
5985#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5986#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:116
5987#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:67
5988#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:21
5989#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:52
5990msgid "Moon"
5991msgstr ""
5992
5993#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5994#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:119
5995msgid "Neilloan"
5996msgstr ""
5997
5998#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
5999#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:120
6000msgid "Mallee fowl"
6001msgstr ""
6002
6003#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6004#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:121
6005msgid "Lyra"
6006msgstr ""
6007
6008#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6009#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:124
6010msgid "Nurrumbunguttias"
6011msgstr ""
6012
6013#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6014#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:125
6015msgid "Old man, black faced mallee kangaroo"
6016msgstr ""
6017
6018#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6019#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:126
6020msgid "White aura of the Milky Way"
6021msgstr ""
6022
6023#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6024#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:129
6025msgid "Otchocut"
6026msgstr ""
6027
6028#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6029#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:130
6030msgid "Great fish"
6031msgstr ""
6032
6033#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6034#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:134
6035msgid "Porkelong toute"
6036msgstr ""
6037
6038#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6039#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:135
6040msgid "Loss of tooth"
6041msgstr ""
6042
6043#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6044#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:136
6045msgid "Shooting star"
6046msgstr ""
6047
6048#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6049#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:139
6050msgid "Pupperimbul"
6051msgstr ""
6052
6053#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6054#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:140
6055msgid "Diamond firetail finch or shy hylacola"
6056msgstr ""
6057
6058#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6059#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:141
6060msgid "Carried the emu egg to become the Sun"
6061msgstr ""
6062
6063#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6064#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:144
6065msgid "Purra"
6066msgstr ""
6067
6068#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6069#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:145
6070msgid "Red kangaroo"
6071msgstr ""
6072
6073#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6074#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:146
6075msgid "Capella"
6076msgstr ""
6077
6078#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6079#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:149
6080msgid "Tchingal"
6081msgstr ""
6082
6083#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6084#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:150
6085msgid "The tall one; emu"
6086msgstr ""
6087
6088#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6089#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:151
6090msgid "Dark space near Cross"
6091msgstr ""
6092
6093#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6094#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:154
6095msgid "Totyarguil"
6096msgstr ""
6097
6098#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6099#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:155
6100msgid "Purple crowned lorikeet"
6101msgstr ""
6102
6103#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6104#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:156
6105msgid "Altair"
6106msgstr ""
6107
6108#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6109#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:159
6110msgid "Tourchingboiongerra"
6111msgstr ""
6112
6113#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6114#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:160
6115msgid "Needlewood hakea and willie wagtails"
6116msgstr ""
6117
6118#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6119#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:161
6120#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:126
6121msgid "Coma Berenices"
6122msgstr ""
6123
6124#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6125#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:164
6126msgid "Tourte"
6127msgstr ""
6128
6129#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6130#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:165
6131msgid "Star"
6132msgstr ""
6133
6134#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6135#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:166
6136msgid "Any star"
6137msgstr ""
6138
6139#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6140#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:169
6141msgid "Tyrille"
6142msgstr ""
6143
6144#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6145#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:170
6146#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:171
6147msgid "Space; night sky"
6148msgstr ""
6149
6150#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6151#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:174
6152msgid "Unurgunite"
6153msgstr ""
6154
6155#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6156#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:175
6157msgid "Jacky lizard"
6158msgstr ""
6159
6160#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6161#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:176
6162msgid "Sigma Canis Majoris"
6163msgstr ""
6164
6165#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6166#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:179
6167msgid "Wanjel"
6168msgstr ""
6169
6170#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6171#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:180
6172msgid "Long-necked tortoise"
6173msgstr ""
6174
6175#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6176#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:181
6177msgid "Pollux"
6178msgstr ""
6179
6180#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6181#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:184
6182msgid "War"
6183msgstr ""
6184
6185#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6186#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:185
6187msgid "Crow"
6188msgstr ""
6189
6190#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6191#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:189
6192msgid "Warepil"
6193msgstr ""
6194
6195#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6196#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:190
6197msgid "Wedge tailed eagle"
6198msgstr ""
6199
6200#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6201#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:194
6202msgid "Warring"
6203msgstr ""
6204
6205#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6206#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:195
6207msgid "Galaxy"
6208msgstr ""
6209
6210#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6211#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:196
6212#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:31
6213#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:7
6214#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:47
6215msgid "Milky Way"
6216msgstr ""
6217
6218#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6219#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:199
6220msgid "Weetkurrk"
6221msgstr ""
6222
6223#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6224#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:200
6225msgid "Singing bushlark"
6226msgstr ""
6227
6228#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6229#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:201
6230msgid "Star in Bootes west of Arcturus"
6231msgstr ""
6232
6233#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6234#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:204
6235msgid "Won"
6236msgstr ""
6237
6238#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6239#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:205
6240msgid "Boomerang"
6241msgstr ""
6242
6243#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6244#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:206
6245#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:121
6246msgid "Corona Australis"
6247msgstr ""
6248
6249#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6250#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:209
6251msgid "Yerredetkurrk"
6252msgstr ""
6253
6254#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6255#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:210
6256msgid "Owlet nightjar"
6257msgstr ""
6258
6259#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6260#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:211
6261msgid "Achernar"
6262msgstr ""
6263
6264#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6265#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:214
6266msgid "Yurree"
6267msgstr ""
6268
6269#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6270#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:215
6271msgid "Fan-tailed cockatoo"
6272msgstr ""
6273
6274#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
6275#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:216
6276msgid "Castor"
6277msgstr ""
6278
6279#. type: Content of: <p>
6280#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:221
6281msgid ""
6282"This sky culture was contributed by <i><a "
6283"href=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" class='external text' "
6284"title=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">John Morieson</a></i>"
6285" and <i><a href=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" class='external text' "
6286"title=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">Alex Cherney</a></i>."
6287msgstr ""
6288
6289#. type: Content of: <h2>
6290#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1
6291msgid "Chinese Traditional Sky Culture"
6292msgstr ""
6293
6294#. type: Content of: <p>
6295#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:3
6296msgid ""
6297"Chinese astronomy was developed independently and Chinese had its own system"
6298" to connect the stars, known as \"Xingguan\" (Chinese: 星官; pinyin: xīngguān,"
6299" meaning: Star officials). Chinese Traditional Sky Culture has far-reaching "
6300"implications in East Asia. In ancient China, Xingguans and planets were "
6301"associated with astrology. After thousands of years of evolution, the "
6302"current Xingguans and star names was finalized in the 17th to 19th "
6303"centuries."
6304msgstr ""
6305
6306#. type: Content of: <p>
6307#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:4
6308msgid ""
6309"Stellarium currently provides 300 Chinese Xingguans and more than 3000 "
6310"Chinese star names from <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: "
6311"仪象考成; pinyin: Yíxiàng kǎochéng) and <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies "
6312"of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: 仪象考成续编; pinyin: Yíxiàngkǎochéng xùbiān). "
6313"<i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> is an imperial record of astronomy "
6314"finished in 1756. In 1844, the Imperial Astronomical Observatory made a "
6315"revision to it and published <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of "
6316"Astronomical</i>, which is the major reference to the traditional Chinese "
6317"Xingguans and star names used today. Yi Shitong has conducted textual "
6318"research and summary of these records in his book<i>Chinese and Western "
6319"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0; "
6320"pinyin: Zhōngxī Duìzhào Héngxīng Túbiǎo)."
6321msgstr ""
6322
6323#. type: Content of: <p>
6324#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:5
6325msgid ""
6326"Chinese Traditional Sky Culture is Based on the information inside "
6327"<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> and "
6328"<i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i>."
6329msgstr ""
6330
6331#. type: Content of: <p>
6332#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:6
6333msgid ""
6334"In addition, some stars have been added according to <i>The History of "
6335"Stellar Observation in China</i> (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史; pinyin: Zhōngguó "
6336"Héngxīng Guāncèshǐ)  by Pan Nai, if these stars are not certified in <i> "
6337"Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue1950.0(Star "
6338"Catalogue)</i>."
6339msgstr ""
6340
6341#. type: Content of: <p>
6342#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:7
6343msgid ""
6344"If the star name is followed by a \"*\", it is a star added according to "
6345"<i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>."
6346msgstr ""
6347
6348#. type: Content of: <p>
6349#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:8
6350msgid ""
6351"If the star name is followed by a \"?\", it is a star added according to "
6352"<i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>, but cannot be fully "
6353"certified."
6354msgstr ""
6355
6356#. type: Content of: <h3>
6357#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:11
6358msgid "Sun, Moon and Planets"
6359msgstr ""
6360
6361#. type: Content of: <p>
6362#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:13
6363msgid ""
6364"The Western countries named the planets in mythical characters. The ancient "
6365"Chinese understanding of five planets is based on five-element concepts. "
6366"Therefore, Mercury is named Water Star, Venus is named Metal Star, Mars is "
6367"named Fire Star, Jupiter is named Wood Star, Saturn is named Earth Star."
6368msgstr ""
6369
6370#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6371#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:14
6372msgid ""
6373"In Chinese, the sun and the moon are named after Yin and Yang (with prefix "
6374"\"great\" (Chinese:太; pinyin: tài)), respectively Taiyang (Sun, Chinese: 太阳;"
6375" pinyin: Tàiyáng) and Taiyin (Moon, Chinese:太阴; pinyin: Tàiyīn). Their other"
6376" name belongs to pictographic characters. Ri (Sun, Chinese: 日) And Yue "
6377"(Moon, Chinese: 月). But the more commonly used name for the moon is Yueliang"
6378" (Chinese: 月亮; pinyin: Yuèliàng)."
6379msgstr ""
6380
6381#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6382#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:15
6383msgid ""
6384"The sun, the moon and the five planets form Seven Luminaries (Chinese: 七曜; "
6385"pinyin: qīyào), which correspond to the Five Elements and Yin and Yang."
6386msgstr ""
6387
6388#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
6389#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:17
6390msgid "Xingguans"
6391msgstr ""
6392
6393#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6394#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:19
6395msgid ""
6396"Traditional Chinese astronomy has a system of dividing the celestial sphere "
6397"into asterisms or constellations, known as \"Xingguan\". Modern "
6398"constellations refer to specific areas of the celestial sphere. Xingguans "
6399"refer only to the way stars are distributed, with no specific boundaries "
6400"between Xingguans."
6401msgstr ""
6402
6403#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6404#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:20
6405msgid ""
6406"The name and layout of the Xingguans are very social, the kingdom, the "
6407"mountains, the goods, the industry all move to the sky, according to the "
6408"Earth's way in the sky to copy a world."
6409msgstr ""
6410
6411#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6412#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:21
6413msgid ""
6414"The Xingguans are generally smaller than the constellations of Hellenistic "
6415"tradition. A Xingguan contain more than dozens of stars, and fewer are only "
6416"one. Medieval Chinese Astronomical Maps generally show a total of 283 "
6417"Xingguans, comprising a total of 1,464 individual stars. The Xingguans are "
6418"divided into 31 regions, the Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿；pinyin: "
6419"Èrshíbā Xiù) along the ecliptic, and the Three Enclosures (Chinese: 三垣; "
6420"pinyin: Sānyuán) of the northern sky. Due to the influence of precession, "
6421"six Xingguans near the southern horizon are getting more and more south. "
6422"They were no longer easy to be observed by astronomers in the Ming and Qing "
6423"Dynasties, so they were no longer recorded in <i>Complete Studies of "
6424"Astronomical</i>."
6425msgstr ""
6426
6427#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6428#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:22
6429msgid ""
6430"Before the late Ming Dynasty (17th century), there were no Xingguans around "
6431"the southern celestial pole. The Southern Sky (Chinese: 近南极星区; pinyin: "
6432"JìnnánJí Xīngqū) was added as a 32th region in the late Ming Dynasty based "
6433"on European star charts, comprising an additional 23 Xingguans. The Southern"
6434" Sky are now also treated as part of the traditional Chinese system."
6435msgstr ""
6436
6437#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6438#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:23
6439msgid ""
6440"Since the late Ming Dynasty, Western missionaries entered the Imperial "
6441"Astronomical Observatory. They have followed the names of the Xingguans, but"
6442" changed the corresponding stars of some Xingguans, and added some stars to "
6443"almost every Xingguan, called \"added stars\" (Chinese: 增星; pinyin: "
6444"zēngxīng). The original stars are called \"primary stars\" (Chinese: 正星; "
6445"pinyin: zhèngxīng). A Xingguan of two or more stars, each star has a number."
6446"  The name of the stars in <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of "
6447"Astronomical</i> is the Xingguan plus a number. But there are also a few "
6448"Xingguans, each star has a special name."
6449msgstr ""
6450
6451#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6452#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:24
6453msgid ""
6454"In this way, <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> has"
6455" 300 Xingguans and 3240 stars in total."
6456msgstr ""
6457
6458#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6459#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:25
6460msgid ""
6461"Until the Revolution of 1911, China no longer regarded Xingguan as the "
6462"official constellation system. Unlike Xingguans, traditional Chinese star "
6463"names are still used in modern Chinese astronomy, even more common than "
6464"Western names."
6465msgstr ""
6466
6467#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6468#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:27
6469msgid "<em>Astronomical Map of Complete Studies of Astronomical (1757)</em>"
6470msgstr ""
6471
6472#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
6473#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:30
6474msgid "Three Enclosures"
6475msgstr ""
6476
6477#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6478#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:32
6479msgid ""
6480"Three Enclosures is three regions in the northern sky surrounded by the "
6481"ecliptic. Three Enclosures is Purple Forbidden Enclosure (Chinese: 紫微垣; "
6482"pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), Supreme Palace Enclosure (Chinese: 太微垣; pinyin: "
6483"Tàiwēiyuán), Heavenly Market Enclosure (Chinese: 天市垣; pinyin: Tiānshìyuán)."
6484msgstr ""
6485
6486#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6487#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:33
6488msgid ""
6489"Each Enclosure has two walls, called the left wall and the right wall which "
6490"are the main Xingguans. The walls are surrounded by many Xingguans. There "
6491"are also Xingguans in the vicinity of the wall that belong to this "
6492"Enclosure."
6493msgstr ""
6494
6495#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6496#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:34
6497msgid ""
6498"Purple Forbidden enclosure is the inner palace of the emperor, it covers the"
6499" northernmost area of the night sky. From the viewpoint of the ancient "
6500"Chinese, the Purple Forbidden Enclosure lies in the middle of the sky and is"
6501" circled by all the other stars. It covers the modern constellations Ursa "
6502"Minor, Draco, Camelopardalis, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Auriga, Boötes, and parts"
6503" of Ursa Major, Canes Venatici, Leo Minor, Hercules. Purple Forbidden "
6504"enclosure has 37 Xingguans."
6505msgstr ""
6506
6507#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
6508#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:36
6509msgid ""
6510"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure\">Purple "
6511"Forbidden enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>"
6512msgstr ""
6513
6514#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6515#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:38
6516msgid ""
6517"Supreme Palace Enclosure is the place where the emperor and the courtiers "
6518"deal with their politics. Supreme Palace Enclosure has a variety of "
6519"officials and government agencies. It covers the modern constellations "
6520"Virgo, Coma Berenices and Leo, and parts of Canes Venatici, Ursa Major and "
6521"Leo Minor. Supreme Palace Enclosure has 20 Xingguans."
6522msgstr ""
6523
6524#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
6525#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:40
6526msgid ""
6527"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure\">Supreme "
6528"Palace Enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>"
6529msgstr ""
6530
6531#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6532#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:42
6533msgid ""
6534"Heavenly Market Enclosure is a bazaar in the sky, a place where ordinary "
6535"people live. The Heavenly Market Enclosure covers the modern constellations "
6536"Serpens, Ophiuchus, Aquila and Corona Borealis, and parts of Hercules. "
6537"Heavenly Market Enclosure has 19 Xingguans. They were named after the "
6538"participants of the bazaar and the facilities of the bazaar."
6539msgstr ""
6540
6541#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
6542#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:44
6543msgid ""
6544"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure\">Heavenly"
6545" Market Enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>"
6546msgstr ""
6547
6548#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
6549#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:47
6550msgid "Twenty-Eight Mansions"
6551msgstr ""
6552
6553#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6554#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:49
6555msgid ""
6556"The Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿; pinyin:Èrshíbā Xiù) also known as "
6557"28 Lunar Mansions are the ancient China divisions of the ecliptic and the "
6558"sky area near the equator to divide the ecliptic into 28 regions according "
6559"to the right ascension. Each region is called a Mansion (Chinese: 宿; "
6560"pinyin:Xiù), The ancients let the Moon change a Mansion every day to rest."
6561msgstr ""
6562
6563#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6564#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:50
6565msgid ""
6566"Each Mansion has a Xingguan of the same name near the ecliptic, which is the"
6567" main Xingguan. Where the Xingguans in this area belongs to the Mansion."
6568msgstr ""
6569
6570#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6571#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:51
6572msgid ""
6573"Each Xingguans has a main star know as determinative star (Chinese: 距星; "
6574"pinyin: jùxīng). In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight "
6575"Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial "
6576"coordinate system. The right ascension difference between the determinative "
6577"stars of two adjacent Mansions is the equatorial mansion degrees (Chinese: "
6578"宿度; pinyin: xiùdù) of the western Mansion. The traditional equatorial "
6579"coordinate system of China divides the equator into 365.25 degrees, and the "
6580"Sun runs one day for one degree, which is also the sum of the equatorial "
6581"mansion degrees of the 28 Mansion."
6582msgstr ""
6583
6584#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6585#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:52
6586msgid ""
6587"Due to the influence of precession, the equatorial mansion degrees of each "
6588"Mansion has been slowly changing, and some determinative stars have also "
6589"changed in history."
6590msgstr ""
6591
6592#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6593#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:53
6594msgid ""
6595"On traditional Chinese star maps, there are 28 lines passing through the "
6596"determinative stars of The Twenty-Eight Mansions from the north celestial "
6597"pole as their boundaries to facilitate the positioning of celestial bodies."
6598msgstr ""
6599
6600#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6601#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:54
6602msgid ""
6603"If a celestial body is east of the determinative star of a Mansion, and its "
6604"right ascension does not exceed the determinative star of the next Mansion, "
6605"the difference in right ascension between this celestial body and the "
6606"determinative star, is know as mansion distance degrees (Chinese: 入宿度; "
6607"pinyin: rùxiùdù)."
6608msgstr ""
6609
6610#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6611#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:55
6612msgid ""
6613"Coupled with the polar distance degrees(Chinese: 去极度; pinyin: qùjídù), which"
6614" is the angular distance between the star and the north celestial pole, we "
6615"can determine the position of a star on the celestial sphere. Mansion "
6616"distance degrees and polar distance degrees together constitute the two "
6617"components of the ancient Chinese equatorial coordinate system."
6618msgstr ""
6619
6620#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6621#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:56
6622msgid ""
6623"The Twenty-Eight Mansions are grouped into Four Symbols (Chinese: 四象; "
6624"pinyin: sìxiàng), each associated with a compass direction and containing "
6625"seven Mansions, corresponds to Seven Luminaries. The correspondence between "
6626"the Twenty-Eight Mansions and the Four Symbols is based on the sky at dusk "
6627"on the vernal equinox in a certain period of ancient times. At this time, "
6628"the Vermilion Bird is in the south, the Azure Dragon is in the east, the "
6629"Black Tortoise is in the north, and the White Tiger is in the west."
6630msgstr ""
6631
6632#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
6633#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:58
6634msgid "The List of The Twenty-Eight Mansions (J2000)"
6635msgstr ""
6636
6637#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6638#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:61
6639msgid "Seven Luminaries"
6640msgstr ""
6641
6642#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6643#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:63
6644msgid "Wood"
6645msgstr ""
6646
6647#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6648#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:64
6649msgid "Metal"
6650msgstr ""
6651
6652#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6653#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:65
6654msgid "Earth"
6655msgstr ""
6656
6657#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6658#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:68
6659msgid "Fire"
6660msgstr ""
6661
6662#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6663#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:69
6664msgid "Water"
6665msgstr ""
6666
6667#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6668#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:72
6669#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:160
6670#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:248
6671#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:336
6672#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:440
6673#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2910
6674msgid "Chinese Name"
6675msgstr ""
6676
6677#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6678#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:83
6679#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:171
6680#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:259
6681#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:347
6682#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:441
6683#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2911
6684msgid "Pinyin"
6685msgstr ""
6686
6687#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6688#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:94
6689#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:182
6690#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:270
6691#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:358
6692#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:442
6693#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2912
6694msgid "Translation"
6695msgstr ""
6696
6697#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6698#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:95
6699msgid "Azure Dragon of the East"
6700msgstr ""
6701
6702#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6703#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:96
6704#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1016
6705msgid "Horn Mansion"
6706msgstr ""
6707
6708#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6709#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:97
6710#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1100
6711msgid "Neck Mansion"
6712msgstr ""
6713
6714#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6715#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:98
6716#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1156
6717msgid "Root Mansion"
6718msgstr ""
6719
6720#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6721#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:99
6722#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1240
6723msgid "Room Mansion"
6724msgstr ""
6725
6726#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6727#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:100
6728#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1303
6729msgid "Heart Mansion"
6730msgstr ""
6731
6732#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6733#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:101
6734#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1324
6735msgid "Tail Mansion"
6736msgstr ""
6737
6738#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6739#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:102
6740#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1373
6741msgid "Winnowing Basket Mansion"
6742msgstr ""
6743
6744#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6745#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:105
6746#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:193
6747#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:281
6748#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:369
6749msgid "Number of xingguans"
6750msgstr ""
6751
6752#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6753#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:116
6754#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:204
6755#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:292
6756#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:380
6757msgid "Determinative Star"
6758msgstr ""
6759
6760#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6761#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:127
6762#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:215
6763#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:303
6764#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:391
6765msgid "RA of Determinative Star"
6766msgstr ""
6767
6768#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6769#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:138
6770#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:226
6771#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:314
6772#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:402
6773msgid "Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1"
6774msgstr ""
6775
6776#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6777#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:149
6778#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:237
6779#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:325
6780#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:413
6781msgid "Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2"
6782msgstr ""
6783
6784#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6785#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:183
6786msgid "Black Tortoise of the North"
6787msgstr ""
6788
6789#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6790#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:184
6791#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1401
6792msgid "Dipper Mansion"
6793msgstr ""
6794
6795#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6796#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:185
6797#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1478
6798msgid "Ox Mansion"
6799msgstr ""
6800
6801#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6802#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:186
6803#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1562
6804msgid "Girl Mansion"
6805msgstr ""
6806
6807#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6808#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:187
6809#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1625
6810msgid "Emptiness Mansion"
6811msgstr ""
6812
6813#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6814#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:188
6815#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1702
6816msgid "Rooftop Mansion"
6817msgstr ""
6818
6819#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6820#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:189
6821#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1786
6822msgid "Encampment Mansion"
6823msgstr ""
6824
6825#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6826#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:190
6827#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1870
6828msgid "Wall Mansion"
6829msgstr ""
6830
6831#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6832#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:271
6833msgid "White Tiger of the West"
6834msgstr ""
6835
6836#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6837#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:272
6838#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1919
6839msgid "Legs Mansion"
6840msgstr ""
6841
6842#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6843#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:273
6844#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1989
6845msgid "Bond Mansion"
6846msgstr ""
6847
6848#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6849#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:274
6850#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2038
6851msgid "Stomach Mansion"
6852msgstr ""
6853
6854#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6855#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:275
6856#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2094
6857msgid "Hairy Head Mansion"
6858msgstr ""
6859
6860#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6861#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:276
6862#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2164
6863msgid "Net Mansion"
6864msgstr ""
6865
6866#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6867#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:277
6868#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2276
6869msgid "Turtle Beak Mansion"
6870msgstr ""
6871
6872#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6873#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:278
6874#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2304
6875msgid "Three Stars Mansion"
6876msgstr ""
6877
6878#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6879#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:359
6880msgid "Vermilion Bird of the South"
6881msgstr ""
6882
6883#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6884#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:360
6885#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2360
6886msgid "Well Mansion"
6887msgstr ""
6888
6889#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6890#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:361
6891#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2507
6892msgid "Ghosts Mansion"
6893msgstr ""
6894
6895#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6896#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:362
6897#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2563
6898msgid "Willow Mansion"
6899msgstr ""
6900
6901#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6902#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:363
6903#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2584
6904#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2591
6905msgid "Star Mansion"
6906msgstr ""
6907
6908#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6909#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:364
6910#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2626
6911msgid "Extended Net Mansion"
6912msgstr ""
6913
6914#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6915#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:365
6916#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2647
6917msgid "Wings Mansion"
6918msgstr ""
6919
6920#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6921#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:366
6922#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2668
6923msgid "Chariot Mansion"
6924msgstr ""
6925
6926#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6927#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:424
6928msgid ""
6929"note 1: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1:Modern equatorial coordinate system."
6930msgstr ""
6931
6932#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6933#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:425
6934msgid ""
6935"note 2: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2:The traditional equatorial coordinate "
6936"system of China, divides the equator into 365.25 degrees."
6937msgstr ""
6938
6939#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li><notr><a>
6940#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:428
6941msgid "Twenty-Eight Mansions (Wikipedia)"
6942msgstr ""
6943
6944#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6945#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:432
6946#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2731
6947msgid "The Southern Sky"
6948msgstr ""
6949
6950#. type: Content of: <p><p>
6951#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:434
6952msgid ""
6953"The sky around the south celestial pole was unknown to ancient Chinese. "
6954"Therefore, it was not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight "
6955"Mansions system. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi (Chinese: "
6956"徐光启; pinyin: Xú Guāngqǐ) introduced another 23 Xingguans based on the "
6957"European star charts. These Xingguans were since incorporated into the "
6958"traditional Chinese star maps. These Xingguans are actually variations of "
6959"Western constellations, and they are mostly named after animals."
6960msgstr ""
6961
6962#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
6963#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:436
6964msgid "The list of Xingguans"
6965msgstr ""
6966
6967#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6968#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:443
6969msgid "Number of Primary Stars"
6970msgstr ""
6971
6972#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6973#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:444
6974msgid "Number of Added Stars"
6975msgstr ""
6976
6977#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6978#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:449
6979msgid "Purple Forbidden Enclosure"
6980msgstr ""
6981
6982#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6983#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:456
6984msgid "Northern Pole"
6985msgstr ""
6986
6987#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6988#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:463
6989msgid "Four Advisors"
6990msgstr ""
6991
6992#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6993#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:470
6994msgid "Celestial Great One"
6995msgstr ""
6996
6997#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
6998#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:477
6999msgid "First Great One"
7000msgstr ""
7001
7002#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7003#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:484
7004msgid "Purple Forbidden Left Wall"
7005msgstr ""
7006
7007#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7008#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:491
7009msgid "Purple Forbidden Right Wall"
7010msgstr ""
7011
7012#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7013#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:498
7014msgid "Hidden Virtue"
7015msgstr ""
7016
7017#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7018#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:505
7019msgid "Royal Secretary"
7020msgstr ""
7021
7022#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7023#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:512
7024msgid "Female Protocol"
7025msgstr ""
7026
7027#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7028#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:519
7029msgid "Official of Royal Archives"
7030msgstr ""
7031
7032#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7033#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:526
7034msgid "Maids-in-waiting"
7035msgstr ""
7036
7037#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7038#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:533
7039msgid "Celestial Pillar"
7040msgstr ""
7041
7042#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7043#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:540
7044msgid "Chief Judge"
7045msgstr ""
7046
7047#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7048#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:547
7049msgid "Curved Array"
7050msgstr ""
7051
7052#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7053#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:554
7054msgid "Six Jia"
7055msgstr ""
7056
7057#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7058#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:561
7059msgid "Great Emperor of Heaven"
7060msgstr ""
7061
7062#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7063#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:568
7064msgid "Interior Seats of the Five Emperors"
7065msgstr ""
7066
7067#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7068#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:575
7069msgid "Canopy of the Emperor"
7070msgstr ""
7071
7072#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7073#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:582
7074msgid "Canopy Support (Vassal of Canopy of the Emperor )"
7075msgstr ""
7076
7077#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7078#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:589
7079msgid "Guest House"
7080msgstr ""
7081
7082#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7083#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:596
7084msgid "Inner Steps"
7085msgstr ""
7086
7087#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7088#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:603
7089msgid "Celestial Kitchen"
7090msgstr ""
7091
7092#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7093#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:610
7094msgid "Eight Kinds of Crops"
7095msgstr ""
7096
7097#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7098#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:617
7099msgid "Celestial Flail"
7100msgstr ""
7101
7102#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7103#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:624
7104msgid "Inner Kitchen"
7105msgstr ""
7106
7107#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7108#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:631
7109msgid "Administrative Center"
7110msgstr ""
7111
7112#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7113#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:638
7114msgid "Three Top Instructors"
7115msgstr ""
7116
7117#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7118#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:645
7119#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:757
7120msgid "Three Excellencies"
7121msgstr ""
7122
7123#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7124#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:652
7125msgid "Celestial Bed"
7126msgstr ""
7127
7128#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7129#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:659
7130msgid "Royals"
7131msgstr ""
7132
7133#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7134#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:666
7135msgid "Celestial Prison"
7136msgstr ""
7137
7138#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7139#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:673
7140msgid "Guard of the Sun"
7141msgstr ""
7142
7143#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7144#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:680
7145msgid "Eunuch"
7146msgstr ""
7147
7148#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7149#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:687
7150msgid "Prime Minister"
7151msgstr ""
7152
7153#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7154#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:694
7155msgid "Sombre Lance"
7156msgstr ""
7157
7158#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7159#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:701
7160msgid "Judge for Nobility"
7161msgstr ""
7162
7163#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7164#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:708
7165msgid "Northern Dipper"
7166msgstr ""
7167
7168#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7169#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:715
7170msgid "Assistant (Vassal of Northern Dipper)"
7171msgstr ""
7172
7173#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7174#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:722
7175msgid "Celestial Spear"
7176msgstr ""
7177
7178#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7179#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:729
7180msgid "Supreme Palace Enclosure"
7181msgstr ""
7182
7183#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7184#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:736
7185msgid "Supreme Palace Left Wall"
7186msgstr ""
7187
7188#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7189#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:743
7190msgid "Supreme Palace Right Wall"
7191msgstr ""
7192
7193#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7194#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:750
7195msgid "Usher to the Court"
7196msgstr ""
7197
7198#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7199#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:764
7200msgid "Nine Senior Officers"
7201msgstr ""
7202
7203#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7204#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:771
7205msgid "Five Lords"
7206msgstr ""
7207
7208#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7209#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:778
7210msgid "Inner Screen"
7211msgstr ""
7212
7213#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7214#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:785
7215msgid "Seats of the Five Emperors"
7216msgstr ""
7217
7218#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7219#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:792
7220msgid "Officer of Honour"
7221msgstr ""
7222
7223#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7224#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:799
7225msgid "Crown Prince"
7226msgstr ""
7227
7228#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7229#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:806
7230#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1296
7231msgid "Retinue"
7232msgstr ""
7233
7234#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7235#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:813
7236msgid "Captain of the Bodyguards"
7237msgstr ""
7238
7239#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7240#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:820
7241msgid "Emperor's Bodyguard"
7242msgstr ""
7243
7244#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7245#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:827
7246msgid "Royal Guards"
7247msgstr ""
7248
7249#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7250#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:834
7251msgid "Officers of the Imperial Guard"
7252msgstr ""
7253
7254#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7255#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:841
7256msgid "The Hall of Glory"
7257msgstr ""
7258
7259#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7260#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:848
7261msgid "Astronomical Observatory"
7262msgstr ""
7263
7264#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7265#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:855
7266msgid "Junior Officers"
7267msgstr ""
7268
7269#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7270#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:862
7271msgid "Long Wall"
7272msgstr ""
7273
7274#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7275#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:869
7276msgid "Three Steps"
7277msgstr ""
7278
7279#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7280#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:876
7281msgid "Heavenly Market Enclosure"
7282msgstr ""
7283
7284#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7285#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:883
7286msgid "Heavenly Market Left Wall"
7287msgstr ""
7288
7289#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7290#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:890
7291msgid "Heavenly Market Right Wall"
7292msgstr ""
7293
7294#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7295#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:897
7296msgid "Municipal Office"
7297msgstr ""
7298
7299#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7300#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:904
7301msgid "Commodity Market"
7302msgstr ""
7303
7304#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7305#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:911
7306msgid "Official for the Royal Clan"
7307msgstr ""
7308
7309#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7310#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:918
7311msgid "Official of Religious Ceremonies"
7312msgstr ""
7313
7314#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7315#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:925
7316msgid "Patriarchal Clan"
7317msgstr ""
7318
7319#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7320#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:932
7321msgid "Textile Ruler"
7322msgstr ""
7323
7324#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7325#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:939
7326msgid "Butcher's Shops"
7327msgstr ""
7328
7329#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7330#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:946
7331msgid "Astrologer"
7332msgstr ""
7333
7334#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7335#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:953
7336msgid "Emperor's Seat"
7337msgstr ""
7338
7339#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7340#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:960
7341msgid "Eunuch Official"
7342msgstr ""
7343
7344#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7345#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:967
7346msgid "Jewel Market"
7347msgstr ""
7348
7349#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7350#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:974
7351msgid "Dipper for Liquids"
7352msgstr ""
7353
7354#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7355#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:981
7356msgid "Dipper for Solids"
7357msgstr ""
7358
7359#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7360#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:988
7361msgid "Coiled Thong"
7362msgstr ""
7363
7364#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7365#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:995
7366msgid "Seven Excellencies"
7367msgstr ""
7368
7369#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7370#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1002
7371msgid "Celestial Discipline"
7372msgstr ""
7373
7374#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7375#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1009
7376msgid "Woman's Bed"
7377msgstr ""
7378
7379#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7380#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1023
7381msgid "Horn"
7382msgstr ""
7383
7384#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7385#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1030
7386msgid "Flat Road"
7387msgstr ""
7388
7389#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7390#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1037
7391#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1492
7392msgid "Celestial Farmland"
7393msgstr ""
7394
7395#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7396#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1044
7397msgid "Recommending Virtuous Men"
7398msgstr ""
7399
7400#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7401#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1051
7402msgid "Tripod of the Zhou"
7403msgstr ""
7404
7405#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7406#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1058
7407msgid "Celestial Gate"
7408msgstr ""
7409
7410#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7411#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1065
7412msgid "Justice"
7413msgstr ""
7414
7415#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7416#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1072
7417msgid "Arsenal"
7418msgstr ""
7419
7420#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7421#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1079
7422#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2227
7423msgid "Pillars"
7424msgstr ""
7425
7426#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7427#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1086
7428msgid "Railings"
7429msgstr ""
7430
7431#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7432#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1093
7433msgid "Southern Gate"
7434msgstr ""
7435
7436#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7437#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1107
7438msgid "Neck"
7439msgstr ""
7440
7441#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7442#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1114
7443msgid "Great Horn"
7444msgstr ""
7445
7446#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7447#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1121
7448msgid "Left Conductor"
7449msgstr ""
7450
7451#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7452#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1128
7453msgid "Right Conductor"
7454msgstr ""
7455
7456#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7457#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1135
7458msgid "Trials"
7459msgstr ""
7460
7461#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7462#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1142
7463msgid "Gate of Yang"
7464msgstr ""
7465
7466#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7467#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1149
7468msgid "Executions"
7469msgstr ""
7470
7471#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7472#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1163
7473msgid "Root"
7474msgstr ""
7475
7476#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7477#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1170
7478msgid "Celestial Milk"
7479msgstr ""
7480
7481#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7482#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1177
7483msgid "Twinkling Indicator"
7484msgstr ""
7485
7486#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7487#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1184
7488msgid "Celestial Lance"
7489msgstr ""
7490
7491#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7492#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1191
7493msgid "Mattress of the Emperor"
7494msgstr ""
7495
7496#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7497#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1198
7498msgid "Boats and Lake"
7499msgstr ""
7500
7501#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7502#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1205
7503msgid "Battle Chariots"
7504msgstr ""
7505
7506#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7507#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1212
7508msgid "Imperial Guards"
7509msgstr ""
7510
7511#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7512#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1219
7513msgid "Chariots and Cavalry"
7514msgstr ""
7515
7516#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7517#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1226
7518msgid "Celestial Spokes"
7519msgstr ""
7520
7521#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7522#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1233
7523msgid "Chariots and Cavalry General"
7524msgstr ""
7525
7526#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7527#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1247
7528msgid "Room"
7529msgstr ""
7530
7531#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7532#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1254
7533msgid "Lock (Vassal of Room)"
7534msgstr ""
7535
7536#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7537#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1261
7538msgid "Door Bolt"
7539msgstr ""
7540
7541#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7542#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1268
7543msgid "Punishment"
7544msgstr ""
7545
7546#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7547#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1275
7548msgid "Eastern Door"
7549msgstr ""
7550
7551#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7552#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1282
7553msgid "Western Door"
7554msgstr ""
7555
7556#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7557#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1289
7558msgid "Solar Star"
7559msgstr ""
7560
7561#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
7562#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1310
7563#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:69
7564msgid "Heart"
7565msgstr ""
7566
7567#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7568#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1317
7569msgid "Group of Soldiers"
7570msgstr ""
7571
7572#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
7573#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1331
7574#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:76
7575msgid "Tail"
7576msgstr ""
7577
7578#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7579#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1338
7580msgid "Changing Room (Vassal of Tail)"
7581msgstr ""
7582
7583#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7584#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1345
7585msgid "Tortoise"
7586msgstr ""
7587
7588#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7589#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1352
7590msgid "Celestial River"
7591msgstr ""
7592
7593#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7594#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1359
7595msgid "Fu Yue"
7596msgstr ""
7597
7598#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7599#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1366
7600#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2926
7601msgid "Fish"
7602msgstr ""
7603
7604#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7605#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1380
7606msgid "Winnowing Basket"
7607msgstr ""
7608
7609#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7610#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1387
7611msgid "Chaff"
7612msgstr ""
7613
7614#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7615#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1394
7616#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1730
7617msgid "Pestle"
7618msgstr ""
7619
7620#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7621#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1408
7622msgid "Dipper"
7623msgstr ""
7624
7625#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7626#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1415
7627msgid "Establishment"
7628msgstr ""
7629
7630#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7631#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1422
7632msgid "Celestial Keyhole"
7633msgstr ""
7634
7635#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7636#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1429
7637msgid "Market Officer"
7638msgstr ""
7639
7640#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7641#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1436
7642msgid "River Turtle"
7643msgstr ""
7644
7645#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7646#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1443
7647msgid "Celestial Cock"
7648msgstr ""
7649
7650#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7651#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1450
7652msgid "Territory of Dog"
7653msgstr ""
7654
7655#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7656#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1457
7657msgid "Celestial Spring"
7658msgstr ""
7659
7660#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7661#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1464
7662#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:399
7663#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:241
7664#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:222
7665msgid "Dog"
7666msgstr ""
7667
7668#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7669#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1471
7670msgid "Peasant"
7671msgstr ""
7672
7673#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7674#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1485
7675msgid "Ox"
7676msgstr ""
7677
7678#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7679#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1499
7680msgid "Nine Water Wells"
7681msgstr ""
7682
7683#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7684#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1506
7685msgid "Drum at the River"
7686msgstr ""
7687
7688#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7689#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1513
7690msgid "Weaving Girl"
7691msgstr ""
7692
7693#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7694#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1520
7695msgid "Left Flag"
7696msgstr ""
7697
7698#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7699#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1527
7700msgid "Right Flag"
7701msgstr ""
7702
7703#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7704#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1534
7705msgid "Celestial Drumstick"
7706msgstr ""
7707
7708#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7709#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1541
7710msgid "Network of Dykes"
7711msgstr ""
7712
7713#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7714#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1548
7715msgid "Clepsydra Terrace"
7716msgstr ""
7717
7718#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7719#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1555
7720msgid "Imperial Passageway"
7721msgstr ""
7722
7723#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7724#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1569
7725msgid "Girl"
7726msgstr ""
7727
7728#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7729#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1576
7730msgid "Twelve States"
7731msgstr ""
7732
7733#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7734#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1583
7735msgid "Pearls on Ladies' Wear"
7736msgstr ""
7737
7738#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7739#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1590
7740msgid "Rotten Gourd"
7741msgstr ""
7742
7743#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7744#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1597
7745msgid "Good Gourd"
7746msgstr ""
7747
7748#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7749#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1604
7750msgid "Celestial Ford"
7751msgstr ""
7752
7753#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7754#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1611
7755msgid "Xi Zhong"
7756msgstr ""
7757
7758#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7759#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1618
7760msgid "Basket for Mulberry Leaves"
7761msgstr ""
7762
7763#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
7764#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1632
7765#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:124
7766msgid "Emptiness"
7767msgstr ""
7768
7769#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7770#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1639
7771msgid "Deified Judge of Life"
7772msgstr ""
7773
7774#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7775#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1646
7776msgid "Deified Judge of Rank"
7777msgstr ""
7778
7779#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7780#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1653
7781msgid "Deified Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune"
7782msgstr ""
7783
7784#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7785#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1660
7786msgid "Deified Judge of Right and Wrong"
7787msgstr ""
7788
7789#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7790#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1667
7791msgid "Crying"
7792msgstr ""
7793
7794#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7795#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1674
7796msgid "Weeping"
7797msgstr ""
7798
7799#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7800#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1681
7801msgid "Celestial Ramparts"
7802msgstr ""
7803
7804#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7805#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1688
7806msgid "Decayed Mortar"
7807msgstr ""
7808
7809#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7810#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1695
7811msgid "Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear"
7812msgstr ""
7813
7814#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7815#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1709
7816msgid "Rooftop"
7817msgstr ""
7818
7819#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7820#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1716
7821msgid "Tomb (Vassal of Rooftop)"
7822msgstr ""
7823
7824#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7825#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1723
7826msgid "Humans"
7827msgstr ""
7828
7829#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7830#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1737
7831msgid "Mortar"
7832msgstr ""
7833
7834#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7835#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1744
7836msgid "Big Yard for Chariots"
7837msgstr ""
7838
7839#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7840#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1751
7841msgid "Celestial Hook"
7842msgstr ""
7843
7844#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7845#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1758
7846msgid "Zaofu"
7847msgstr ""
7848
7849#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7850#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1765
7851msgid "Roofing"
7852msgstr ""
7853
7854#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7855#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1772
7856msgid "Temple"
7857msgstr ""
7858
7859#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7860#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1779
7861msgid "Celestial Money"
7862msgstr ""
7863
7864#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7865#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1793
7866msgid "Encampment"
7867msgstr ""
7868
7869#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7870#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1800
7871msgid "Resting Palace (Vassal of Encampment)"
7872msgstr ""
7873
7874#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7875#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1807
7876msgid "Thunder and Lightning"
7877msgstr ""
7878
7879#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7880#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1814
7881msgid "Line of Ramparts"
7882msgstr ""
7883
7884#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7885#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1821
7886msgid "Palace Guard"
7887msgstr ""
7888
7889#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7890#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1828
7891msgid "Axe"
7892msgstr ""
7893
7894#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7895#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1835
7896msgid "North Gate of the Military Camp"
7897msgstr ""
7898
7899#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7900#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1842
7901msgid "Net for Catching Birds"
7902msgstr ""
7903
7904#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7905#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1849
7906msgid "Materials for Making Tents"
7907msgstr ""
7908
7909#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7910#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1856
7911msgid "Official for Materials Supply"
7912msgstr ""
7913
7914#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7915#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1863
7916msgid "Flying Serpent"
7917msgstr ""
7918
7919#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
7920#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1877
7921#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:145
7922msgid "Wall"
7923msgstr ""
7924
7925#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7926#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1884
7927msgid "Thunderbolt"
7928msgstr ""
7929
7930#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7931#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1891
7932msgid "Cloud and Rain"
7933msgstr ""
7934
7935#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7936#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1898
7937msgid "Celestial Stable"
7938msgstr ""
7939
7940#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7941#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1905
7942msgid "Sickle"
7943msgstr ""
7944
7945#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7946#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1912
7947msgid "Official for Earthworks and Buildings"
7948msgstr ""
7949
7950#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7951#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1926
7952msgid "Legs"
7953msgstr ""
7954
7955#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7956#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1933
7957msgid "Outer Fence"
7958msgstr ""
7959
7960#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7961#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1940
7962msgid "Celestial Pigsty"
7963msgstr ""
7964
7965#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7966#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1947
7967#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2717
7968msgid "Master of Constructions"
7969msgstr ""
7970
7971#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7972#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1954
7973msgid "Southern Military Gate"
7974msgstr ""
7975
7976#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7977#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1961
7978msgid "Flying Corridor"
7979msgstr ""
7980
7981#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7982#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1968
7983msgid "Auxiliary Road"
7984msgstr ""
7985
7986#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7987#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1975
7988msgid "Wang Liang"
7989msgstr ""
7990
7991#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7992#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1982
7993msgid "Whip"
7994msgstr ""
7995
7996#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
7997#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1996
7998msgid "Bond"
7999msgstr ""
8000
8001#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8002#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2003
8003msgid "Official in Charge of the Forest"
8004msgstr ""
8005
8006#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8007#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2010
8008msgid "Official in Charge of Pasturing"
8009msgstr ""
8010
8011#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8012#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2017
8013msgid "Square Celestial Granary"
8014msgstr ""
8015
8016#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8017#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2024
8018msgid "Ricks of Grain"
8019msgstr ""
8020
8021#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8022#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2031
8023msgid "Great General of Heaven"
8024msgstr ""
8025
8026#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
8027#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2045
8028#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:178
8029msgid "Stomach"
8030msgstr ""
8031
8032#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8033#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2052
8034msgid "Celestial Foodstuff"
8035msgstr ""
8036
8037#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8038#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2059
8039msgid "Circular Celestial Granary"
8040msgstr ""
8041
8042#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8043#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2066
8044msgid "Mausoleum"
8045msgstr ""
8046
8047#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8048#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2073
8049msgid "Celestial Boat"
8050msgstr ""
8051
8052#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8053#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2080
8054msgid "Heap of Corpses"
8055msgstr ""
8056
8057#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8058#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2087
8059msgid "Stored Water"
8060msgstr ""
8061
8062#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8063#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2101
8064msgid "Hairy Head"
8065msgstr ""
8066
8067#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8068#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2108
8069msgid "Celestial Concave"
8070msgstr ""
8071
8072#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8073#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2115
8074msgid "Lunar Star"
8075msgstr ""
8076
8077#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8078#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2122
8079msgid "Celestial Yin Force"
8080msgstr ""
8081
8082#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8083#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2129
8084msgid "Hay"
8085msgstr ""
8086
8087#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8088#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2136
8089msgid "Celestial Meadows"
8090msgstr ""
8091
8092#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8093#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2143
8094msgid "Rolled Tongue"
8095msgstr ""
8096
8097#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8098#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2150
8099msgid "Celestial Slander"
8100msgstr ""
8101
8102#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8103#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2157
8104msgid "Whetstone"
8105msgstr ""
8106
8107#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8108#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2171
8109msgid "Net"
8110msgstr ""
8111
8112#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8113#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2178
8114msgid "Whisper (Vassal of Net)"
8115msgstr ""
8116
8117#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8118#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2185
8119msgid "Celestial Street"
8120msgstr ""
8121
8122#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8123#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2192
8124msgid "Celestial Tally"
8125msgstr ""
8126
8127#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8128#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2199
8129msgid "Feudal Kings"
8130msgstr ""
8131
8132#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8133#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2206
8134msgid "Celestial High Terrace"
8135msgstr ""
8136
8137#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8138#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2213
8139msgid "Interpreters of Nine Dialects"
8140msgstr ""
8141
8142#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8143#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2220
8144msgid "Five Chariots"
8145msgstr ""
8146
8147#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8148#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2234
8149msgid "Celestial Pier"
8150msgstr ""
8151
8152#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8153#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2241
8154msgid "Pool of Harmony"
8155msgstr ""
8156
8157#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8158#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2248
8159msgid "Celestial Pass"
8160msgstr ""
8161
8162#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8163#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2255
8164msgid "Banner of Three Stars"
8165msgstr ""
8166
8167#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8168#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2262
8169msgid "Imperial Military Flag"
8170msgstr ""
8171
8172#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8173#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2269
8174msgid "Celestial Orchard"
8175msgstr ""
8176
8177#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8178#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2283
8179msgid "Turtle Beak"
8180msgstr ""
8181
8182#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8183#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2290
8184msgid "Deity in Charge of Monsters"
8185msgstr ""
8186
8187#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8188#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2297
8189msgid "Seat Flags"
8190msgstr ""
8191
8192#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8193#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2311
8194msgid "Three Stars"
8195msgstr ""
8196
8197#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8198#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2318
8199msgid "Send Armed Forces To Suppress (Vassal of Three Stars)"
8200msgstr ""
8201
8202#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8203#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2325
8204msgid "Jade Well"
8205msgstr ""
8206
8207#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8208#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2332
8209msgid "Screen"
8210msgstr ""
8211
8212#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8213#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2339
8214msgid "Military well"
8215msgstr ""
8216
8217#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8218#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2346
8219msgid "Toilet"
8220msgstr ""
8221
8222#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8223#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2353
8224msgid "Excrement"
8225msgstr ""
8226
8227#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
8228#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2367
8229#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:225
8230msgid "Well"
8231msgstr ""
8232
8233#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8234#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2374
8235msgid "Battle Axe (Vassal of Well)"
8236msgstr ""
8237
8238#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8239#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2381
8240msgid "South River"
8241msgstr ""
8242
8243#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8244#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2388
8245msgid "North River"
8246msgstr ""
8247
8248#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8249#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2395
8250msgid "Celestial Wine Cup"
8251msgstr ""
8252
8253#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8254#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2402
8255msgid "Five Feudal Kings"
8256msgstr ""
8257
8258#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8259#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2409
8260msgid "Accumulated Water"
8261msgstr ""
8262
8263#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8264#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2416
8265msgid "Pile of Firewood"
8266msgstr ""
8267
8268#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8269#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2423
8270msgid "Official for Irrigation"
8271msgstr ""
8272
8273#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8274#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2430
8275msgid "Water Level"
8276msgstr ""
8277
8278#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8279#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2437
8280msgid "Four Channels"
8281msgstr ""
8282
8283#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8284#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2444
8285msgid "Market for Soldiers"
8286msgstr ""
8287
8288#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8289#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2451
8290msgid "Wild Cockerel"
8291msgstr ""
8292
8293#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8294#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2458
8295msgid "Grandfather"
8296msgstr ""
8297
8298#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8299#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2465
8300msgid "Son"
8301msgstr ""
8302
8303#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8304#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2472
8305msgid "Grandson"
8306msgstr ""
8307
8308#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8309#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2479
8310msgid "Palace Gate"
8311msgstr ""
8312
8313#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8314#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2486
8315msgid "Celestial Wolf"
8316msgstr ""
8317
8318#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8319#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2493
8320msgid "Bow and Arrow"
8321msgstr ""
8322
8323#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8324#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2500
8325msgid "Old Man"
8326msgstr ""
8327
8328#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8329#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2514
8330msgid "Ghosts"
8331msgstr ""
8332
8333#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8334#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2521
8335#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2933
8336msgid "Cumulative Corpses"
8337msgstr ""
8338
8339#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8340#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2528
8341msgid "Beacon Fire"
8342msgstr ""
8343
8344#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8345#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2535
8346msgid "Celestial Dog"
8347msgstr ""
8348
8349#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8350#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2542
8351msgid "Outer Kitchen"
8352msgstr ""
8353
8354#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8355#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2549
8356msgid "Celestial Earth God's Temple"
8357msgstr ""
8358
8359#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8360#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2556
8361msgid "Judge for Estimating the Age of Animals"
8362msgstr ""
8363
8364#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
8365#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2570
8366#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:239
8367msgid "Willow"
8368msgstr ""
8369
8370#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8371#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2577
8372msgid "Banner of Wine Shop"
8373msgstr ""
8374
8375#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8376#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2598
8377msgid "Celestial Premier"
8378msgstr ""
8379
8380#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8381#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2605
8382msgid "Celestial Cereals"
8383msgstr ""
8384
8385#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8386#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2612
8387msgid "Xuanyuan"
8388msgstr ""
8389
8390#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8391#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2619
8392msgid "High Judge"
8393msgstr ""
8394
8395#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8396#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2633
8397msgid "Extended Net"
8398msgstr ""
8399
8400#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8401#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2640
8402msgid "Celestial Temple"
8403msgstr ""
8404
8405#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
8406#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2654
8407#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:260
8408msgid "Wings"
8409msgstr ""
8410
8411#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8412#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2661
8413msgid "Dongou"
8414msgstr ""
8415
8416#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8417#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2675
8418msgid "Chariot"
8419msgstr ""
8420
8421#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8422#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2682
8423msgid "Changsha (Vassal of Chariot)"
8424msgstr ""
8425
8426#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8427#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2689
8428msgid "Left Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)"
8429msgstr ""
8430
8431#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8432#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2696
8433msgid "Right Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)"
8434msgstr ""
8435
8436#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8437#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2703
8438msgid "Green Hill"
8439msgstr ""
8440
8441#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8442#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2710
8443msgid "Military Gate"
8444msgstr ""
8445
8446#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8447#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2724
8448msgid "House for Musical Instruments"
8449msgstr ""
8450
8451#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8452#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2738
8453msgid "Sea and Mountain"
8454msgstr ""
8455
8456#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8457#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2745
8458msgid "Cross"
8459msgstr ""
8460
8461#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8462#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2752
8463msgid "Horse's Tail"
8464msgstr ""
8465
8466#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8467#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2759
8468msgid "Horse's Abdomen"
8469msgstr ""
8470
8471#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8472#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2766
8473msgid "Bee"
8474msgstr ""
8475
8476#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8477#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2773
8478#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:263
8479#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:139
8480#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:113
8481msgid "Triangle"
8482msgstr ""
8483
8484#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8485#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2780
8486msgid "Exotic Bird"
8487msgstr ""
8488
8489#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8490#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2787
8491msgid "Peafowl"
8492msgstr ""
8493
8494#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8495#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2794
8496msgid "Persia"
8497msgstr ""
8498
8499#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8500#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2801
8501msgid "Snake's Tail"
8502msgstr ""
8503
8504#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8505#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2808
8506msgid "Snake's Abdomen"
8507msgstr ""
8508
8509#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8510#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2815
8511msgid "Snake's Head"
8512msgstr ""
8513
8514#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8515#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2822
8516msgid "Bird's Beak"
8517msgstr ""
8518
8519#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8520#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2829
8521msgid "Crane"
8522msgstr ""
8523
8524#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8525#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2836
8526msgid "Firebird"
8527msgstr ""
8528
8529#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8530#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2843
8531msgid "Crooked Running Water"
8532msgstr ""
8533
8534#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8535#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2850
8536msgid "White Patched Nearby"
8537msgstr ""
8538
8539#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8540#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2857
8541msgid "White Patches Attached"
8542msgstr ""
8543
8544#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8545#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2864
8546msgid "Goldfish"
8547msgstr ""
8548
8549#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8550#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2871
8551msgid "Sea Rock"
8552msgstr ""
8553
8554#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8555#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2878
8556msgid "Flying Fish"
8557msgstr ""
8558
8559#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8560#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2885
8561msgid "Southern Boat"
8562msgstr ""
8563
8564#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8565#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2892
8566msgid "Little Dipper"
8567msgstr ""
8568
8569#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8570#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2897
8571msgid "note 1: The Xingguans with \"*\", Was officially deleted in 1752."
8572msgstr ""
8573
8574#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8575#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2898
8576msgid ""
8577"note 2: The vassal Xingguan is not a separate Xingguan, but a vassal of the "
8578"parent Xingguan."
8579msgstr ""
8580
8581#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
8582#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2901
8583msgid "Deep Space Objects"
8584msgstr ""
8585
8586#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8587#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2904
8588msgid ""
8589"Some deep space objects were also discovered in ancient China, which were "
8590"also included in the Xingguans."
8591msgstr ""
8592
8593#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8594#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2905
8595msgid "Include the following:"
8596msgstr ""
8597
8598#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8599#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2909
8600msgid "General name"
8601msgstr ""
8602
8603#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8604#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2913
8605msgid "Nick name"
8606msgstr ""
8607
8608#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8609#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2919
8610msgid "God's Palace"
8611msgstr ""
8612
8613#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8614#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2920
8615msgid "Northern Jewel Box Cluster"
8616msgstr ""
8617
8618#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8619#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2927
8620msgid "Ptolemy Cluster"
8621msgstr ""
8622
8623#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8624#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2934
8625msgid "Beehive Cluster"
8626msgstr ""
8627
8628#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8629#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2940
8630msgid "Arsenal Added I"
8631msgstr ""
8632
8633#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8634#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2941
8635msgid "Omega Centauri"
8636msgstr ""
8637
8638#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8639#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2947
8640msgid "Legs Mansion XXI"
8641msgstr ""
8642
8643#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8644#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2948
8645msgid "Andromeda Galaxy"
8646msgstr ""
8647
8648#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8649#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2954
8650msgid "Sea and Mountain II"
8651msgstr ""
8652
8653#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
8654#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2955
8655msgid "Homunculus Nebula, Eta Carinae"
8656msgstr ""
8657
8658#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8659#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2962
8660msgid ""
8661"This Sky Culture is Based on the information inside <i>Chinese and Western "
8662"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)</i> (Chinese: "
8663"中西对照恒星图表1950.0(星表分册)) and <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: "
8664"仪象考成)."
8665msgstr ""
8666
8667#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8668#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2963
8669msgid ""
8670"Thanks to Liu Chunbin for the collation of the <i>Chinese and Western "
8671"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)</i>. He produced "
8672"<i>Chinese Star Catalogue for Stellarium</i> (Chinese: Stellarium "
8673"中国星官体系下中文星名扩展包) which is a very important reference."
8674msgstr ""
8675
8676#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8677#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2964
8678msgid ""
8679"Some stars have been added according to <i>The History of Stellar "
8680"Observation in China</i> (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史)."
8681msgstr ""
8682
8683#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8684#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2965
8685msgid ""
8686"For the translation of constellations, we use the <i>English-Chinese "
8687"Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names</i> (Chinese: "
8688"中国星区、星官及星名英译表) by Hong Kong Space Museum. Only a small portion of the "
8689"translation is changed, for example, when the translations of the two "
8690"different Xingguans are the same."
8691msgstr ""
8692
8693#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8694#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2966
8695msgid ""
8696"There are seven stars with Chinese star names without corresponding HIP "
8697"numbers, so they cannot be displayed in Stellarium. They are Sea and "
8698"Mountain II (η Car), Five Chariots Added XVIII (12 Aur), Recommending "
8699"Virtuous Man Added VI (39 Vir) , Great Horn Added II (CN Boo), Hairy Head "
8700"Added X (24 Tau), Heart Added VII (18 Oph), South River Added XI (GC 10303)."
8701msgstr ""
8702
8703#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
8704#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2967
8705msgid ""
8706"The cultural connotations of the name cannot be explained perfectly, because"
8707" thousands of years passed, the connotations behind some names are "
8708"controversial. these are only possible translations. Chinese characters are "
8709"ideographic characters, which leads to some completely different names "
8710"having the same pronunciation. Therefore, the pinyin transliteration is "
8711"provided only to make star names readable."
8712msgstr ""
8713
8714#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
8715#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2972
8716msgid ""
8717"<a "
8718"href=\"http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/en_US/web/spm/starshine/resources/constemyth/glossary.html\">English-"
8719"Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names</a>"
8720msgstr ""
8721
8722#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
8723#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2973
8724msgid ""
8725"<a href=\"http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/aeea/contents_list/star_sign.html\">AEEA "
8726"Astronomy Education Information-Ancient Chinese constellation system </a>"
8727msgstr ""
8728
8729#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
8730#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2974
8731msgid ""
8732"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations\">Chinese "
8733"constellations (Wikipedia)</a>"
8734msgstr ""
8735
8736#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
8737#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2975
8738msgid ""
8739"<a "
8740"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names\">Traditional"
8741" Chinese star names (Wikipedia)</a>"
8742msgstr ""
8743
8744#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
8745#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2976
8746msgid ""
8747"<a "
8748"href=\"http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html\">http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html</a>"
8749msgstr ""
8750
8751#.  a
8752#. href="http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/en_US/web/spm/starshine/interactive-
8753#. star-maps.html"
8754#. /a
8755#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p>
8756#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2982
8757msgid ""
8758"This sky culture was initially contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of "
8759"Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on Hong Kong Space Museum star "
8760"maps (no longer available online)."
8761msgstr ""
8762
8763#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p>
8764#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2983
8765msgid ""
8766"Sun Shuwei <a "
8767"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a> "
8768"replenishes more than 200 Xingguans and more than 3,000 stars, based "
8769"primarily on the book<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and "
8770"Catalogue 1950.0</i> by Yi Shitong, and add the description."
8771msgstr ""
8772
8773#. type: Content of: <h2>
8774#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:1
8775msgid "Chinese Contemporary"
8776msgstr ""
8777
8778#. type: Content of: <p>
8779#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:3
8780msgid ""
8781"The Chinese Contemporary Skyculture is a combination of Chinese traditions "
8782"and Western constellations. The Chinese use combinations of Western "
8783"constellations and Chinese star names in astronomy. This is the skyculture "
8784"that the Chinese actually use now, with a great practical value."
8785msgstr ""
8786
8787#. type: Content of: <p>
8788#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:7
8789msgid ""
8790"The contemporary Chinese use the constellations of the International "
8791"Astronomical Union. The traditional Chinese constellations have no specific "
8792"boundaries between them. They only represent the corresponding set of bright"
8793" stars, and do not have the role of dividing the celestial sphere into "
8794"different areas, so they are no longer applicable in astronomy."
8795msgstr ""
8796
8797#. type: Content of: <h3>
8798#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:9
8799msgid "star names"
8800msgstr ""
8801
8802#. type: Content of: <p>
8803#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:11
8804msgid ""
8805"The Chinese now use traditional star names instead of Western star names. "
8806"More than 3,000 stars have traditional Chinese star names.  When a foreign "
8807"astronomical book is translated into Chinese, the star names will also be "
8808"translated into traditional Chinese star names. There are some special stars"
8809" that use the names of Western stars, such as Proxima, Van Maanen's star, "
8810"which can usually only be seen with a telescope, but with special "
8811"astronomical significance."
8812msgstr ""
8813
8814#. type: Content of: <p>
8815#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:12
8816msgid ""
8817"For a detailed introduction to traditional Chinese constellations and "
8818"traditional Chinese names, see <i>Chinese traditional Skyculture for "
8819"Stellarium</i>."
8820msgstr ""
8821
8822#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
8823#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:17
8824msgid ""
8825"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations\">Chinese "
8826"constellations </a> Wikipedia"
8827msgstr ""
8828
8829#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
8830#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:18
8831msgid ""
8832"<a "
8833"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names\">traditional"
8834" Chinese star names</a> Wikipedia"
8835msgstr ""
8836
8837#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
8838#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:19
8839msgid ""
8840"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\">constellations</a> "
8841"Wikipedia"
8842msgstr ""
8843
8844#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
8845#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:20
8846msgid ""
8847"<a "
8848"href=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\">Constellation"
8849" image library</a> of the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Space Telescope "
8850"Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius Engravings."
8851msgstr ""
8852
8853#. type: Content of: <p>
8854#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:25
8855msgid ""
8856"This skyculture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Sun Shuwei</i> <a "
8857"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>."
8858msgstr ""
8859
8860#. type: Content of: <p>
8861#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:26
8862msgid ""
8863"Constellation art，Constellation lines based on <i>Western Skyculture for "
8864"Stellarium</i>."
8865msgstr ""
8866
8867#. type: Content of: <p>
8868#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:27
8869msgid ""
8870"asterism lines and traditional Chinese star names based on <i>Chinese "
8871"Traditional Skyculture for Stellarium</i>."
8872msgstr ""
8873
8874#. type: Content of: <h2>
8875#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:1
8876msgid "Chinese Medieval"
8877msgstr ""
8878
8879#. type: Content of: <p>
8880#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:3
8881msgid ""
8882"This sky culture is based on the observation data of Huangyou four years "
8883"(1052 AD), and presents the medieval Chinese sky map as faithfully as "
8884"possible. This sky culture includes 283 Xingguans (星官, Chinese "
8885"Constellations) and 1464 stars (including clusters M7, M44) of the "
8886"<i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>. And the determinative star is marked for "
8887"each Xingguan that can determine the determinative star. The boundaries of "
8888"Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions are based on 1052 AD."
8889msgstr ""
8890
8891#. type: Content of: <h3>
8892#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:5
8893msgid "Medieval Xingguans"
8894msgstr ""
8895
8896#. type: Content of: <p>
8897#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:6
8898msgid ""
8899"From the Three Kingdoms Period to the Ming Dynasty, covering the whole of "
8900"the Middle Ages, China's star map is similar."
8901msgstr ""
8902
8903#. type: Content of: <p>
8904#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:7
8905msgid ""
8906"The Xingguans originated in ancient times. Wuxian (巫咸) of Shang Dynasty(16th"
8907" century BC-1046 BC), Gan De (甘德) and Shi Shen (石申) of The Warring States "
8908"Period (475–221 BC), created their own Xingguan system respectively. During "
8909"the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD), Chen Zhuo (陈卓) summarized the "
8910"Xingguans system of Gan De, Shi Shen and Wuxian, including 283 Xingguans and"
8911" 1464 stars. Since then, Xingguan system has been basically defined, and "
8912"after a thousand years, there has not been much change. Since the 17th "
8913"century, Western astronomy has had an impact on Chinese astronomy, and the "
8914"shape and number of Xingguans have changed significantly. Only about half of"
8915" the constellations maintained the medieval style."
8916msgstr ""
8917
8918#. type: Content of: <p>
8919#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:8
8920msgid ""
8921"Determinative star is an important concept. In the Middle Ages, Chinese "
8922"astronomers did not name all stars, and each Xingguans was chosen as a major"
8923" star called determinative star. In ancient China, astronomical measurements"
8924" measured its coordinate position, and other stars in the Xingguan were "
8925"rarely mentioned. However, some important constellations will be selected "
8926"more stars for observation and recording. In ancient China, astronomers used"
8927" mansion distance degrees (determinative star distance) and polar distance "
8928"degrees to record the position of stars. <b>In ancient China, the "
8929"determinative stars of Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions was the benchmark for "
8930"determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system</b>."
8931msgstr ""
8932
8933#. type: Content of: <p>
8934#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:9
8935msgid ""
8936"The <i>Song of the Sky Pacers</i> (步天歌) is an early Chinese star catalogue "
8937"in the form of poem in heptasyllabic verse, enumerating the names of stars."
8938msgstr ""
8939
8940#. type: Content of: <p>
8941#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:11
8942msgid ""
8943"Below is <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i> from Su Song(苏颂, 1020-1101 AD)."
8944msgstr ""
8945
8946#. type: Content of: <p>
8947#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:12
8948msgid "<em>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map(1088 AD)</em>"
8949msgstr ""
8950
8951#. type: Content of: <h3>
8952#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:14
8953msgid "Restore Sky Map"
8954msgstr ""
8955
8956#. type: Content of: <p>
8957#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:15
8958msgid ""
8959"The sky map of the Song dynasty is typical of the Chinese medieval sky map. "
8960"In 1052 AD, the Song Dynasty official conducted accurate stellar "
8961"measurements, leaving a lot of data."
8962msgstr ""
8963
8964#. type: Content of: <p>
8965#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:16
8966msgid ""
8967"Pan Nai(潘鼐) collated these astronomical observations data and based on the "
8968"<i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>, he restored most of the Song Dynasty's "
8969"Xingguan in his masterpiece <i>The History of Stellar Observation in "
8970"China</i>, which is the most important reference book. Qi Rui (齐锐) and Wan "
8971"Haoyi (万昊宜) also restored the Xingguans of the Song Dynasty in the book "
8972"<i>Roving China Heavens</i>, which is also an important reference book."
8973msgstr ""
8974
8975#. type: Content of: <p>
8976#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:17
8977msgid ""
8978"Due to the limitation of observation conditions in Song Dynasty, combined "
8979"with instruments, circulated errors and other reasons, different scholars "
8980"restored the sky map is somewhat different."
8981msgstr ""
8982
8983#. type: Content of: <p>
8984#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:18
8985msgid ""
8986"Based on these books, Stellarium can almost truly present the Chinese "
8987"medieval sky map of Huangyou four years (1052 AD)."
8988msgstr ""
8989
8990#. type: Content of: <p>
8991#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:21
8992msgid ""
8993"Taiyang (太阳), Sun. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of yang,"
8994msgstr ""
8995
8996#. type: Content of: <p><p>
8997#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:22
8998msgid ""
8999"Taiyin (太阴), Moon. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of Yin,"
9000msgstr ""
9001
9002#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
9003#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:23
9004msgid ""
9005"Chen Star (辰星), Mercury. Chen is an angle unit, which refers to about 30 "
9006"degrees. Mercury is always within 30 degrees of the sun."
9007msgstr ""
9008
9009#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
9010#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:24
9011msgid "Taibai (太白), Venus. Taibai means big and white."
9012msgstr ""
9013
9014#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
9015#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:25
9016msgid ""
9017"Yinghuo (荧惑), Mars. The colors of Mars are like fire, and movement is "
9018"confusing."
9019msgstr ""
9020
9021#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
9022#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:26
9023msgid ""
9024"Sui Star (岁星), Jupiter. It means the old star. Jupiter travels around the "
9025"celestial sphere for a week every 12 years. The ancients took Jupiter's "
9026"position as the standard of the chronology."
9027msgstr ""
9028
9029#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
9030#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:27
9031msgid ""
9032"Zhen Star (填星), Saturn. Zhen, means passing Lunar Mansions. Saturn travels "
9033"around the celestial sphere about every 28 years. Saturn will pass through a"
9034" Lunar Mansion every year."
9035msgstr ""
9036
9037#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
9038#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:31
9039msgid "<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song\">wikipedia - Su Song</a>"
9040msgstr ""
9041
9042#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
9043#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:32
9044msgid "<a href=\"http://chinesenotes.com/songshi.html\">History of Song</a>"
9045msgstr ""
9046
9047#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
9048#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:33
9049msgid ""
9050"<a href=\"http://chinesenotes.com/shiji.html\">Records of the Grand "
9051"Historian</a>"
9052msgstr ""
9053
9054#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
9055#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:34
9056msgid ""
9057"<a "
9058"href=\"https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/archive/Research/Literature/c_research_literature_9.htm\">(Chinese)"
9059" Song of the Sky Pacers</a>"
9060msgstr ""
9061
9062#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
9063#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:35
9064msgid ""
9065"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Sky_Pacers\">wikipedia -"
9066" Song of the Sky Pacers</a>"
9067msgstr ""
9068
9069#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
9070#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:36
9071msgid ""
9072"<a href=\"http://wwt.china-vo.org/why/chineseheaven.htm\">(Chinese) Chinese "
9073"Heaven in WWT Community Beijing</a>"
9074msgstr ""
9075
9076#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><h3>
9077#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:38
9078msgid "Reference"
9079msgstr ""
9080
9081#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9082#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:40
9083msgid "Pan Nai. The History of Stellar Observation in China"
9084msgstr ""
9085
9086#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9087#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:41
9088msgid "Qi Rui and Wan Haoyi. Roving China Heavens"
9089msgstr ""
9090
9091#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9092#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:42
9093msgid "Su Song. <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>"
9094msgstr ""
9095
9096#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9097#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:43
9098msgid "<i>Records of the Grand Historian</i>"
9099msgstr ""
9100
9101#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9102#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:44
9103msgid "<i>Book of Sui</i>"
9104msgstr ""
9105
9106#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
9107#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:45
9108msgid "<i>History of Song</i>"
9109msgstr ""
9110
9111#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><p><p>
9112#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:49
9113msgid ""
9114"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Sun Shuwei</i> (孙殳玮) "
9115".  <a href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>"
9116msgstr ""
9117
9118#. type: Content of: <h2>
9119#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:1
9120msgid "Dakota"
9121msgstr "達科他"
9122
9123#. type: Content of: <p>
9124#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:2
9125msgid ""
9126"Dakota, Lakota and Nakota are one of the groups of indigenous people of "
9127"north-central United States and Canada.  Known as the Oceti Sakowin &ndash; "
9128"Seven (Council) Fires. This council of seven consists of: four Dakota bands,"
9129" two Nakota bands and one Lakota band, where D/N/L are dialectic "
9130"distinctions.  Well known for following the buffalo.  The word D(N/L)akota "
9131"means \"Alliance\".  Also known as Sioux or the Sioux Nation.  The D(L)akota"
9132" Star Knowledge files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of the "
9133"<b><i>“Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi, D(L)akota Star Map”</i></b>, created by A. "
9134"Lee, J. Rock, 2012.  More details can be found in the constellation "
9135"guidebook <b><i>D(L)akota Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to "
9136"D(L)akota Star Knowledge</i></b>. Also available are D(L)akota star map "
9137"posters, D(L)akota planispheres, curriculum, and other resources."
9138msgstr ""
9139
9140#. type: Content of: <h3>
9141#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:12
9142#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:5
9143msgid "Celestial Objects"
9144msgstr ""
9145
9146#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9147#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:14
9148msgid "<i>Nape</i>, Hand, lower Orion & &beta; Eridanus"
9149msgstr ""
9150
9151#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9152#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:15
9153msgid "<i>Mato Tipi/Tipila</i>, Bear's Lodge, Gemini"
9154msgstr ""
9155
9156#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9157#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:16
9158msgid "<i>Ki Inyanka Ocanku</i>, Racetrack, Winter Circle & Pleiades"
9159msgstr ""
9160
9161#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9162#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:17
9163msgid "<i>Çan Hd/Gleska Wakan</i>, Sacred hoop, Winter Circle & Pleiades"
9164msgstr ""
9165
9166#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9167#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:18
9168msgid "<i>Inipi/Initipi</i>, Sweat lodge, Winter Circle & Pleiades"
9169msgstr ""
9170
9171#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9172#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:19
9173msgid "<i>Tayamni</i>, Buffalo (three parts of), Orion, Canis Major, Pleiades"
9174msgstr ""
9175
9176#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9177#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:20
9178msgid "<i>Zuzeca/Zuzuheça</i>, Snake, Columbia, Puppis, Canis Major"
9179msgstr ""
9180
9181#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9182#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:21
9183msgid ""
9184"<i>To Win/Tun Win</i>, Blue Woman/Birth Woman, Big Dipper &ndash; inside "
9185"Bowl"
9186msgstr ""
9187
9188#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9189#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:22
9190msgid "<i>Madoo'asinik</i>, Sweating Stones, Pleiades"
9191msgstr ""
9192
9193#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9194#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:23
9195msgid "<i>Wiçakiyuhapi </i>, Stretcher, Big Dipper &ndash; Bowl stars"
9196msgstr ""
9197
9198#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9199#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:24
9200msgid "<i>Wasihdapi/Wasiglapi</i>, Mourners, Big Dipper &ndash; Handle stars"
9201msgstr ""
9202
9203#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9204#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:25
9205msgid "<i>Manka/Maka</i>, Skunk, Big Dipper"
9206msgstr ""
9207
9208#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9209#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:26
9210msgid "<i>Wicakiyuhapi/Can cinkska</i>, the dipper/wooden spoon, Big Dipper"
9211msgstr ""
9212
9213#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9214#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:27
9215msgid "<i>Oceti Sakowin </i>, Seven sacred rites/council fires, Big Dipper"
9216msgstr ""
9217
9218#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9219#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:28
9220msgid ""
9221"<i>Wiçanhpi waziyata/Wiçanhpi Owanjila (Star which stands in one place)</i>,"
9222" North star, Polaris"
9223msgstr ""
9224
9225#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9226#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:29
9227msgid "<i>Wakinyan</i>, Thunderbird, Draco, Ursa Minor"
9228msgstr ""
9229
9230#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9231#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:30
9232msgid "<i>Keya</i>, Turtle, Pegasus"
9233msgstr ""
9234
9235#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9236#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:31
9237msgid ""
9238"<i>Cansasa Pusyapi/Ipusye</i>,Dried Red Willow (Red-Osier Dogwood &ndash; "
9239"Cornus stolonifera)Aries, Triangulum"
9240msgstr ""
9241
9242#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9243#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:32
9244msgid "<i>Hehaka/Upan</i>, Elk, Pisces"
9245msgstr ""
9246
9247#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9248#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:33
9249msgid "<i>Wiçinyanna Sakowin/Wiçincala Sakowin</i>, Seven Girls, Pleiades"
9250msgstr ""
9251
9252#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9253#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:34
9254msgid "<i>Ahdeska/Agleska</i>, Salamander, Cygnus"
9255msgstr ""
9256
9257#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9258#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:35
9259msgid "<i>Oçeti/Peta</i>, Fireplace/Fire, Leo"
9260msgstr ""
9261
9262#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9263#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:36
9264msgid ""
9265"<i>Itkob u (going toward), Ihuku Kigle (Under went it), Anpo Wiçanhpi "
9266"Sunkaku (younger brother of Morning star)</i>, Arcturus (bright star in "
9267"Bootes)"
9268msgstr ""
9269
9270#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9271#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:37
9272msgid "<i>Wiçanhpi</i>, Star"
9273msgstr ""
9274
9275#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9276#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:38
9277msgid "<i>Hanhepi Wi /Hanyetu Wi/Hanwi /Hanwi (Night Sun)</i>, Moon"
9278msgstr ""
9279
9280#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9281#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:39
9282msgid "<i>Anog Ite (Double Faced Woman)</i>, Moon"
9283msgstr ""
9284
9285#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9286#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:40
9287msgid "<i>Wi, Anpetu Wi (Day Sun)</i>, Sun"
9288msgstr ""
9289
9290#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9291#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:41
9292msgid "<i>Anpo Wiçanhpi /Anpetu D/Luta</i>, Venus"
9293msgstr ""
9294
9295#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9296#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:42
9297msgid "<i>Wanagi Taçanku (Road of the spirits/Ghost trail)</i>, Milky Way"
9298msgstr ""
9299
9300#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9301#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:43
9302msgid ""
9303"<i>Wiçanhpi Hinhpaya/Wiahpihinhpaya/Wohpe Wakan</i>, Meteor/Falling star"
9304msgstr ""
9305
9306#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9307#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:44
9308msgid "<i>Wamakohnaka/Wamakhognaka/Makasitomni</i>, Universe"
9309msgstr ""
9310
9311#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9312#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:45
9313msgid "<i>Wiçanhpi Sintetun/Wiçanhpi Sinte Yukan/Wicanpisinteton</i>, Comet"
9314msgstr ""
9315
9316#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9317#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:52
9318msgid ""
9319"<a href=\"http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/DAKOTAMAP/home.html\">D(L)akota "
9320"Map webpage, includes audio recordings of D(L)akota pronunciation and other "
9321"resources.</a>"
9322msgstr ""
9323
9324#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9325#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:53
9326msgid ""
9327"<a "
9328"href=\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0692232540/ref=pd_lpo_sbs_dp_ss_3?pf_rd_p=1944687622&pf_rd_s=lpo-"
9329"top-"
9330"stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12"
9331" "
9332"stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12\">D(L)akota"
9333" Star Map Constellation Guide</a> book on amazon.com"
9334msgstr ""
9335
9336#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9337#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:54
9338#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:45
9339msgid ""
9340"<a href=\"http://www.nativeskywatchers.com\"><i>Native Skywatchers’</i> main"
9341" webpage, includes education, art, and community workshops and other "
9342"resources.</a>"
9343msgstr ""
9344
9345#. type: Content of: <p>
9346#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:58
9347msgid ""
9348"This D(L)akota star knowledge was contributed by Annette S. Lee, Director of"
9349" <i>Native Skywatchers</i>, a research and programming initiative aimed at "
9350"revitalizing native star knowledge, in particular Ojibwe and D(L)akota. "
9351"Based on the star map <i><b>Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi - D(L)akota Star "
9352"Map</b></i> created by A. Lee, J. Rock and the book <i><b>D(L)akota Star Map"
9353" Constellation Guide: An Introduction to D(L)akota Star Knowledge</b></i> by"
9354" A. Lee, J. Rock, C. O’Rourke."
9355msgstr ""
9356
9357#. type: Content of: <p>
9358#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:59
9359msgid "Constellation Paintings by A. Lee."
9360msgstr ""
9361
9362#. type: Content of: <p>
9363#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:60
9364#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:51
9365msgid "Contact A. Lee at aslee@stcloudstate.edu for more information."
9366msgstr ""
9367
9368#. type: Content of: <h2>
9369#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:1
9370msgid "Egyptian"
9371msgstr ""
9372
9373#. type: Content of: <p>
9374#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:2
9375msgid ""
9376"Late Egyptian astronomy/astrology follows that of Greco/Roman culture. The "
9377"belief that the stars could influence human destiny does not appear to have "
9378"reached Egypt until the Ptolemaic period. The temple of Hathor at Denderah "
9379"dates from Ptolemaic times, probably the first century BCE, and has a "
9380"wonderful illustration of the sky that illustrates this point."
9381msgstr ""
9382
9383#. type: Content of: <p>
9384#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:3
9385msgid ""
9386"However there were differences in names. For example, Cancer the Crab is "
9387"represented by the Scarab Beetle. The figure of the Lion near the Scales "
9388"(which is not the zodiacal Lion) is the constellation Centaurus [1]."
9389msgstr ""
9390
9391#. type: Content of: <p>
9392#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:4
9393msgid ""
9394"Earlier constellations are more problematic, but some indications exist that"
9395" some modern zodiac signs are very ancient indeed [2], although the "
9396"constellations did change significantly over time [3]."
9397msgstr ""
9398
9399#. type: Content of: <p>
9400#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:5
9401msgid ""
9402"The Egyptians recognized five planets and called them the \"stars that knew "
9403"no rest\". Their movement across the heavens reminded the Egyptians of the "
9404"five gods sailing across the sky in their solar barque (boat). The planet "
9405"now known as Jupiter was called \"Horus Who Limits the Two Lands\"; Mars was"
9406" \"Horus of the Horizon\"; Mercury was \"Sebegu\", associated with Set; "
9407"Saturn was \"Horus the Bull of the Sky\"; and Venus was \"the God of the "
9408"Morning\" [7]."
9409msgstr ""
9410
9411#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9412#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:9
9413msgid ""
9414"<a href=\"http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-"
9415"Thompson/page11-17.html\">[1]</a>, <a "
9416"href=\"http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-"
9417"Thompson/page11-15.html\">[3]</a> Astronomical Artifacts and Cuneiform "
9418"Tablets, etc"
9419msgstr ""
9420
9421#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9422#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:10
9423msgid ""
9424"<a href=\"http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm\">[2]</a> Three archaic "
9425"Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?"
9426msgstr ""
9427
9428#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9429#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:11
9430msgid ""
9431"<a "
9432"href=\"http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html\">http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html</a>"
9433msgstr ""
9434
9435#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9436#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:12
9437msgid ""
9438"<a "
9439"href=\"http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm\">http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm</a>"
9440msgstr ""
9441
9442#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
9443#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:13
9444msgid ""
9445"<a "
9446"href=\"http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html\">http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html</a>"
9447msgstr ""
9448
9449#. type: Content of: <p>
9450#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:18
9451msgid ""
9452"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis "
9453"Education Solutions, Inc. based on the paper \"A Map of the Ancient Egyptian"
9454" Firmament” by Juan Antonio Belmonte."
9455msgstr ""
9456
9457#. type: Content of: <p>
9458#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:19
9459msgid "This sky culture was updated by misibacsi (names of planets)"
9460msgstr ""
9461
9462#. type: Content of: <h1>
9463#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:1
9464msgid "Greek (Almagest)"
9465msgstr ""
9466
9467#. type: Content of: <p>
9468#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:3
9469msgid ""
9470"This ancient Greek sky culture is based on the Almagest, a compilation of "
9471"astronomical knowledge of former astronomers including results from "
9472"observations and mathematical astronomy. Pieced together by Claudius "
9473"Ptolemy, using older, as well as his own, observations, it was written in "
9474"Greek, published in the Second Century and remained the main astronomical "
9475"work for the following 1500 years. It was originally written with the title "
9476"<i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>, in Ancient Greek.  The name <i>Almagest</i>, "
9477"meaning &ldquo;The Largest [Book]&rdquo;, was developed from Arabian "
9478"translations. To create this sky culture we used the English translation by "
9479"Toomer (1984), reworked it in some details (e.g. using more literal "
9480"translations from Greek instead of Latin terms that are common today) and we"
9481" made use of computer readable tables prepared by Ernie Wright."
9482msgstr ""
9483
9484#. type: Content of: <p>
9485#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:17
9486msgid ""
9487"The Almagest consists of 13 sections, called books. In the seventh and "
9488"eighth book, Ptolemy listed a total of 1022 stars in 48 constellations "
9489"(among which are about 5 star-like objects like globular star clusters).  It"
9490" is a table of coordinates of the stars with a description of their position"
9491" in the constellation (such as \"star at the elbow of X, longitude, "
9492"latitude, magnitude\"). With regard to precession, Ptolemy used ecliptic "
9493"coordinates. As one of the first of his time, Ptolemy included the "
9494"magnitude, a quantitative scale of stellar brightness, probably adopted from"
9495" Hipparchus (which is not certain because Hipparchus&rsquo; catalog is not "
9496"preserved). The scale starts with the brightest star with the magnitude of "
9497"1, going down to magnitude of 6, for the faintest stars visible."
9498msgstr ""
9499
9500#. type: Content of: <p>
9501#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:30
9502msgid ""
9503"For the computation of planet positions Ptolemy used a geocentric model "
9504"(which is allowed because the observer always stands on Earth) and, thus, "
9505"contributed to the scientific belief that the heliocentric model by "
9506"Aristarch was not needed. However, for the star catalogue of the "
9507"<i>Almagest</i> this does not matter at all because a star catalogue always "
9508"represents a sort of inventory of the fixed dots in the sky and Ptolemy's "
9509"proclaimed aim of the catalogue is to provide a list for making a celestial "
9510"globe (see Alm., VIII, 3). Being aware of precession he wants to ease the "
9511"business of future globemakers by using ecliptical coordinates: Precession "
9512"as known to Ptolemy shifts all stars parallel to the ecliptic, therefore "
9513"updates to the epoch of the respective globemaker could be applied by a "
9514"simple subtraction of the value for ecliptic longitude."
9515msgstr ""
9516
9517#. type: Content of: <h2>
9518#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:43
9519msgid "How this sky culture was made"
9520msgstr ""
9521
9522#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
9523#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:45
9524#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:7
9525#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:9
9526msgid "Star names"
9527msgstr ""
9528
9529#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
9530#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:47
9531msgid ""
9532"Out of more than 1,000 stars, Ptolemy mentions a proper name for only 15.  "
9533"The rest are identified by fairly long descriptions such as \"The star on "
9534"the end of the tail\" for the Polaris. In order to avoid displaying such "
9535"long strings across the screen in Stellarium, we invented short labels for "
9536"all Almagest stars based on the constellation and the order in which they "
9537"appear in the catalogue.  For example, Polaris is given a designation \"UMi "
9538"1\" because it is the first star in the constellation of Small Bear (UMi).  "
9539"See the table below for the correspondence between Ptolemy constellations "
9540"and IAU abbreviations.  In addition, where Ptolemy describes a star as lying"
9541" outside of the figure, we use lowercase letters in the corresponding label."
9542" To see the long description for a given star, users should enable \"Use "
9543"additional names of stars\" in the \"View [F4]/Sky\" settings and click on "
9544"the star. The long description will then be displayed at the top of the "
9545"screen."
9546msgstr ""
9547"在超過1000顆的恆星中，使用托勒密提到的專有名稱只有15顆，其他的都通過相當冗長的描述用語來辨認，例如北極星的名稱是「尾巴末端的星星」，為了避免在 "
9548"Stellarium 的螢幕上顯示如此長的字串，我們對所有至大論上基於星座和依據其在目錄上的順序的恆星創造了簡短標籤。例如，北極星被命名為「UMi "
9549"1」因為他是小熊座 (UMi) 的第一顆恆星。托勒密星座和 IAU "
9550"星座縮寫名稱的對應請見下表。此外，當托勒密描述一顆位於星座圖形外的恆星，在相對應的標籤中我們使用小寫字母。想要看到給定恆星的冗長描述，使用者必須在「檢視[F4]/星空」的對話框中勾選「使用恆星的其他額外名稱」，然後點擊該顆恆星，這顆恆星的冗長描述就會顯示在螢幕上端。"
9551
9552#. type: Content of: <h3>
9553#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:61
9554msgid "Constellation lines"
9555msgstr ""
9556
9557#. type: Content of: <p>
9558#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:63
9559msgid ""
9560"The process can be described as sketched here with the example of Corvus:"
9561msgstr ""
9562
9563#. type: Content of: <p>
9564#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:66
9565msgid ""
9566"In the constellation of Corvus (Raven), &alpha; Crv is the star in the "
9567"&quot;head of the raven&quot;. It is connected with the &quot;star in the "
9568"neck&quot;, &epsilon; Crv.  This one is connected with &quot;the star in the"
9569" breast&quot; &zeta; Crv.  From there two lines go to the tips of the wings."
9570" &gamma; Crv is the star in the advanced wing and &delta; Crv the star in "
9571"the rear wing. From the star in the breast another line goes to the "
9572"&quot;foot of the raven&quot;, the star &beta; Crv."
9573msgstr ""
9574
9575#. type: Content of: <p>
9576#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:77
9577msgid ""
9578"After identifying the stars based on their coordinates and names, we "
9579"reconnected the stars according to the descriptions in the table presented "
9580"in the <i>Almagest</i>."
9581msgstr ""
9582
9583#. type: Content of: <p>
9584#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:81
9585msgid ""
9586"The names of stars and names of deep sky objects rely on the Almagest only, "
9587"e.g. Ptolemy uses the name "
9588"&quot;&lambda;&alpha;&mu;&pi;&alpha;&delta;&#943;&alpha;&sigmaf; (The Torch-"
9589"like)&quot; for Aldebaran in his other work, the <i>Tetrabiblos</i>, but "
9590"this is not implemented in this sky culture because it doesn't show up in "
9591"the Almagest."
9592msgstr ""
9593
9594#. type: Content of: <p>
9595#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:87
9596msgid ""
9597"The following table displays the original constellation name in Greek and "
9598"its English translation (column 2 and 3) and denotes our uncertainties in "
9599"the reconstruction (column 6)."
9600msgstr ""
9601
9602#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9603#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:93
9604#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:17
9605msgid "<b>Abbreviation</b>"
9606msgstr ""
9607
9608#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9609#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:94
9610msgid "<b>Original name</b>"
9611msgstr ""
9612
9613#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9614#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:95
9615msgid "<b>Translation</b> (direct)"
9616msgstr ""
9617
9618#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9619#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:96
9620msgid "<b>IAU (Latin) name</b>"
9621msgstr ""
9622
9623#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9624#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:97
9625msgid "<b>hints to constellation</b>"
9626msgstr ""
9627
9628#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9629#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:98
9630msgid "<b>freedom of art</b>"
9631msgstr ""
9632
9633#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9634#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:103
9635msgid "Small She-Bear"
9636msgstr ""
9637
9638#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9639#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:105
9640#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:113
9641#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:425
9642#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:441
9643#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:465
9644msgid "like IAU constellation"
9645msgstr ""
9646
9647#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9648#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:111
9649#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:31
9650msgid "Great She-Bear"
9651msgstr ""
9652
9653#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9654#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:119
9655#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:37
9656msgid "Dragon"
9657msgstr ""
9658
9659#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9660#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:121
9661msgid ""
9662"all triangles or squares are vertebra or parts of the body; line at the head"
9663" is the tongue"
9664msgstr ""
9665
9666#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9667#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:127
9668#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:35
9669msgid "Kepheus"
9670msgstr ""
9671
9672#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9673#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:129
9674msgid "king, upside down"
9675msgstr ""
9676
9677#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9678#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:130
9679msgid ""
9680"three head stars are tiara; &beta; seen as part of the belt, although "
9681"Almagest says beneath belt"
9682msgstr ""
9683
9684#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9685#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:135
9686msgid "Ploughman"
9687msgstr ""
9688
9689#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9690#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:137
9691msgid "has a shepherd's staff in his hand (&omega;)"
9692msgstr ""
9693
9694#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9695#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:138
9696msgid "star HIP 72582 added as neck star"
9697msgstr ""
9698
9699#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9700#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:143
9701msgid "Crown"
9702msgstr ""
9703
9704#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9705#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:145
9706msgid "like IAU constellation; no details for lines in the text"
9707msgstr ""
9708
9709#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9710#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:151
9711#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:61
9712msgid "Kneeler"
9713msgstr ""
9714
9715#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9716#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:153
9717msgid "one of the foot stars is top of staff of Bootes"
9718msgstr ""
9719
9720#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9721#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:154
9722msgid "star HIP 82764 added as neck star"
9723msgstr ""
9724
9725#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9726#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:159
9727#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:59
9728msgid "Lyre"
9729msgstr ""
9730
9731#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9732#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:167
9733msgid "Bird"
9734msgstr ""
9735
9736#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9737#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:169
9738msgid "swan with legs"
9739msgstr ""
9740
9741#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9742#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:170
9743msgid "Tips of wings connected with tail"
9744msgstr ""
9745
9746#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9747#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:175
9748msgid "Kassiepeia"
9749msgstr ""
9750
9751#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9752#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:177
9753msgid "Queen sitting on a throne"
9754msgstr ""
9755
9756#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9757#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:178
9758msgid "to avoid confusion we did not draw the throne"
9759msgstr ""
9760
9761#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9762#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:183
9763#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:85
9764#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:77
9765msgid "Perseus"
9766msgstr ""
9767
9768#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9769#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:185
9770msgid ""
9771"Double star cluster NGC 869 and NGC 884 as Deep Sky Object - &gt;one of the "
9772"stars in the cluster was used for drawing"
9773msgstr ""
9774
9775#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9776#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:186
9777msgid ""
9778"one of the stars in Gorgon-head is added to make the head look more "
9779"spherical"
9780msgstr ""
9781
9782#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9783#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:191
9784#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:91
9785#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:83
9786msgid "Charioteer"
9787msgstr ""
9788
9789#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9790#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:193
9791msgid "wears long garment; garment limited through shoulders and hem"
9792msgstr ""
9793
9794#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9795#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:194
9796msgid "o Aur added as neck star; 1 Aur added as hem star"
9797msgstr ""
9798
9799#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9800#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:199
9801msgid "Serpent Bearer"
9802msgstr ""
9803
9804#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9805#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:201
9806msgid "has serpent in his hand"
9807msgstr ""
9808
9809#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9810#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:202
9811msgid "a star added as neck star"
9812msgstr ""
9813
9814#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9815#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:207
9816msgid "Snake"
9817msgstr ""
9818
9819#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9820#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:209
9821msgid "two separate parts of the snake (head and tail); square is head"
9822msgstr ""
9823
9824#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9825#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:215
9826#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:103
9827msgid "Arrow"
9828msgstr ""
9829
9830#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9831#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:217
9832msgid "Like IAU constellation, &eta; Sge is missing"
9833msgstr ""
9834
9835#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9836#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:223
9837#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:109
9838msgid "Eagle"
9839msgstr ""
9840
9841#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9842#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:225
9843msgid ""
9844"&tau; Aql as head star, &beta; as neck, Altair is between shoulders, &gamma;"
9845" and &mu; are shoulders"
9846msgstr ""
9847
9848#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9849#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:231
9850#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:115
9851#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:95
9852msgid "Dolphin"
9853msgstr ""
9854
9855#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9856#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:234
9857msgid "refined shape"
9858msgstr ""
9859
9860#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9861#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:239
9862#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:121
9863msgid "Bust [of a horse]"
9864msgstr ""
9865
9866#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9867#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:247
9868msgid "Horse"
9869msgstr ""
9870
9871#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9872#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:249
9873msgid "with mane and one wing"
9874msgstr ""
9875
9876#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9877#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:255
9878msgid "Andromeda"
9879msgstr ""
9880
9881#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9882#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:257
9883msgid "dress and belt"
9884msgstr ""
9885
9886#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9887#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:265
9888msgid "four given stars &#61664; middle star of one side"
9889msgstr ""
9890
9891#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9892#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:271
9893#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:145
9894#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:119
9895msgid "Ram"
9896msgstr ""
9897
9898#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9899#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:273
9900msgid "turned head; only one horn"
9901msgstr ""
9902
9903#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9904#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:279
9905#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:151
9906#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:125
9907msgid "Bull"
9908msgstr ""
9909
9910#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9911#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:281
9912msgid "half body, only two legs visible; direction of view to observer"
9913msgstr ""
9914
9915#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9916#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:287
9917#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:157
9918#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:137
9919msgid "Twins"
9920msgstr ""
9921
9922#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9923#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:289
9924msgid "one star in common; touching each other with hands"
9925msgstr ""
9926
9927#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9928#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:295
9929msgid "Crab"
9930msgstr ""
9931
9932#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9933#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:297
9934msgid "square body"
9935msgstr ""
9936
9937#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9938#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:303
9939#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:169
9940#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:149
9941msgid "Lion"
9942msgstr ""
9943
9944#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9945#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:305
9946msgid "opens jaw"
9947msgstr ""
9948
9949#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9950#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:311
9951msgid "Maiden"
9952msgstr ""
9953
9954#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9955#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:313
9956msgid "no separate head"
9957msgstr ""
9958
9959#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9960#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:314
9961msgid "fainter stars added to draw the wings"
9962msgstr ""
9963
9964#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9965#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:319
9966msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion]"
9967msgstr ""
9968
9969#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9970#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:321
9971msgid ""
9972"Ptolemy always uses the term &quot;claws&quot;, never &quot;the "
9973"balance&quot;."
9974msgstr ""
9975
9976#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9977#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:327
9978#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:187
9979msgid "Scorpion"
9980msgstr ""
9981
9982#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9983#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:330
9984msgid "arms added around the head: &nu; and &rho;"
9985msgstr ""
9986
9987#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
9988#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:335
9989#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:174
9990msgid "Archer"
9991msgstr ""
9992
9993#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9994#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:337
9995msgid "a centaur with bow ahead; &bdquo;cloak&ldquo; behind"
9996msgstr ""
9997
9998#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
9999#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:338
10000msgid ""
10001"we included many faint stars in our stick figure in order to make the "
10002"picture clear."
10003msgstr ""
10004
10005#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10006#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:343
10007msgid "The One with the Goat's Horn"
10008msgstr ""
10009
10010#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10011#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:345
10012msgid "fish tail; two legs visible"
10013msgstr ""
10014
10015#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10016#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:351
10017msgid "Water-Carrier"
10018msgstr ""
10019
10020#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10021#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:353
10022msgid "water out of jug"
10023msgstr ""
10024
10025#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10026#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:359
10027msgid "[2] Fish"
10028msgstr ""
10029
10030#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10031#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:362
10032msgid ""
10033"northern fish: 68(h), 67(k), and 65(i) described as head in Almagest but we "
10034"took them as fin because mouth should be at g and &tau; Psc. Additional "
10035"change on tail fin: extended to &rho;"
10036msgstr ""
10037
10038#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10039#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:367
10040#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:217
10041msgid "Sea Monster"
10042msgstr ""
10043
10044#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10045#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:370
10046msgid "Body does not go through star &tau;, but through star &upsilon;"
10047msgstr ""
10048
10049#. type: Content of: <h3>
10050#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:375
10051#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:223
10052#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204
10053#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:116
10054#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:22
10055msgid "Orion"
10056msgstr ""
10057
10058#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10059#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:378
10060msgid ""
10061"The &quot;head&quot; is labeled as &quot;nebulous&quot; which means Ptolemy "
10062"interpreted &phi;<sub>1</sub>, &phi;<sub>2</sub>, and &lambda;, together "
10063"with fainter stars between them as a &quot;cluster&quot; (or association "
10064"which is more extended than the modern &quot;&lambda; Ori Assoc.&quot;). "
10065"Head does not have direct connection to the shoulder stars anymore, but a "
10066"connection to a star between the stars in the shoulders."
10067msgstr ""
10068
10069#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10070#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:383
10071msgid "River [nameless]"
10072msgstr ""
10073
10074#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10075#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:385
10076msgid "Like IAU constellation, but shorter"
10077msgstr ""
10078
10079#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10080#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:391
10081#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:235
10082#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:216
10083msgid "Hare"
10084msgstr ""
10085
10086#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10087#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:394
10088msgid "took the \"4 stars over the ear\" as ear"
10089msgstr ""
10090
10091#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10092#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:407
10093msgid "The One before the Dog"
10094msgstr ""
10095
10096#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10097#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:410
10098msgid ""
10099"In Almagest, the name of the constellation is &quot;The One before the "
10100"Dog&quot; or &quot;Harbinger of Sirius&quot; as Toomer puts it. However, "
10101"&beta; CMi is called &quot;the neck&quot; (of whom is unknown). We drew a "
10102"little dog with &gamma; and &epsilon; as head; &alpha;, &beta;, &eta; and "
10103"HIP36889 as body; forelegs with HIP 35509 and HIP 35614; hindlegs with "
10104"&delta;<sub>2</sub> and &delta;<sub>3</sub>; tail with HIP 37634"
10105msgstr ""
10106
10107#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10108#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:415
10109#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:253
10110#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:234
10111msgid "Ship &quot;Argo&quot;"
10112msgstr ""
10113
10114#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10115#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:417
10116msgid "smaller than the sum of the IAU-constellations Pup+Pyx+Car+Vel"
10117msgstr ""
10118
10119#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10120#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:418
10121msgid ""
10122"Many stars not integrated in the constellation, to create a boat-like shape;"
10123" in many depictions (including the ancient Farnese globe), only a half of a "
10124"ship is painted."
10125msgstr ""
10126
10127#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10128#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:423
10129msgid "Water Snake"
10130msgstr ""
10131
10132#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10133#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:431
10134msgid "Krater (vessel)"
10135msgstr ""
10136
10137#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10138#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:434
10139msgid ""
10140"a Krater is special Greek wine mixing vessel which looks like an amphora or "
10141"vase: <a "
10142"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater</a>"
10143" Ptolemy describes only one star in the foot (&alpha; Crt) and two handles "
10144"(&eta;, &theta; Crt)"
10145msgstr ""
10146
10147#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10148#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:439
10149msgid "Raven"
10150msgstr ""
10151
10152#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10153#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:447
10154#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:265
10155#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246
10156msgid "Kentauros"
10157msgstr ""
10158
10159#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10160#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:450
10161msgid ""
10162"deviation from description: HIP 65373 instead of &omega; Cen (cluster) taken"
10163" as star on the back. &lsquo;Thyrsus&lsquo; not drawn (to avoid confusion), "
10164"backward arm added."
10165msgstr ""
10166
10167#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10168#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:455
10169msgid "Beast"
10170msgstr ""
10171
10172#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10173#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:458
10174msgid ""
10175"&beta; described as &lsquo;End of hind leg&lsquo; -> taken as star in the "
10176"belly; &tau;<sub>1</sub> as hindleg &Chi; removed from head, because "
10177"otherwise shapelessness arises; HIP 73493 taken as foreleg"
10178msgstr ""
10179
10180#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10181#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:463
10182#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:277
10183#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:258
10184msgid "Altar"
10185msgstr ""
10186
10187#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10188#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:471
10189msgid "Southern Crown"
10190msgstr ""
10191
10192#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10193#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:473
10194msgid ""
10195"like IAU constellation; only uncertainty with stars that only got a BSC "
10196"number in the Almagest, because these are not clearly to identify in "
10197"Stellarium"
10198msgstr ""
10199
10200#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10201#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:479
10202#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:289
10203#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270
10204msgid "Southern Fish"
10205msgstr ""
10206
10207#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10208#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:481
10209msgid "the fish is laying on his back"
10210msgstr ""
10211
10212#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
10213#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:482
10214msgid ""
10215"we added a few stars to mark the tail as such (&beta; should be the tip of "
10216"the tail but we used it as its root)"
10217msgstr ""
10218
10219#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10220#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:488
10221msgid ""
10222"Grasshoff, G.: The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalog, Springer, New York, "
10223"1990"
10224msgstr ""
10225
10226#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10227#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:489
10228#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:295
10229#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:284
10230msgid ""
10231"Heiberg, J. L. (Ed.): Claudii Ptolemaei: Syntaxis Mathematica, Teubner, "
10232"Leipzig, 1898"
10233msgstr ""
10234
10235#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10236#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:490
10237msgid ""
10238"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden / New York, "
10239"2017"
10240msgstr ""
10241
10242#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10243#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:491
10244#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:297
10245#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:286
10246msgid "Toomer, G. J.: Ptolemy's Almagest, Duckworth, London, 1984"
10247msgstr ""
10248
10249#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10250#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:492
10251msgid ""
10252"Ernie Wright: <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" "
10253"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\"> Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization "
10254"of the Almagest Catalog</a>, 2006"
10255msgstr ""
10256
10257#. type: Content of: <p>
10258#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:497
10259msgid ""
10260"This sky culture originates from a student's year of research. We provide "
10261"this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to be cited "
10262"according to the common rules. This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND "
10263"4.0 International Public Licence (share-alike, do not change it without "
10264"consulting the contributors, and cite the contributors). Thank you!"
10265msgstr ""
10266
10267#. type: Content of: <h2>
10268#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:502
10269msgid "Thanks"
10270msgstr ""
10271
10272#. type: Content of: <p>
10273#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:503
10274msgid ""
10275"The authors thank Patrick Gleason and Georg Zotti for English proofreading "
10276"and interesting discussions."
10277msgstr ""
10278
10279#. type: Content of: <p>
10280#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:506
10281msgid ""
10282"This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Alina Schmidt, Lea "
10283"Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern and Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-"
10284"uraniae.com"
10285msgstr ""
10286
10287#. type: Content of: <p>
10288#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:507
10289msgid "Written in English: the authors"
10290msgstr ""
10291
10292#. type: Content of: <h1>
10293#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:1
10294msgid "The Globe of the Atlas Farnese Statue"
10295msgstr ""
10296
10297#. type: Content of: <p>
10298#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:2
10299msgid ""
10300"This ancient Greek celestial culture is based on the marble globe of the "
10301"Atlas statue in the Villa Farnese (Naples). The statue dates to the 2nd "
10302"century AD, i.e. Roman times. However, it is a copy of an older Greek model,"
10303" which itself has not survived."
10304msgstr ""
10305
10306#. type: Content of: <p>
10307#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:3
10308msgid ""
10309"The marble globe only depicts figures and no stars. The globe has a diameter"
10310" of about 65 cm. The figures were not aligned according to exact point "
10311"coordinates, but in a grid: the ecliptic, the celestial equator, the tropics"
10312" and the polar circles provide orientation in terms of position in "
10313"\"latitude circles\" on the celestial sphere, while the coluric circles "
10314"provide a four-way division in \"longitude circles\". Ancient globe makers "
10315"used this very coarse-meshed grid to adjust the figure drawings."
10316msgstr ""
10317
10318#. type: Content of: <p>
10319#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:4
10320msgid ""
10321"The images of the globe therefore clearly show that the stonemason who "
10322"created the globe had the popular doctrinal poem by Aratos of Soloi (~300 "
10323"BCE) in mind. There is no reason for the claim - often inflated by popular "
10324"science - that this marble globe was carved according to Hipparchus' star "
10325"catalogue. This thesis has been repeatedly raised over the past ~200 years, "
10326"but regularly dismissed: Both mathematical arguments and artistic "
10327"representations speak against it."
10328msgstr ""
10329
10330#. type: Content of: <p>
10331#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:6
10332msgid ""
10333"<i>Photograph of the reconstructed statue of the Atlas Farnese (Gabriel "
10334"Seah, CC BY-SA-3.0, 9. Juli 2006, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples).</i>"
10335msgstr ""
10336
10337#. type: Content of: <p>
10338#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:7
10339msgid ""
10340"Only the torso of the man was preserved and with broken elbows: everything "
10341"below the hip has been supplemented in a modern way. In this form, the "
10342"sculpture is 2.10 m high. The sculpture of the globe with constellations, "
10343"which is important for us, is original, but has a large hole at the north "
10344"pole - presumably it was anchored there to other parts of the architecture. "
10345"Therefore, the circumpolar constellations of the two she-bears and parts of "
10346"the dragon are missing."
10347msgstr ""
10348
10349#. type: Content of: <h2>
10350#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:9
10351msgid "How was this Sky Culture made?"
10352msgstr ""
10353
10354#. type: Content of: <p>
10355#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:10
10356msgid ""
10357"The illustrations of the individual figures were copied from the marble "
10358"globe as pencil sketches. Stellarium works with point coordinates of the "
10359"modern HIPPARCOS catalogue (produced by an astrometry satellite), so that "
10360"the historical drawings have to be locked at three points (stars) each. "
10361"Since this sometimes leads to distortions in historical figures (the marble "
10362"globe is not a perfect sphere, the figures were not fitted according to "
10363"point coordinates), this was done here \"by eye\" - just as by the "
10364"historical stonemason."
10365msgstr ""
10366
10367#. type: Content of: <p>
10368#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:11
10369msgid ""
10370"The names of the constellations and individual stars were taken from the "
10371"Almagest star catalogue, which also dates from the 2nd century (i.e. the "
10372"reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) and - as was customary at the time - was"
10373" written in Greek as scientific literature."
10374msgstr ""
10375
10376#. type: Content of: <p>
10377#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:12
10378msgid ""
10379"The marble globe was a decorative element in a building, probably a "
10380"particularly elaborate capital. It has no scientific accuracy. Therefore, "
10381"some drawings in relief deviate from the exact star positions of the star "
10382"catalogue: e.g. the Twins (Gemini) are moved slightly to the side to show "
10383"the figure completely, although the lower part of this celestial region "
10384"would be covered by the hand of the Atlas statue. There are similar "
10385"distortions in the Scorpion."
10386msgstr ""
10387
10388#. type: Content of: <p>
10389#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:13
10390msgid ""
10391"The following table lists the original Greek names of the constellations in "
10392"columns 2 and 3, and in column 4 the image on the globe."
10393msgstr ""
10394
10395#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10396#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:18
10397msgid "<b>Original Name</b>"
10398msgstr ""
10399
10400#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10401#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:19
10402#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:23
10403msgid "<b>Translation</b> (literally)"
10404msgstr ""
10405
10406#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10407#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:20
10408#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:24
10409msgid "<b>Picture</b>"
10410msgstr ""
10411
10412#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10413#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:25
10414msgid "Little She-Bear"
10415msgstr ""
10416
10417#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10418#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:26
10419#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:32
10420#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:104
10421#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:140
10422#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:156
10423#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:163
10424#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:247
10425#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:253
10426#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:265
10427msgid "missing"
10428msgstr ""
10429
10430#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10431#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:38
10432msgid "only the head and one bend are depicted"
10433msgstr ""
10434
10435#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10436#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:43
10437msgid "King Kepheus"
10438msgstr ""
10439
10440#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10441#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:49
10442msgid "Ploughing Man"
10443msgstr ""
10444
10445#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10446#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:55
10447msgid "Wreath"
10448msgstr ""
10449
10450#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10451#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:67
10452msgid "Lyre (a Greek instrument)"
10453msgstr ""
10454
10455#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10456#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:73
10457#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:65
10458msgid "Bird [not specified]"
10459msgstr ""
10460
10461#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10462#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:79
10463#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:71
10464msgid "Queen Kassiepeia"
10465msgstr ""
10466
10467#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10468#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:97
10469msgid "Snake Carrier, Snake"
10470msgstr ""
10471
10472#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10473#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:122
10474msgid "missing (stars belong to Dolphin)"
10475msgstr ""
10476
10477#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10478#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:127
10479msgid "Horse [unnamed]"
10480msgstr ""
10481
10482#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10483#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:133
10484#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:107
10485msgid "Princess Andromeda"
10486msgstr ""
10487
10488#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10489#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:163
10490#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:143
10491msgid "Cancer"
10492msgstr ""
10493
10494#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10495#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:175
10496#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:155
10497msgid "Young Lady"
10498msgstr ""
10499
10500#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10501#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:181
10502msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion carrying a Balance]"
10503msgstr ""
10504
10505#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10506#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:193
10507msgid "Archer (two legs: this is satyr Kroton, not the centaur Cheiron)"
10508msgstr ""
10509
10510#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10511#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:199
10512msgid "the One with Horns of a Goat"
10513msgstr ""
10514
10515#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10516#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:205
10517msgid "Water-Pourer"
10518msgstr ""
10519
10520#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10521#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:211
10522msgid "Two Fishes"
10523msgstr ""
10524
10525#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10526#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:229
10527msgid "River [unnamed]"
10528msgstr ""
10529
10530#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10531#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:247
10532msgid "The asterism before the Dog"
10533msgstr ""
10534
10535#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10536#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:248
10537msgid "missing [covered by the hand of Atlas]"
10538msgstr ""
10539
10540#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10541#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:259
10542msgid "Watersnake + Crater + Raven"
10543msgstr ""
10544
10545#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10546#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:271
10547msgid "Monster"
10548msgstr ""
10549
10550#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10551#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:283
10552msgid "Southern Wreath"
10553msgstr ""
10554
10555#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10556#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:290
10557msgid "missing [covered by the shoulder of Atlas]"
10558msgstr ""
10559
10560#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10561#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:296
10562#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:285
10563msgid ""
10564"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden/ New York, "
10565"2017"
10566msgstr ""
10567
10568#. type: Content of: <p>
10569#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:300
10570#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:289
10571msgid ""
10572"We provide this sky culture free of charge, but the authors deserve to be "
10573"cited according to the usual rules. This sky culture is provided under CC "
10574"BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (cite, share under equal terms, do "
10575"not modify without consulting the authors). Thank you!"
10576msgstr ""
10577
10578#. type: Content of: <p>
10579#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:303
10580msgid ""
10581"This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann "
10582"(service@uhura-uraniae.com)."
10583msgstr ""
10584
10585#. type: Content of: <h5>
10586#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:305
10587msgid "the author"
10588msgstr ""
10589
10590#. type: Content of: <h1>
10591#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:1
10592msgid "Leiden Aratea"
10593msgstr ""
10594
10595#. type: Content of: <p>
10596#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:2
10597msgid ""
10598"This is a manuscript from the Carolingian period, two copies of which are "
10599"known so far. One was found in Metz (France), the other in Leiden "
10600"(Netherlands). It dates to the reign of the Carolingian king Louis the Pious"
10601" (778-840), who may have been the patron himself (or his wife)."
10602msgstr ""
10603
10604#. type: Content of: <p>
10605#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:3
10606msgid ""
10607"The manuscript was probably created around 816 to 825 in Aachen or Metz "
10608"(Lorraine) and was made with such expensive material that a royal patron is "
10609"suspected. It comprises 99 parchment leaves, each of which measures 22.5 by "
10610"20.0 cm (i.e. approximately square with the width of DIN A4). In addition to"
10611" graphic representations of planetary orbits and other didactic "
10612"visualisations, this manuscript also contains 35 full-page miniatures "
10613"depicting the ancient figures behind the constellations."
10614msgstr ""
10615
10616#. type: Content of: <p>
10617#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:4
10618msgid ""
10619"The figures are drawn from a non-preserved Roman model, but not from a "
10620"globe, so that there is no fit to the stars. The stars themselves are only "
10621"symbolically distributed on the figures, i.e. the number of stars per figure"
10622" is marked in the manuscript in the form of applied gold leaves. The gold "
10623"leaves, however, are not located at the true places of the stars in view of "
10624"the figure in the sky, but are only indicated summarily. Elly Decker's essay"
10625" discusses her proposed identifications in detail."
10626msgstr ""
10627
10628#. type: Content of: <p>
10629#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:6
10630msgid ""
10631"<i>A sample page from the medieval manuscript shows the three cushion images"
10632" Draco, Ursa Maior and Ursa Minor with the text opposite.</i>"
10633msgstr ""
10634
10635#. type: Content of: <h2>
10636#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:8
10637msgid "How this Sky Culture was made"
10638msgstr ""
10639
10640#. type: Content of: <p>
10641#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:9
10642msgid ""
10643"The illustrations of the individual figures were taken directly from the "
10644"manuscript (provided by Prof. D. Blume, Jena, for planetarium applications)."
10645" Stellarium works with point coordinates for stars in the catalogue of the "
10646"astrometry satellite HIPPARCOS, so that the historical drawings have to be "
10647"locked at three points each. Some of the flat book illustrations had to be "
10648"distorted slightly on the planetarium dome to fit the stars. Except for the "
10649"illustration of Scorpius and Ophiuchus, an approximate adjustment was "
10650"possible."
10651msgstr ""
10652
10653#. type: Content of: <p>
10654#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:10
10655msgid ""
10656"In a planetarium dome, i.e. against a dark background, the dark blue and "
10657"black parts of the manuscript are not recognisable. That is why these parts "
10658"(e.g. the crab as a figure, the horns of the ibex, the goats of the "
10659"carter...) were colour-inverted. The female bears, which are supposed to be "
10660"dark, have only been shifted slightly into the red. How the image looks in "
10661"the original (with its lapis lazuli blue background and the original dark "
10662"colours) is shown in the table below."
10663msgstr ""
10664
10665#. type: Content of: <p>
10666#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:11
10667msgid ""
10668"There are some constellations in the Leiden Aratea, in particular Cen + Lup,"
10669" Vir, Lib are leaving a huge gap in the sky.  Both, Virgo and Centaur are "
10670"probably not painted because the painter thought it were variants of the "
10671"images of Sgr (Cen) and And (Vir).  The artist of the Leiden Aratea never "
10672"mapped the images onto the stars.  In order to make these depictions "
10673"understandable for us, I mapped them in Stellarium and added the names and "
10674"stickfigures of the constellations and the names of individual stars from "
10675"the Almagest.  The Almagest is a book of mathematical astronomy of the 2nd "
10676"century (i.e. the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) while Aratos's poem "
10677"describes a much earlier (~300 BCE) Greek sky culture.  Both, the Almagest "
10678"and the poem, are written in Greek originally but the Leiden Aratea "
10679"presumably refers to a Latin translation of Aratus' poem and Roman artwork."
10680msgstr ""
10681
10682#. type: Content of: <p>
10683#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:17
10684msgid ""
10685"The following table lists the original names of the constellations in "
10686"columns 2 and 3. constellations, in column 4 the illustration in the "
10687"manuscript."
10688msgstr ""
10689
10690#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10691#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:21
10692msgid "<b>Latin Name, Abbreviation</b>"
10693msgstr ""
10694
10695#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10696#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:22
10697msgid "<b>Original Greek Name</b>"
10698msgstr ""
10699
10700#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10701#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:29
10702msgid "Little She-Bear, Great She-Bear, Dragon (Latin) / Snake (Greek)"
10703msgstr ""
10704
10705#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10706#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:41
10707msgid "Ox driver (Latin), Ploughing Man (Greek)"
10708msgstr ""
10709
10710#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10711#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:47
10712msgid "Crown (Latin), Wreath (Greek)"
10713msgstr ""
10714
10715#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10716#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:53
10717msgid "Hercules (Latin), Kneeler (Greek)"
10718msgstr ""
10719
10720#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10721#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:53
10722msgid ""
10723"The star between the legs is a well-known mistake in the picture: for this "
10724"figure the draughtsman obviously took Bootes as a model; leg position, "
10725"shepherd's crook (instead of club for Hercules) and star between the knees "
10726"are the same."
10727msgstr ""
10728
10729#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10730#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:77
10731#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:149
10732#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:168
10733#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228
10734#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:234
10735msgid "mirrored depiction"
10736msgstr ""
10737
10738#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10739#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:87
10740#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:88
10741#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:166
10742#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:167
10743msgid "and"
10744msgstr ""
10745
10746#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10747#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:89
10748msgid "Eagle with Arrow"
10749msgstr ""
10750
10751#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10752#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:95
10753msgid ""
10754"In the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), there was no constellation "
10755"Equuleus. The Farnese Globe (as well as the Mainz Globe and the Kugel Globe)"
10756" depicts the Dolphin rather largely, covering the space of Equ. That is why "
10757"I chose to follow this Aratean tradition also for the Leiden Aratea."
10758msgstr ""
10759
10760#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10761#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:101
10762msgid "Pegasus (name of a winged horse; Latin), a Horse (Greek)"
10763msgstr ""
10764
10765#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10766#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:119
10767msgid ""
10768"(jumping through a ring which is a symbol for the year; Roman new year was "
10769"in spring)."
10770msgstr ""
10771
10772#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10773#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:131
10774msgid "The Pleiades"
10775msgstr ""
10776
10777#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10778#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:131
10779msgid "or Seven Sisters"
10780msgstr ""
10781
10782#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10783#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:143
10784msgid "<i>The cancer was lightened.</i>"
10785msgstr ""
10786
10787#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10788#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:155
10789msgid ""
10790"Apparently, the manuscript only contains one drawing for figures that are "
10791"depicted twice: like Sagittarius is depicted as centaur and the "
10792"constellation Centaur is missing, Andromeda is painted as young lady but the"
10793" second young lady for the constellation of Virgo is missing."
10794msgstr ""
10795
10796#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10797#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:161
10798msgid ""
10799"Balance (Latin, since 1st century CE in Geminos and Manilius; transferred in"
10800" a style epoch of Babylonian revival),"
10801msgstr ""
10802
10803#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10804#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:162
10805msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion] (Greek)"
10806msgstr ""
10807
10808#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10809#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:162
10810msgid "The claws of the Scorpion indeed to cover this area."
10811msgstr ""
10812
10813#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10814#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:168
10815msgid "Snake Carrier and Scorpion (both in the zodiac ever since)"
10816msgstr ""
10817
10818#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10819#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:180
10820msgid "The Goat-Horned One"
10821msgstr ""
10822
10823#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10824#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:186
10825msgid "Water Pourer"
10826msgstr ""
10827
10828#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10829#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:186
10830msgid "mirrored depiction (although front view)"
10831msgstr ""
10832
10833#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10834#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:192
10835msgid "Fishes"
10836msgstr ""
10837
10838#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10839#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:198
10840msgid "a Sea Monster named Cetus"
10841msgstr ""
10842
10843#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10844#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204
10845msgid "<i>mirrored depiction</i>"
10846msgstr ""
10847
10848#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10849#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204
10850msgid ""
10851"The Hare in this depiction had been deleted and replaced by the Hare from "
10852"his own single-page painting."
10853msgstr ""
10854
10855#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10856#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:210
10857msgid "the river Eridanus (Latin), an unnamed River (Greek);"
10858msgstr ""
10859
10860#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10861#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:210
10862msgid "here a river god is depicted"
10863msgstr ""
10864
10865#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10866#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:216
10867msgid ""
10868"<i>shown twice: once between Orion's legs, once separately; for the "
10869"visualisation we have removed the hare between Orion's legs. The separately "
10870"illustrated hare runs in the direction of writing, but the hare between "
10871"Orion's legs runs in the direction of the true course of the sun. The "
10872"constellation figure should therefore be thought of as mirrored in relation "
10873"to the illustration in the book: this can be seen in the sketch of the hare "
10874"between Orion's legs.</i>"
10875msgstr ""
10876
10877#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10878#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:222
10879msgid "mirrored depiction of a little dog"
10880msgstr ""
10881
10882#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10883#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228
10884msgid "The star in front of the dog"
10885msgstr ""
10886
10887#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10888#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228
10889msgid ""
10890"(an asterism of three stars forming a small dog is already mentioned by "
10891"Eratosthenes, but the name of the figure was always \"Prokyon\"). Procyon is"
10892" a Greek term (with \"k\") latinized."
10893msgstr ""
10894
10895#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10896#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:240
10897msgid "Water Snake, a particular vessel (crater), Raven"
10898msgstr ""
10899
10900#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10901#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246
10902msgid ""
10903"apparently the constellations that are double have been painted only once: "
10904"Sagittarius is depicted as centaur in the manuscript, the constellation "
10905"Centaurus (a centaur with a sacrificial animal) is not depicted"
10906msgstr ""
10907
10908#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10909#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246
10910msgid "(likewise, Andromeda is depicted but not Virgo)"
10911msgstr ""
10912
10913#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10914#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:252
10915msgid "monster"
10916msgstr ""
10917
10918#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10919#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:252
10920msgid ""
10921"(in the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), Lupus is not a standalone "
10922"constellation but a composite of the constellation of Centaurus that is "
10923"missing here)."
10924msgstr ""
10925
10926#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10927#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:264
10928msgid "Southern Crown (Latin), Southern Wreath (Greek)"
10929msgstr ""
10930
10931#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10932#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270
10933msgid "(had been \"Great Fish\" for Eratosthenes and Aratus in Greek)"
10934msgstr ""
10935
10936#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
10937#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270
10938msgid ""
10939"It is so darkly drawn here that you would not recognise it in the stars. "
10940"That is why the colours have been dipped into a blue-green scheme instead of"
10941" the original red-purple one."
10942msgstr ""
10943
10944#. type: Content of: <h3>
10945#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:276
10946msgid "For the Aratea itself:"
10947msgstr ""
10948
10949#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10950#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:278
10951msgid ""
10952"Blume, Dieter; Haffner, Mechthild; Metzger, Wolfgang: Sternbilder des "
10953"Mittelalters und der Renaissance: Porträts aus der Geschichte der "
10954"Leibnizschen Wissenschaftsakademie, Band I-II, de Gruyter, 2012-2016"
10955msgstr ""
10956
10957#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10958#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:279
10959msgid ""
10960"Dekker, Elly: The Provenance of the Stars in the Leiden Aratea Picture Book,"
10961" Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes Vol. 73 (2010), pp. 1-37"
10962msgstr ""
10963
10964#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
10965#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:280
10966msgid ""
10967"Katzenstein, Ranee and Savage-Smith, Emily: The Leiden Aratea &mdash; "
10968"Ancient Constellations in a medieval manuscript, The Paul Getty Museum, "
10969"Malibu California, 1988"
10970msgstr ""
10971
10972#. type: Content of: <h3>
10973#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:282
10974msgid "For Ptolemaios (in comparison): Almagest star catalogue"
10975msgstr ""
10976
10977#. type: Content of: <p>
10978#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:292
10979msgid ""
10980"This sky culture was added to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann "
10981"(service@uhura-uraniae.com) and originally created in collaboration with "
10982"Prof. Dr. Dieter Blume (Art History, FSU Jena, Germany) for Planetarium "
10983"Jena."
10984msgstr ""
10985
10986#. type: Content of: <h5>
10987#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:294
10988msgid "the authors"
10989msgstr ""
10990
10991#. type: Content of: <h2>
10992#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:1
10993msgid "Hawaiian Starlines"
10994msgstr ""
10995
10996#. type: Content of: <p>
10997#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:2
10998msgid ""
10999"These are the star lines developed by Nainoa Thompson and used by the "
11000"Polynesian Voyaging Society to navigate Polynesian sailing canoes using "
11001"traditional techniques of non instrument navigation across thousands of "
11002"miles of open ocean.  For years, Hawaiian navigators have memorized the "
11003"position of stars as they rise and set in order to know oneʻs bearing.   "
11004"Wayfinder Nainoa Thompson developed a system of organization to help "
11005"memorize the position of stars throughout the celestial sphere by dividing "
11006"the sky into four evenly sized star lines."
11007msgstr ""
11008
11009#. type: Content of: <h2>
11010#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:8
11011msgid "History"
11012msgstr ""
11013
11014#. type: Content of: <p>
11015#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:9
11016msgid ""
11017"The knowledge of Hawaiian star navigation has been passed down orally for "
11018"many generations.   Much of the knowledge regarding stars and navigation "
11019"were lost until the Hawaiian Renaissance in the early 1970s.  Polynesian "
11020"Voyage Society (PVS), founded in 1973, created Hokule’a in 1975.  Hokule’a "
11021"is a traditional Hawaiian voyaging canoe with the mission to revive the art "
11022"of way finding.  A man from Satawal, Micronesia named Mau Piailug was a "
11023"master navigator/wayfinder.  The knowledge of wayfinding and using the sky "
11024"to navigate was passed down to Mau from his ancestors.  Nainoa Thompson, "
11025"current President of PVS, asked Mau to teach his knowledge of navigation to "
11026"him with the intention of reviving the knowledge that was once lost to the "
11027"Hawaiians.  With the knowledge learned from Mau, the Hawaiian star compass "
11028"and star lines were created."
11029msgstr ""
11030
11031#. type: Content of: <h2>
11032#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:19
11033msgid "Star Lines"
11034msgstr ""
11035
11036#. type: Content of: <p>
11037#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:20
11038msgid ""
11039"Each star line is a group of main stars that will be remembered by the "
11040"navigators.  The stars connect making constellations.  Navigators remember "
11041"the rising/setting houses of these stars, the stars that connect in each "
11042"line, and the lines that point directly to North and South.  The star lines’"
11043" position in the night sky slowly change over time, each starline being more"
11044" prevalent at night according to the season.  The star lines with their "
11045"according season are as follows:"
11046msgstr ""
11047
11048#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11049#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:27
11050msgid "November to April"
11051msgstr ""
11052
11053#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11054#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:28
11055msgid "April to July"
11056msgstr ""
11057
11058#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11059#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:29
11060msgid "May to October"
11061msgstr ""
11062
11063#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
11064#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:30
11065msgid "September to February"
11066msgstr ""
11067
11068#. type: Content of: <p>
11069#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:35
11070msgid ""
11071"The direct translation means the “Bailer of <em>Makali’i</em>”. The lines "
11072"are shaped as a canoe bailer which scoops <em>Ka Hei-Hei o Na Keiki</em> "
11073"(Orion) and <em>Makali’i</em> (Pleiades) up into the night sky.  In voyaging"
11074" a bailer is used to scoop up water out of the hulls."
11075msgstr ""
11076
11077#. type: Content of: <p>
11078#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:38
11079msgid ""
11080"The main stars of <em>Ke Ka o Makali’i</em> from North to South are "
11081"<em>Hokulei</em> (Capella), <em>Nanamua</em> (Castor), <em>Nanahope</em> "
11082"(Pollux), <em>Puana</em> (Procyon), and <em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius).  These stars"
11083" connect together to create the bailer in the sky.  Mintaka in Orion is an "
11084"important star in this line because it rises/sets directly east or west "
11085"giving the navigator an easy pointer star for direction.  Mirzim (next to "
11086"<em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius)) and <em>Ke Ali’i Kona i Ka Lewa</em> (Canopus) "
11087"connect together to create a southern pointer.  <em>‘Ekekeuehuehu</em> "
11088"(&theta; Aur, Mahasim) and <em>‘Ekekeu’ena’ena</em> (&beta; Aur, Menkalinan)"
11089" connect to create a northern pointer.  Different north/south pointers are "
11090"found in the star lines and used heavily by navigators."
11091msgstr ""
11092
11093#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11094#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:46
11095msgid ""
11096"<em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em> translates to the backbone (directly: Bone back-"
11097"lizard).  This star line is depicted as the backbone of a lizard or "
11098"<em>mo’o</em> in this sky culture.  It can also be representing a "
11099"genealogical backbone, each star representing a generation."
11100msgstr ""
11101
11102#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11103#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:50
11104msgid ""
11105"The star line itself starts with <em>Hokupa’a</em> (North Star), the "
11106"ultimate northern pointer due to the star never moving in the sky, always "
11107"above north.  <em>Hokupa’a</em> connects down to <em>Na Hiku</em> (Big "
11108"Dipper). <em>Na Hiku</em> translates to “The Seven” as there is seven stars "
11109"in the Big Dipper.  <em>Hokule’a</em> (Arcturus) and <em>Hikianalia</em> "
11110"(Spica) are the two stars in the middle of the star line.  The two PVS "
11111"canoes are named after these two stars.  <em>Hokule’a</em> is the “zenith” "
11112"star of Hawai’i, meaning it will be directly overhead when you are at the "
11113"latitude of the Hawaiian Islands.  <em>Hokule’a</em> is very important to "
11114"navigators on finding their way back to Hawai’i.  The meaning of "
11115"<em>Hokule’a</em> is “the star of gladness” because it is the star used to "
11116"find home bringing joy.  Next to <em>Hikianalia</em> is <em>Me’e</em>, a "
11117"combination of four stars that create a box.  <em>Me’e</em> connects down to"
11118" <em>Hanaiakamalama</em> (Southern Cross) which is the southern pointer for "
11119"<em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em>."
11120msgstr ""
11121
11122#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11123#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:61
11124msgid ""
11125"<em>Manaiakalani</em> translates to “The Chief's Fishline”. This refers to "
11126"the legend of the demi god Maui and his fish hook.  Maui is credited for "
11127"pulling up the islands with his magical fish hook."
11128msgstr ""
11129
11130#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11131#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:64
11132msgid ""
11133"This star line consists of two constellations. The Navigator’s Triangle on "
11134"the north and Maui’s fish hook on the south.  The Navigator’s Triangle is "
11135"made of three stars <em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb), <em>Keoe</em> (Vega), and "
11136"<em>Humu</em> (Altair).  (It is the same figure as the Summer Triangle for "
11137"modern amateur astronomers.)  These stars also represent the Polynesian "
11138"triangle: Hawai’i (<em>Hawaiki</em>), Rapanui (<em>Keoe</em>), and Aotearoa "
11139"(<em>Humu</em>).  These three islands are pulled by the fish hook of Maui "
11140"(Scorpius)."
11141msgstr ""
11142
11143#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11144#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:70
11145msgid ""
11146"The northern pointer is found in the Navigator’s Triangle when you connect "
11147"<em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb) and <em>Momonapikowalu</em> (&gamma; Cyg, Sadr).  "
11148"Southern pointers are in the fish hook when you connect <em>Mili’opu</em> "
11149"(&delta; Sco, Dschubba) and <em>Kahe</em> (&pi; Sco, Nur), the stars on the "
11150"top of the hook."
11151msgstr ""
11152
11153#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11154#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:74
11155msgid ""
11156"<em>Ka Lupe o Kawelo</em> translates to “The Kite of Kawelo”. Kawelo was a "
11157"great chief of Kaua’i and O’ahu and this star line represents the kite which"
11158" was lost as a child."
11159msgstr ""
11160
11161#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11162#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:76
11163msgid ""
11164"The star line starts with <em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>, meaning Chief Frigate Bird "
11165"(<em>Fregata Minor</em>).  The shape of this constellation (which is "
11166"Cassiopeia's W in the West) resembles the <em>‘iwa</em> bird that is known "
11167"for leading voyagers to land.  The center of the star line is the Kite of "
11168"Kawelo (equal to the Great Square of Pegasus).  The four stars that make the"
11169" kite are named after Kawelo’s greatest ancestors: <em>Manokalanipo</em> "
11170"(&delta; Peg, Alpheratz), <em>Kakuhihewa</em> (&beta; Peg, Scheat), "
11171"<em>Pi’ilani</em> (&gamma; Peg, Algenib), and <em>Keawe</em> (&alpha; Peg, "
11172"Markab).  All four were famous chiefs of their time. The star line then "
11173"connects south to two stars <em>Pi’ikea</em> (&beta; Cet, Deneb Kaitos) and "
11174"<em>Kukaniloko</em> (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut)."
11175msgstr ""
11176
11177#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11178#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:83
11179msgid ""
11180"The northern pointer is found in <em>Manokalanipo</em> (&delta; Peg, "
11181"Alpheratz) and <em>Kealohalani-po-keao</em> (&beta; Cas, Caph) of "
11182"<em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>.  The southern pointer is connected with <em>Keawe</em> "
11183"(&alpha; Peg, Markab) and <em>Kukaniloko</em> (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut)."
11184msgstr ""
11185
11186#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
11187#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:88
11188msgid "<a href=\"http://hokulea.com\">Polynesian Voyaging Society</a>"
11189msgstr ""
11190
11191#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
11192#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:89
11193msgid ""
11194"<a "
11195"href=\"http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html\">Hawaiian"
11196" Voyaging Society</a>"
11197msgstr ""
11198
11199#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
11200#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:90
11201msgid "<a href=\"http://www.imiloahawaii.org/71/star-paths\">Imiloa</a>"
11202msgstr ""
11203
11204#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
11205#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:91
11206msgid ""
11207"<a "
11208"href=\"http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html\">Hawaiian"
11209" Star Lines and Names for Stars</a>"
11210msgstr ""
11211
11212#. type: Content of: <p><p>
11213#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:94
11214msgid ""
11215"The Hawaiian Star Compass landscape which should be used with this "
11216"skyculture is available at the <a "
11217"href=\"https://stellarium.org/landscapes.html\">Stellarium Landscapes</a> "
11218"collection."
11219msgstr ""
11220
11221#. type: Content of: <p><p><h2>
11222#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:96
11223msgid "Background and Acknowledgements"
11224msgstr ""
11225
11226#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11227#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:98
11228msgid ""
11229"The <em>master navigator</em> behind this sky culture was Mau Piailug of "
11230"Satawal, who taught the Polynesian art of celestial navigation to Nainoa "
11231"Thompson, who developed this version of the sky culture that was used from "
11232"2013-17 by Hawaiians to sail around the world during the Malama Honua Voyage"
11233" of Hokule’a, the Polynesian voyaging canoe.  Stellarium has been used as a "
11234"tool by the navigators of Hokule’a and this sky culture serves as a tool for"
11235" practicing Polynesian navigation."
11236msgstr ""
11237
11238#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
11239#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:102
11240msgid ""
11241"The technical implementation of the sky culture included here was "
11242"contributed in 2017 by teachers Darren Kamalu and Christopher Blake, "
11243"Students Jonah Apo, Nicholas Koanui, Brenden Aila and the Celestial "
11244"Navigation class at Kamehameha Schools Kapalama, Honolulu, Hawai’i.  Artwork"
11245" by Kealoha Kaneakua."
11246msgstr ""
11247
11248#. type: Content of: <h2>
11249#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:1
11250msgid "Indian Vedic"
11251msgstr ""
11252
11253#. type: Content of: <p>
11254#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:2
11255msgid ""
11256"Vedic sky culture with some commonly known constellations related to "
11257"Nakṣatra-s."
11258msgstr ""
11259
11260#. type: Content of: <p>
11261#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:6
11262msgid ""
11263"The sidereal zodiac is an imaginary belt of 360 degrees (like the tropical "
11264"zodiac), divided into 12 equal parts. Each twelfth part (of 30 degrees) is "
11265"called a sign or rashi. Their names are shown in (brackets)."
11266msgstr ""
11267
11268#. type: Content of: <p>
11269#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:7
11270msgid ""
11271"In stellarium, we show Rāśi constellations attached to the corresponding "
11272"asterisms, and not as divisions of the ecliptic offset away from their "
11273"original locations to account for precession."
11274msgstr ""
11275
11276#. type: Content of: <p>
11277#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:8
11278msgid ""
11279"In traditional astronomy there are two systems of measuring time - Lunar "
11280"Calender & Solar calender. In both cases one year is divided into 12 months "
11281"or \"māsā\". Name of the solar months originated from these constellation' "
11282"names."
11283msgstr ""
11284
11285#. type: Content of: <p>
11286#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:11
11287msgid ""
11288"In Hindu tradition the ecliptic is divided into 27 parts of approximately "
11289"13°20\", which correspond with 27 asterisms known as the nakṣatra-s (full "
11290"list, with western equivalents here: https://goo.gl/2PVi28 ). In the "
11291"earliest extant layers of the tradition this number is 28. This division is "
11292"critical for several purposes including timing rituals and determining the "
11293"birth lunar mansions. Since these asterisms define an area in the sky, they "
11294"are also technically constellations."
11295msgstr ""
11296
11297#. type: Content of: <p>
11298#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:12
11299msgid ""
11300"sUrya-siddhAnta and vedAnga-jyotiSha specify start coordinates for the "
11301"13°20\" divisions using some stars (Please see penultimate paragraph in <a "
11302"href=\"https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-"
11303"of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n42/mode/1up\">this page</a>)"
11304msgstr ""
11305
11306#. type: Content of: <p>
11307#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:13
11308msgid ""
11309"The earliest complete nakṣatra lists are found in the Taittirīya-śruti and "
11310"the Atharvaveda where they are recited as part of the nakṣatreṣṭi ritual "
11311"which places the deities of pantheon in these celestial compartments. Some "
11312"scholars opine that the tradition shows that by the early medieval period, "
11313"the nakṣatra identification had changed to a small degree from the Vedic "
11314"period."
11315msgstr ""
11316
11317#. type: Content of: <p>
11318#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:14
11319msgid ""
11320"There are multiple rich mythologies and symbolisms associated with the same "
11321"constellations and stars (Example: <a "
11322"href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq__DXtfeXw\">Raj Vedam on "
11323"Rohini</a>) - it wouldn't do to rely on one to the exclusion of others "
11324"during translation or truncated description. Hence we stick to etymological "
11325"translations; and rather than including long mythological accounts here, "
11326"just suggest that interested readers delve into them separately. (See "
11327"references below.)"
11328msgstr ""
11329
11330#. type: Content of: <p>
11331#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:15
11332msgid ""
11333"Name of the lunar months originated from those 12 divisions' names in which "
11334"full moon or \"Purnimā\" occurs. Unlike a solar day which defined by a "
11335"sunrise to next sunrise, a lunar day or moon's position in a nakshatra "
11336"doesn't depends on sun rising or moon rising. Thus a lunar day may start in "
11337"any time of a solar day. Like other ancient human cultures, vedic people "
11338"innovated a number of systems of which intercalary lunar months became most "
11339"used, that is adding another month every 32.5 months on average or 4 months "
11340"in every 11 years to correct the mismatch between lunar and solar year."
11341msgstr ""
11342
11343#. type: Content of: <p>
11344#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:16
11345msgid ""
11346"A few of the yogatārā-s or prominent asterisms in the nakṣatra-s (going by "
11347"their mainstream identification) lie slightly outside their constellation "
11348"boundaries - in which case, any resultant problem (with regards to ritual "
11349"timing or astrology) should be solved by other means (some people propose "
11350"alternate identifications for such yogatārā-s)."
11351msgstr ""
11352
11353#. type: Content of: <h3>
11354#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:18
11355msgid "Navagraha - Nine \"planets\""
11356msgstr ""
11357
11358#. type: Content of: <p>
11359#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:19
11360msgid ""
11361"They observed that some celestial body moves independently relative to "
11362"background stars and named them \"planets\" or \"graha\". As such The sun "
11363"and moon are also treated as graha. They also named the lunar nodes as "
11364"graha-s as these points are very important to calculate the eclipses. Name "
11365"of vedic days originated from these planet's names."
11366msgstr ""
11367
11368#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
11369#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22
11370msgid "Graha"
11371msgstr ""
11372
11373#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
11374#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22
11375#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:45
11376msgid "Designation"
11377msgstr ""
11378
11379#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
11380#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22
11381msgid "Name of Solar days"
11382msgstr ""
11383
11384#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11385#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23
11386msgid "(Sun)"
11387msgstr ""
11388
11389#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11390#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23
11391msgid "Sun God"
11392msgstr ""
11393
11394#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11395#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23
11396msgid "(Sunday)"
11397msgstr ""
11398
11399#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11400#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24
11401msgid "(Moon)"
11402msgstr ""
11403
11404#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11405#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24
11406msgid "Moon god"
11407msgstr ""
11408
11409#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11410#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24
11411msgid "(Monday)"
11412msgstr ""
11413
11414#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11415#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25
11416msgid "(Mars)"
11417msgstr ""
11418
11419#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11420#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25
11421msgid "God of war"
11422msgstr ""
11423
11424#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11425#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25
11426msgid "(Tuesday)"
11427msgstr ""
11428
11429#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11430#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26
11431msgid "(Mercury)"
11432msgstr ""
11433
11434#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11435#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26
11436msgid "Son of Moon"
11437msgstr ""
11438
11439#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11440#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26
11441msgid "(Wednesday)"
11442msgstr ""
11443
11444#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11445#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27
11446msgid "(Jupiter)"
11447msgstr ""
11448
11449#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11450#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27
11451msgid "Teacher of Gods"
11452msgstr ""
11453
11454#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11455#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27
11456msgid "(Thursday)"
11457msgstr ""
11458
11459#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11460#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28
11461msgid "(Venus)"
11462msgstr ""
11463
11464#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11465#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28
11466msgid "Mentor of Demons"
11467msgstr ""
11468
11469#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11470#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28
11471msgid "(Friday)"
11472msgstr ""
11473
11474#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11475#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29
11476msgid "(Saturn)"
11477msgstr ""
11478
11479#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11480#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29
11481msgid "God of Misfortune"
11482msgstr ""
11483
11484#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11485#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29
11486msgid "(Saturday)"
11487msgstr ""
11488
11489#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11490#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:30
11491#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:31
11492msgid "lunar node"
11493msgstr ""
11494
11495#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11496#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:30
11497#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:31
11498msgid "-"
11499msgstr ""
11500
11501#. type: Content of: <h4>
11502#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:36
11503msgid "General"
11504msgstr ""
11505
11506#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11507#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:38
11508msgid ""
11509"<a href=\"https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/नक्षत्रम्\" class='external text' "
11510"rel=\"nofollow\">Nakshatra</a> article at Sanskrit Wikipedia"
11511msgstr ""
11512
11513#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11514#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:39
11515msgid ""
11516"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra\" class='external text' "
11517"rel=\"nofollow\">Nakshatra</a> article at English Wikipedia"
11518msgstr ""
11519
11520#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11521#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:40
11522msgid ""
11523"<a "
11524"href=\"https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-"
11525"of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n77/mode/2up\" class='external text' "
11526"rel=\"nofollow\">History Of Calendar-Panchanga Committee Report</a>"
11527msgstr ""
11528
11529#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11530#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:41
11531msgid ""
11532"<a "
11533"href=\"http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Others/Possible%20period%20of%20the%20design%20of%20Nakshatras.pdf\""
11534" class='external text'> \"Possible period of the design of Nakshatras and "
11535"Abhijit\"</a>"
11536msgstr ""
11537
11538#. type: Content of: <h4>
11539#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:44
11540msgid "Mythology"
11541msgstr ""
11542
11543#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
11544#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:45
11545msgid "Much of the below is available online for free at archive.org."
11546msgstr ""
11547
11548#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11549#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:48
11550msgid ""
11551"Secondary references such as: Purana Encyclopedia, Purana Index, Mahabharata"
11552" Index, Vedic Indix"
11553msgstr ""
11554
11555#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11556#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:49
11557#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:54
11558msgid "Vedas, Agamas"
11559msgstr ""
11560
11561#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11562#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:50
11563msgid ""
11564"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/vedicchronologya033083mbp/page/n5\" "
11565"class='external text'> Vedic Chronology And Vedanga Jyotisha by Bala "
11566"Gangadhar Tilak</a>"
11567msgstr ""
11568
11569#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11570#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:51
11571msgid ""
11572"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.5110\" class='external "
11573"text'> Orion The Antiquity Of The Vedas by Bala Gangadhar Tilak</a>"
11574msgstr ""
11575
11576#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11577#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:52
11578msgid ""
11579"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/arctichm/page/n21/mode/2up\" "
11580"class='external text'> The Arctic Home in the Vedas by Bal Gangadhar "
11581"Tilak</a>"
11582msgstr ""
11583
11584#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11585#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:53
11586msgid ""
11587"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/HamletsMill\" class='external "
11588"text'>Hamlet's Mill: An Essay on Myth & the Frame of Time by Giorgio de "
11589"Santillana, Hertha von Dechend</a>"
11590msgstr ""
11591
11592#. type: Content of: <h3>
11593#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:58
11594msgid "Contributors"
11595msgstr ""
11596
11597#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11598#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:60
11599msgid "Tanmoy Saha"
11600msgstr ""
11601
11602#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11603#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:61
11604msgid ""
11605"Contributors from the <a href=\"https://github.com/sanskrit-"
11606"coders\">sanskrit-coders community</a> (esp <a "
11607"href=\"https://github.com/vvasuki/\">Vishvas Vasuki</a>."
11608msgstr ""
11609
11610#. type: Content of: <h2>
11611#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:1
11612msgid "Inuit"
11613msgstr ""
11614
11615#. type: Content of: <p>
11616#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:2
11617msgid ""
11618"The Inuit sky culture files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of "
11619"John MacDonald's research in his book <b>The Arctic Sky: Inuit Astronomy, "
11620"Star Lore and Legend</b>. While placements and specifics of Inuit "
11621"constellations might differ from tribe to tribe, the information in "
11622"Stellarium presents the constellations and general themes of the arctic "
11623"universe."
11624msgstr ""
11625
11626#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11627#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:27
11628msgid ""
11629"<a href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Arctic-Sky-Inuit-Astronomy-"
11630"Legend/dp/0888544278\">The Arctic Sky, Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and "
11631"Legend</a> book at amazon.com"
11632msgstr ""
11633
11634#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
11635#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:28
11636msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_astronomy\">Wikipedia</a>"
11637msgstr ""
11638
11639#. type: Content of: <p>
11640#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:32
11641msgid ""
11642"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis "
11643"Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book <b>The Arctic Sky: "
11644"Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and Legend</b> by John MacDonald."
11645msgstr ""
11646
11647#. type: Content of: <p>
11648#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:34
11649msgid ""
11650"Illustrations are done by Johan Meuris, released under the Free Art License."
11651msgstr ""
11652
11653#. type: Content of: <h2>
11654#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:1
11655msgid "Japanese Moon Stations"
11656msgstr "日本星宿"
11657
11658#. type: Content of: <p>
11659#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:2
11660msgid ""
11661"Most astronomical observation in the Japan until the Meiji Restoration was "
11662"closely tied to astrological purposes.  For ancient Chinese and later Korean"
11663" and Japanese cartographers four seasons and four cardinal directions is "
11664"marked as four talismanic animals - the Azure Dragon of the East (Spring), "
11665"the Red Bird of the South (Summer), the White Tiger of the West (Fall), and "
11666"the \"Genbu\" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter). Corresponding to each "
11667"of the talismanic animals the celestial \"palaces\" were seven <em>sei "
11668"shuku</em> or what are sometimes called \"lunar lodges\".  The moon "
11669"\"stations\" or \"lodges\" probably may be used to determine position of sun"
11670" and planets as well as the moon, and their number may or may not have been "
11671"related to the period of the moon's orbit. Origins of these associations are"
11672" obscure and even controversial."
11673msgstr ""
11674
11675#. type: Content of: <p>
11676#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:10
11677msgid ""
11678"Determination of the talismanic animals and associated star \"palaces\" "
11679"together with the associated 28 <em>sei shuku</em> or lunar lodges represent"
11680" some of the most complex aspects of Asian \"astronomy\". An apparent "
11681"anomaly is the fact that the actual positional path of the sun seems to move"
11682" in a direction opposite the seasonal associations of Spring and Fall.  Some"
11683" scientists argues that this is due to the animals and sei shuku being "
11684"created some 17 to 18 millennia ago (precession creating the anomaly), but "
11685"it does not really explain the apparent \"backward\" motion of the sun "
11686"through seasons."
11687msgstr ""
11688
11689#. type: Content of: <p>
11690#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:15
11691msgid ""
11692"According to some scientists, the talismanic animals with their associated "
11693"sei shuku were probably used in conjunction with the direction to which the "
11694"handle of the big dipper (often called the \"North Seven Stars\" in China, "
11695"Korea, and Japan) pointed at the equinoxes and solstices. Before the "
11696"Christian Era, when the sei shuku were created, the big dipper did not "
11697"appear to set, because they had a relatively \"higher\" position than now."
11698msgstr ""
11699
11700#. type: Content of: <p>
11701#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:19
11702msgid ""
11703"Like myths and traditions in Western cultures, these views still wield "
11704"influence in the daily life of people in China, Korea, and Japan (this "
11705"despite quite prominent scientific literacy). However, it should be pointed "
11706"out that astrological divination in China, Korea and Japan was and is rather"
11707" complex."
11708msgstr ""
11709
11710#. type: Content of: <p>
11711#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:22
11712msgid ""
11713"The lore related to moon stations is one of the most interesting aspects of "
11714"Asian Ethnoastronomy. Japanese interpretations of these associations tended "
11715"to revolve around agricultural needs and animistic views of nature. Unlike "
11716"many Western myths and traditions, japanese gods in the similitude of the "
11717"talismanic animals can be seen as manifestations of nature."
11718msgstr ""
11719
11720#. type: Content of: <p>
11721#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:25
11722msgid "Below is an example of a star chart from Edo Era Japan."
11723msgstr ""
11724
11725#. type: Content of: <p>
11726#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:26
11727msgid "<em>Close-Up of Yasui's Map Showing the First 15 Moon Stations</em>"
11728msgstr ""
11729
11730#. type: Content of: <h3>
11731#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:28
11732msgid "The Azure Dragon of the East (Spring)"
11733msgstr ""
11734
11735#. type: Content of: <p>
11736#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:29
11737msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"East\" or \"Blue Dragon\"."
11738msgstr ""
11739
11740#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11741#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:33
11742#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:95
11743#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:156
11744#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:217
11745msgid "Chinese Character"
11746msgstr ""
11747
11748#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11749#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:34
11750#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:96
11751#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:157
11752#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:218
11753msgid "Meaning"
11754msgstr ""
11755
11756#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11757#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:35
11758#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:97
11759#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:158
11760#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:219
11761msgid "Key Star"
11762msgstr ""
11763
11764#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11765#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:36
11766#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:98
11767#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:159
11768#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:220
11769msgid "Japanese Name"
11770msgstr ""
11771
11772#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11773#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:41
11774msgid "Horn(s), perhaps Angle, Corner"
11775msgstr ""
11776
11777#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11778#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:48
11779msgid "Neck, Throat"
11780msgstr ""
11781
11782#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11783#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:55
11784msgid "Root, perhaps Shoulder or Base"
11785msgstr ""
11786
11787#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11788#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:56
11789#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:63
11790#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:84
11791#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:186
11792#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:207
11793#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:233
11794msgid "sometimes"
11795msgstr ""
11796
11797#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11798#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:62
11799msgid "Chamber, perhaps Breasts"
11800msgstr ""
11801
11802#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11803#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:83
11804msgid "Basket"
11805msgstr ""
11806
11807#. type: Content of: <h3>
11808#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:90
11809msgid "The \"Genbu\" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter)"
11810msgstr ""
11811
11812#. type: Content of: <p>
11813#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:91
11814msgid ""
11815"The 7 Moon Stations of the \"North\" (Genbu) or \"Black Tortoise of Winter\""
11816" (also \"Somber\" or \"Black\" Warrior)."
11817msgstr ""
11818
11819#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11820#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:103
11821msgid "Dipper; Measure"
11822msgstr ""
11823
11824#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11825#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:110
11826msgid "Cow"
11827msgstr ""
11828
11829#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11830#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:117
11831msgid "Woman; perhaps Waiting Maid"
11832msgstr ""
11833
11834#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11835#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:131
11836msgid "Roof Top, perhaps Danger, Steep"
11837msgstr ""
11838
11839#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11840#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:138
11841msgid "Room, perhaps Encampment"
11842msgstr ""
11843
11844#. type: Content of: <h3>
11845#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:151
11846msgid "The White Tiger of the West (Fall)"
11847msgstr ""
11848
11849#. type: Content of: <p>
11850#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:152
11851msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"West\" or \"White Tiger\"."
11852msgstr ""
11853
11854#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11855#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:164
11856msgid "Stride, Foot"
11857msgstr ""
11858
11859#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11860#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:171
11861msgid "Hill, Lasso; perhaps Bellows"
11862msgstr ""
11863
11864#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11865#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:185
11866msgid "Stopping Place, United; perhaps \"Getting Together\""
11867msgstr ""
11868
11869#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11870#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:192
11871msgid "Net; perhaps related to Rain"
11872msgstr ""
11873
11874#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11875#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:199
11876msgid "Turtle Snout, perhaps Tuft on Owl's Head"
11877msgstr ""
11878
11879#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11880#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:206
11881msgid "Investigator, Three"
11882msgstr ""
11883
11884#. type: Content of: <h3>
11885#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:212
11886msgid "The Red Bird of the South (Summer)"
11887msgstr ""
11888
11889#. type: Content of: <p>
11890#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:213
11891msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"South\" or \"Red Bird\"."
11892msgstr ""
11893
11894#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11895#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:232
11896msgid "Ogre, Devil, perhaps Ghost"
11897msgstr ""
11898
11899#. type: Content of: <h3>
11900#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:246
11901#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:25
11902msgid "Stars"
11903msgstr ""
11904
11905#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11906#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:253
11907msgid "Stretched Net"
11908msgstr ""
11909
11910#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
11911#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:267
11912msgid "Chariot Cross-Board, perhaps strings of Koto"
11913msgstr ""
11914
11915#. type: Content of: <ul><li><notr><a>
11916#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:275
11917msgid "A Cultural History of Astronomy in Japan"
11918msgstr ""
11919
11920#. type: Content of: <h2>
11921#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:1
11922msgid "Kamilaroi/Euahlayi"
11923msgstr ""
11924
11925#. type: Content of: <p>
11926#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:2
11927msgid ""
11928"The Kamilaroi (also known as Gomeroi) and Euahlayi peoples are Australian "
11929"Aboriginal cultural groups located in the northern part of New South Wales. "
11930"They have survived European invasion and loss of much of their country.  "
11931"Their culture and connection to country remains strong, including an "
11932"extensive cultural astronomy first recorded in the 1860s."
11933msgstr ""
11934
11935#. type: Content of: <h3>
11936#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:4
11937msgid "Background"
11938msgstr ""
11939
11940#. type: Content of: <p>
11941#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:5
11942msgid ""
11943"This Stellarium Skyculture is the result of a Higher Degree Research project"
11944" by Robert Fuller at Macquarie University, Sydney, finishing in 2014. "
11945"Stellarium was chosen as a part of the project for Giving Back of the "
11946"collected knowledge to the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi communities in the form of"
11947" a documentary video (Star Stories of the Dreaming) and a student's Study "
11948"Guide.  Clips from the Stellarium were used in the documentary to illustrate"
11949" certain sky objects."
11950msgstr ""
11951
11952#. type: Content of: <h2>
11953#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:7
11954msgid "Cultural objects"
11955msgstr ""
11956
11957#. type: Content of: <h3>
11958#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:9
11959msgid "Gawaargay"
11960msgstr ""
11961
11962#. type: Content of: <p>
11963#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:10
11964msgid ""
11965"Gawaargay is the spirit Emu in the Sky, located with its head in the Coal "
11966"Sack, and its neck and body stretching out through the dust lanes of the "
11967"Milky Way (Warrambul) past Scorpius.  The Euahlayi and the Kamilaroi see it "
11968"with legs in April and May, when it is female and chasing the males.  From "
11969"June to August it is male and sitting on its nest without legs (the males "
11970"brood the chicks), and this is a signal to collect the eggs.  In the evening"
11971" in late August it is vertical in the sky, and the head and body form two "
11972"\"eggs\", meaning the eggs should not be collected.  Later in the year, it "
11973"appears on the horizon, so it is believed to be sitting in a waterhole, "
11974"meaning the waterholes are full.  When it is below the horizon, then it is "
11975"on Earth as the Black Emu, which is rarely seen."
11976msgstr ""
11977
11978#. type: Content of: <h3>
11979#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:12
11980msgid "Birringoloo"
11981msgstr ""
11982
11983#. type: Content of: <p>
11984#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:13
11985msgid ""
11986"Birringoloo is the second wife of Byaame, the creator/culture hero. She sits"
11987" by the campfire of Byaame's camp (the star Alpha Muscae), and all women "
11988"with girl children who die come to this camp before going on to Bulimah "
11989"(Heaven behind Warrambul).  They wait at this camp until all their girl "
11990"children have died and come to the camp, and then they can proceed to "
11991"Bulimah."
11992msgstr ""
11993
11994#. type: Content of: <h3>
11995#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:15
11996msgid "Yarran"
11997msgstr ""
11998
11999#. type: Content of: <p>
12000#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:16
12001msgid ""
12002"Yarran (also called mingga) is the roots of the Yarran tree, an Acacia, "
12003"which is the tree that Byaame took up to the Warrambul with the first man to"
12004" die (and the Cockatoos).  It is actually centred on the Coal Sack, and the "
12005"dark nebula is the hollow of the tree seen from below, with the roots "
12006"spreading around.  When someone dies and goes to Bulimah, they go through "
12007"the hollow of the Yarran."
12008msgstr ""
12009
12010#. type: Content of: <h3>
12011#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:18
12012msgid "Old Wiringin"
12013msgstr ""
12014
12015#. type: Content of: <p>
12016#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:19
12017msgid ""
12018"A Wiringin is a \"Clever Man\" or Aboriginal doctor.  This Wiringin located "
12019"in the Small Magellanic Cloud is there because he controls who can go on to "
12020"Bulimah.  If the person who died is not initiated, they are not allowed, "
12021"because they don't know the rules, so he sends them to Wadhaagudjaaylwan in "
12022"the Large Magellanic Cloud.  This birth spirit will send the unitiated back "
12023"to Earth as a new baby, so they can be initiated.  This Wiringin is "
12024"represented in every Aboriginal cemetary as the Wilga tree (Native Willow)."
12025msgstr ""
12026
12027#. type: Content of: <h3>
12028#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:21
12029msgid "Birray Birray"
12030msgstr ""
12031
12032#. type: Content of: <p>
12033#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:22
12034msgid ""
12035"The Birray Birray are a group of uninitiated boys who are in love with the "
12036"seven young women (sisters), Miyay Miyay, who make up the Pleiades star "
12037"cluster.  They chased the Miyay Miyay, who ended up in the sky, and for this"
12038" they were placed in Orion, as the three stars that make up the belt of "
12039"Orion.  Rigel is their fire, and the sword of Orion is their fire poker.  "
12040"They are kept from the Miyay Miyay by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is "
12041"Aldebaran."
12042msgstr ""
12043
12044#. type: Content of: <h3>
12045#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:24
12046msgid "Miyay Miyay"
12047msgstr ""
12048
12049#. type: Content of: <p>
12050#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:25
12051msgid ""
12052"The Miyay Miyay are the seven young women (sisters) who were chased into the"
12053" sky, depending on the story, by the Birray Birray, or by various Wiringins "
12054"or other bad persons.  They form the Pleiades star cluster, and as one "
12055"sister is shy, normally we only see six stars.  They are protected from the "
12056"Birray Birray in Orion by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is Aldebaran."
12057msgstr ""
12058
12059#. type: Content of: <h3>
12060#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:27
12061msgid "Old Dthillar"
12062msgstr ""
12063
12064#. type: Content of: <p>
12065#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:28
12066msgid ""
12067"Old Dthillar is a Wiringin, in this case the Wiringin of the Birray Birray, "
12068"the unitiated boys in Orion who pine for the Miyaay Miyaay (Seven Sisters) "
12069"in the Pleiades.  Old Dthillar is the star Aldebaran, which is also Alpha "
12070"Tauri, and he stands there to protect the Miyaay Miyaay from the Birray "
12071"Birray.  The inverted \"V\" shape made up by Alpha, Epsilon, and Gamma Tauri"
12072" is Old Dthillar's gunya (hut)."
12073msgstr ""
12074
12075#. type: Content of: <h3>
12076#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:30
12077msgid "Wamba Wamba"
12078msgstr ""
12079
12080#. type: Content of: <p>
12081#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:31
12082msgid ""
12083"\"Wamba\" means \"crazy\" or \"mad\".  In this case, the star Canopus is "
12084"called Wamba Wamba because of various reasons, depending on whose story is "
12085"told.  The planet Venus is also called Wamba.  One speculation is that both "
12086"Canopus and Venus are seen close to the horizon in the summer, and due to "
12087"atmospheric defraction, can \"scintillate\" (twinkle srongly), which results"
12088" in rapid changes in colour.  This might be interpreted as madness."
12089msgstr ""
12090
12091#. type: Content of: <h3>
12092#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:33
12093msgid "Wadhaagudjaaylwan"
12094msgstr ""
12095
12096#. type: Content of: <p>
12097#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:34
12098msgid ""
12099"Wadhaagudjaaylwan is Byaame's third wife, who is in the Large Magellanic "
12100"Cloud, and sings to women who are going to have babies.  She \"sings\" the "
12101"babies to the women on Earth, and she takes the persons that the Old "
12102"Wiringin in the Small Magellanic Cloud sends to her, and sends them back to "
12103"Earth as babies."
12104msgstr ""
12105
12106#. type: Content of: <h3>
12107#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:36
12108msgid "Bandaarr"
12109msgstr ""
12110
12111#. type: Content of: <p>
12112#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:37
12113msgid ""
12114"Bandaarr is Kamilaroi/Euahlayi for Kangaroo, and this kangaroo is located "
12115"under the belly of the Emu in the Milky Way, looking away from the Emu.  "
12116"Bandaarr is either a grey or red kangaroo, depending on the culture, and has"
12117" significance in ceremony."
12118msgstr ""
12119
12120#. type: Content of: <h3>
12121#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:39
12122msgid "Muraay Muyaay"
12123msgstr ""
12124
12125#. type: Content of: <p>
12126#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:40
12127msgid ""
12128"Muraay is Kamilaroi, and Muyaay is Euahlayi for the sulfur-crested cockatoo,"
12129" who are the Pointer stars (Alpha Centauri and Hadar/Beta Centauri).  They "
12130"ended up in the constellation Crux when their tree, the Yarran, was dragged "
12131"into the sky with the first man to die, and they are always chasing Yarran."
12132msgstr ""
12133
12134#. type: Content of: <h3>
12135#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:42
12136msgid "Warrawilbaarru"
12137msgstr ""
12138
12139#. type: Content of: <p>
12140#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:43
12141msgid ""
12142"Warrawilbaarru is the whirlwind spirit who lives in the constellation "
12143"Scorpius.  Byaame normally keeps him from coming to Earth, but in September "
12144"he comes out of one of three holes (dark nebulae) in Scorpius during "
12145"September, and doesn't go back until around March.  During this time he is "
12146"on earth as the \"willy willy\" or whirlwind, and can be dangerous to "
12147"children and uninitiated men."
12148msgstr ""
12149
12150#. type: Content of: <p>
12151#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:46
12152msgid ""
12153"More detailed information on the astronomy of the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi "
12154"peoples can be found at <a href=\"https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller\" "
12155"class=\"external\">https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller</a>."
12156msgstr ""
12157
12158#. type: Content of: <h2>
12159#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:1
12160msgid "Korean"
12161msgstr ""
12162
12163#. type: Content of: <h3>
12164#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:2
12165msgid "Origin"
12166msgstr ""
12167
12168#. type: Content of: <p>
12169#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:3
12170msgid ""
12171"The Chinese, Korean, and Japanese constellations have the same origin and "
12172"look very similar in shape. They are represented respectively in the Dun "
12173"Huang starmap from the 8th century, the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do map"
12174" and in the Kitora skymap painted in A.D.7C ~ 8C. Their positions and their "
12175"names are similar in the Chinese alphabet. The name of the constellations "
12176"first appear in the Records of the Grand Historian(史記) in Han dynasty "
12177"describing Xia dynasty in about 2000 B.C."
12178msgstr ""
12179
12180#. type: Content of: <p>
12181#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:5
12182msgid ""
12183"The 272 constellations displayed in this Stellarium sky culture are based on"
12184" the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do, the Korean Constellation map, which "
12185"was carved on the stone on 1395 but has its origin from another sky map "
12186"which existed about 2,000 years ago. This map represents 1467 stars in about"
12187" 190 constellations whose shapes are slightly different from the chinese "
12188"ones. The interpretation of the map is not easy: the map is so old that only"
12189" about 300 stars are found to match with the real stars. All the stars of "
12190"the map were drawn on a circle, so the equator seems smaller than the "
12191"southern limit. Because the density of constellation does not change with "
12192"respect to the position, the position and the size of the constellations "
12193"were somewhat altered in a way unknown by the author. It is assumed that "
12194"there should be no bright stars which do not belong to any constellations. "
12195"The work of the author is subject to interpretation, and could be changed at"
12196" a later time. It will however roughly show what the Korean Constellation "
12197"are like."
12198msgstr ""
12199
12200#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
12201#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:9
12202msgid ""
12203"<a "
12204"href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonsang_Yeolcha_Bunyajido\">Cheonsang "
12205"Yeolcha Bunyajido</a>"
12206msgstr ""
12207
12208#. type: Content of: <p><p>
12209#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:13
12210msgid ""
12211"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i><a "
12212"href=\"http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/\">Jeong, Tae-Min</a></i>"
12213msgstr ""
12214
12215#. type: Content of: <h2>
12216#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:1
12217msgid "Lokono (or Arawak)"
12218msgstr ""
12219
12220#. type: Content of: <p>
12221#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:3
12222msgid ""
12223"The <em>Lokono</em>, also known as <em>Arawak</em>, are an indigenous people"
12224" of the Guianas, whose territory stretches along the coast of the Atlantic "
12225"Ocean, from northwestern Guyana, through Suriname, to northwestern French "
12226"Guiana (see map).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup> The Lokono speak"
12227" a language that belongs to the Arawakan language family&mdash;one of the "
12228"largest linguistic groupings on the continent. Like many of their linguistic"
12229" relatives, the Lokono are agriculturalists specializing in the farming of "
12230"manioc (<em>Manihot esculenta</em>), who also practice fishing, hunting, and"
12231" gathering of wild plant. However, as one of the first indigenous groups "
12232"that was encountered by the Europeans at the time of conquest, the Lokono "
12233"have been in contact with non-indigenous populations for over 500 "
12234"years.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup> This contact has "
12235"intensified in the last century, leading to a substantial loss of the Lokono"
12236" language, traditional material and immaterial culture, changes in "
12237"subsistence practices, and in particular to the disappearance of "
12238"<em>medicine-men</em>&mdash;the traditional carriers of spiritual knowledge,"
12239" most likely including ethnoastronomical knowledge. As a consequence, the "
12240"modern knowledge about celestial bodies appears to be but a fraction of what"
12241" the Lokono knew about stars in the past. Several constellations mentioned "
12242"in older sources are forgotten or are only known from their names, while the"
12243" combinations of stars they represent and the oral traditions explaining "
12244"their origin and significance have been forgotten. The Skyculture presented "
12245"here includes only identified constellations but the following description "
12246"provides a more comprehensive account of Lokono astronomical knowledge "
12247"including information extracted from historical sources about all the "
12248"celestial objects named in the table below."
12249msgstr ""
12250
12251#. type: Content of: <p><table><caption>
12252#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:7
12253msgid "Lokono constellations and other celestial objects"
12254msgstr ""
12255
12256#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th>
12257#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:9
12258msgid "<b>Lokono name</b>"
12259msgstr ""
12260
12261#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th>
12262#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:10
12263msgid "Literal translation in English"
12264msgstr ""
12265
12266#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th>
12267#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:11
12268msgid "Approximate location"
12269msgstr ""
12270
12271#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12272#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:30
12273msgid "Path of the carriers of clay"
12274msgstr ""
12275
12276#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12277#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:40
12278msgid "Scores of stars"
12279msgstr ""
12280
12281#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12282#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:45
12283msgid "Shining star"
12284msgstr ""
12285
12286#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12287#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:50
12288msgid "Grill"
12289msgstr ""
12290
12291#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12292#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:51
12293msgid "Pegasus"
12294msgstr ""
12295
12296#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12297#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:55
12298msgid "Spirit of the green anaconda"
12299msgstr ""
12300
12301#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12302#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:56
12303msgid "unclear"
12304msgstr ""
12305
12306#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12307#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:60
12308msgid "Spirit of the capibara"
12309msgstr ""
12310
12311#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12312#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:61
12313#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:96
12314#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:111
12315#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:131
12316#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:136
12317#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:141
12318#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:146
12319#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:151
12320#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:156
12321#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:161
12322#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:166
12323#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:171
12324#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:176
12325#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:181
12326#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:186
12327#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:191
12328#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:196
12329#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:201
12330#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:206
12331#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:211
12332#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:216
12333msgid "unknown"
12334msgstr ""
12335
12336#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12337#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:65
12338msgid "Man without a thigh"
12339msgstr ""
12340
12341#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12342#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:70
12343msgid "Jaw of the tapir"
12344msgstr ""
12345
12346#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
12347#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:71
12348#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:67
12349msgid "Hyades"
12350msgstr ""
12351
12352#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12353#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:75
12354msgid "Spirit of the black curassow"
12355msgstr ""
12356
12357#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12358#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:76
12359msgid "Crux"
12360msgstr ""
12361
12362#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12363#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:80
12364msgid "Hunter"
12365msgstr ""
12366
12367#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12368#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:81
12369msgid "α Centauri"
12370msgstr ""
12371
12372#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12373#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:85
12374msgid "Torch"
12375msgstr ""
12376
12377#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12378#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:86
12379msgid "β Centauri"
12380msgstr ""
12381
12382#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12383#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:90
12384msgid "Spirit of the cocoi heron"
12385msgstr ""
12386
12387#. type: Content of: <h3>
12388#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:91
12389#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:18
12390msgid "Ursa Major"
12391msgstr ""
12392
12393#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12394#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:95
12395msgid "Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron"
12396msgstr ""
12397
12398#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12399#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:100
12400msgid "Spirit of the four-eyed fish"
12401msgstr ""
12402
12403#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12404#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:101
12405msgid "λ Sco and υ Sco"
12406msgstr ""
12407
12408#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12409#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:105
12410msgid "Spirit of the green sea turtle"
12411msgstr ""
12412
12413#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12414#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:106
12415msgid "Hercules"
12416msgstr ""
12417
12418#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12419#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:110
12420msgid "Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise"
12421msgstr ""
12422
12423#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12424#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:115
12425msgid "Spirit of the blue crab"
12426msgstr ""
12427
12428#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12429#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:120
12430msgid "Spirit of the Muscovy duck"
12431msgstr ""
12432
12433#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12434#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:125
12435msgid "Spirit of the awara palm"
12436msgstr ""
12437
12438#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12439#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:130
12440msgid "Spirit of the red acouchi"
12441msgstr ""
12442
12443#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12444#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:135
12445msgid "Spirit of the red-rumped agouti"
12446msgstr ""
12447
12448#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12449#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:140
12450msgid "Spirit of the jaguar"
12451msgstr ""
12452
12453#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12454#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:145
12455msgid "Spirit of the ocelot"
12456msgstr ""
12457
12458#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12459#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:150
12460msgid "Spirit of the pale-throated sloth"
12461msgstr ""
12462
12463#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12464#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:155
12465msgid "Spirit of the two-toed sloth"
12466msgstr ""
12467
12468#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12469#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:160
12470msgid "Spirit of the green iguana"
12471msgstr ""
12472
12473#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12474#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:165
12475msgid "Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot"
12476msgstr ""
12477
12478#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12479#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:170
12480msgid "Spirit of the marail guan"
12481msgstr ""
12482
12483#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12484#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:175
12485msgid "Spirit of the little cuckoo"
12486msgstr ""
12487
12488#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12489#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:180
12490msgid "Spirit of the red-handed tamarin"
12491msgstr ""
12492
12493#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12494#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:185
12495msgid "Spirit of the white-faced saki"
12496msgstr ""
12497
12498#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12499#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:190
12500msgid "Spirit of the scorpion"
12501msgstr ""
12502
12503#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12504#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:195
12505msgid "Spirit of the parrot"
12506msgstr ""
12507
12508#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12509#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:200
12510msgid "Spirit of a tortoise"
12511msgstr ""
12512
12513#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12514#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:205
12515msgid "Spirit of the bow and arrow"
12516msgstr ""
12517
12518#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12519#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:210
12520msgid "Spirit of the gun"
12521msgstr ""
12522
12523#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
12524#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:215
12525msgid "Medicine-men’s rattle"
12526msgstr ""
12527
12528#. type: Content of: <h3>
12529#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:221
12530msgid "Lokono astronomical knowledge: an introduction"
12531msgstr ""
12532
12533#. type: Content of: <p>
12534#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:222
12535msgid ""
12536"From contemporary and historical accounts, it appears that astronomical "
12537"knowledge was not restricted to particular members of the Lokono society. "
12538"However, it was the medicine-men in particular&mdash;the spiritual leaders "
12539"of the Lokono known as <i>semethi</i>&mdash;who were required to master the "
12540"various aspects of star knowledge and who might have been responsible for "
12541"passing the oral traditions associated with them from one generation to "
12542"another. From Rodrigo de Navarette, who around 1550 wrote one of the first "
12543"accounts of the Lokono, we learn, for instance, that:"
12544msgstr ""
12545
12546#. type: Content of: <p>
12547#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:223
12548msgid ""
12549"<em>&ldquo;old and wise men whom they call Cemetu assemble in the houses "
12550"designed for their meetings and [&hellip;] recount the traditions and "
12551"exploits of their ancestors and great men, and also narrate what those "
12552"ancestors heard from their forefathers; so that in this manner they remember"
12553" the most ancient events of their country and people. And, in like manner "
12554"they recount or preach about events relating to the heavens, the sun, moon, "
12555"and stars.&rdquo;</em><sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[3]</a></sup>"
12556msgstr ""
12557
12558#. type: Content of: <p>
12559#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:224
12560msgid ""
12561"Navarette's <i>cemetu</i>, the medicine-men known in modern Lokono as "
12562"<i>semethi</i>, have largely given up their practices today, which may be "
12563"the reason why the transmission of astronomical knowledge has been "
12564"interrupted. Many Lokono constellations appear to have been forgotten today."
12565" Our sources are therefore often limited to historical accounts written by "
12566"early explorers and ethnographers of the Guianas, one of the oldest examples"
12567" of which is illustrated below."
12568msgstr ""
12569
12570#. type: Content of: <p><figure><p><figcaption>
12571#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:229
12572msgid ""
12573"Fig.1 List of Lokono stars by Theodor Schulz, circa 1803.<sup><a "
12574"href=\"#footnote-23\">[23]</a></sup>"
12575msgstr ""
12576
12577#. type: Content of: <p>
12578#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:233
12579msgid ""
12580"It is this literature that allows us to party reconstruct the Lokono stellar"
12581" knowledge, described below. Before discussing the individual celestial "
12582"bodies, however, several general features of Lokono astronomy merit a "
12583"mention, namely:"
12584msgstr ""
12585
12586#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12587#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:235
12588msgid ""
12589"the overlap with the astronomical traditions of neighboring indigenous "
12590"groups."
12591msgstr ""
12592
12593#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12594#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:236
12595msgid ""
12596"the oral traditions explaining the origin and significance of celestial "
12597"bodies."
12598msgstr ""
12599
12600#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12601#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:237
12602msgid ""
12603"the use of the term <em>koya</em> &lsquo;spirit&rsquo; in the names of "
12604"numerous constellations."
12605msgstr ""
12606
12607#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12608#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:238
12609msgid ""
12610"the use of the general term <em>wiwa</em> &lsquo;star, year&rsquo; and the "
12611"lack of other astronomical terms."
12612msgstr ""
12613
12614#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
12615#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:239
12616msgid "the sky watching practices of the Lokono."
12617msgstr ""
12618
12619#. type: Content of: <h3>
12620#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:243
12621msgid "1. Shared Guianan knowledge"
12622msgstr ""
12623
12624#. type: Content of: <p>
12625#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:244
12626msgid ""
12627"The Lokono territory borders that of two linguistically unrelated indigenous"
12628" peoples, the Kari&rsquo;na, speaking a Cariban language, and the Warao, "
12629"speaking a language isolate. Though unrelated and traditionally not "
12630"intermarrying, the three groups share a great deal of material and "
12631"immaterial culture. Ethnoastronomical tradition of the three peoples also "
12632"shows a number of striking similarities, such as shared stellar myths, "
12633"similar names of constellations, and parallels in the stellar calendar. This"
12634" speaks to the contacts between the three groups and to the exchange of "
12635"astronomical knowledge, possibly facilitated by their respective spiritual "
12636"leaders, such as the Lokono <em>semethi</em>. The degree to which these "
12637"traditions overlap and the directionality of their exchange require further "
12638"study. Here, we focus on the Lokono and therefore do not discuss these "
12639"cultural borrowings in detail, unless they shed light on the Lokono "
12640"ethnoastronomy."
12641msgstr ""
12642
12643#. type: Content of: <h3>
12644#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:246
12645msgid "2. Stellar oral traditions"
12646msgstr ""
12647
12648#. type: Content of: <p>
12649#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:247
12650msgid ""
12651"One of such shared features are myths about stars. Such oral traditions tell"
12652" of the origins of particular celestial bodies, link them to one another, "
12653"and explain their influence on the natural world. The Lokono constellation "
12654"<em>Hithikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the black curassow&rsquo;, for instance,"
12655" is linked in a Lokono myth to that of <em>Yokhârhin</em> "
12656"&lsquo;Hunter&rsquo; and <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> &lsquo;Torch&rsquo;, all three"
12657" of which have Kari&rsquo;na and Warao equivalents. It is these oral "
12658"traditions, preserved by the medicine-men, that likely served as the main "
12659"vehicle through which astronomical knowledge was passed from one generation "
12660"to another. For this reason, summaries of the relevant myths are given in "
12661"the description of particular constellations. Occasionally, when the "
12662"relevant Lokono myth is not documented, myths of the neighboring groups are "
12663"referred to in order to illuminate the significance of particular celestial "
12664"bodies. Given that many of such oral traditions are shared by the Lokono and"
12665" the neighboring groups, this enhancement of the poorly preserved Lokono "
12666"astronomical knowledge is justified."
12667msgstr ""
12668
12669#. type: Content of: <h3>
12670#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:249
12671msgid "3. Calendar of spirits"
12672msgstr ""
12673
12674#. type: Content of: <p>
12675#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:250
12676msgid ""
12677"The term <em>koya</em> &lsquo;spirit&rsquo;, found in numerous constellation"
12678" names typically following a term for a particular plant or animal, is a key"
12679" feature of Lokono astronomy. Walter Roth, an ethnographer of the Guianas, "
12680"explains that such constellations are the spirits of the corresponding "
12681"beings.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup> At a time of the year when"
12682" the constellation appears, the spirit travels from the sky to earth to "
12683"breathe life into the beings it represents. As such, the "
12684"<em>koya</em>-constellations formed a calendar, indicating what the best "
12685"time is to engage in subsistence activities related to these plants and "
12686"animals (e.g. hunting or gathering). The Lokono may have also known where "
12687"such spirits would descend on earth; Walter Roth suggests that they called "
12688"these places with the same names as the constellations but the evidence of "
12689"that remains poor. Thus, <em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red "
12690"acouchi&rsquo; would refer to the spirit, the constellation, and the place "
12691"where the <em>hadorhi</em> is found in plenty when its constellation "
12692"appears. While this toponymic knowledge is forgotten today, the "
12693"<em>koya</em>-constellations remind us of the great understanding of the "
12694"plant and animal life that the Lokono possessed."
12695msgstr ""
12696
12697#. type: Content of: <h3>
12698#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:252
12699msgid "4.<em> Wiwa</em>, the star and the year"
12700msgstr ""
12701
12702#. type: Content of: <p>
12703#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:253
12704msgid ""
12705"The Lokono also have another general term that is used to refer to stars, "
12706"<em>wiwa</em>. The term lacks the spiritual connotations of <em>koya. "
12707"</em>It refers, on the one hand, to the physical quality of stars as "
12708"something shining and, on the other hand, to the calendar year. As such, it "
12709"is used, for instance, when talking about one&rsquo;s age. While it can "
12710"apply to any star, <em>wiwa</em> appears only in two proper names of "
12711"celestial bodies. <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>, literally &lsquo;Scores of "
12712"stars&rsquo; (Pleiades), is the most important of all Lokono constellations,"
12713" whose appearance traditionally commences the Lokono calendar year. "
12714"Following <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> are the numerous "
12715"<em>koya</em>-constellations, each signaling a different season in the "
12716"Lokono calendar. On the other hand, <em>Wiwa kalemero</em>, literally "
12717"&lsquo;Shining star&rsquo; (Jupiter) appears to have been singled out solely"
12718" due to its brightness. Apart from <em>wiwa </em>and <em>koya</em>, there "
12719"are no generic terms distinguishing planets, stars, moons, suns, galaxies "
12720"and so on in the Lokono language. For this reason, the Lokono equivalent of "
12721"the Milky Way, for instance, is included among other constellations."
12722msgstr ""
12723
12724#. type: Content of: <h3>
12725#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:255
12726msgid "5. Sky watching practices"
12727msgstr ""
12728
12729#. type: Content of: <p>
12730#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:256
12731msgid ""
12732"While the Lokono can admire the sky in the evening, to follow the Lokono "
12733"stellar calendar, one has to look at the constellations around 4 am in the "
12734"morning, the time when the Lokono usually wake up. The Lokono thus observe "
12735"the rising of the constellations in the morning. To get the right idea of "
12736"the yearly cycle of constellations, one should also set the viewing location"
12737" to the Guianas (e.g. Georgetown, Paramaribo, or Cayenne in the location "
12738"menu). It merits a mention that many Lokono, when drawing constellations, "
12739"did not connect the stars with lines and that in some cases, there was "
12740"little agreement among speakers as to which star within a constellation "
12741"corresponds to which parts of the plant or animal it represents. In "
12742"Stellarium, we represent constellations with lines, but it should be kept in"
12743" mind that this may be a distortion of the Lokono tradition, which allows "
12744"for more flexibility in interpreting particular star groups. Finally, there "
12745"are restrictions on looking at some celestial bodies, since it is believed "
12746"that a spirit can harm one if looked at.<sup><a "
12747"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> For instance, by full moon, mothers "
12748"covered the eyes of their children so that they would not become "
12749"sick.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> Young people were also told "
12750"not to look at <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> (Pleiades), or else they would not"
12751" grow.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> Such practices applied also"
12752" to other objects believed to harbor powerful spirits and included other "
12753"ways of avoiding eye-contact with spirits such rubbing peppers, limes, or "
12754"salt into one&rsquo;s eyes."
12755msgstr ""
12756
12757#. type: Content of: <h3>
12758#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:258
12759msgid "Lokono celestial bodies"
12760msgstr ""
12761
12762#. type: Content of: <p>
12763#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:259
12764msgid "<em>Hadali</em> 'Sun'"
12765msgstr ""
12766
12767#. type: Content of: <p>
12768#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:260
12769msgid ""
12770"The Lokono term for the Sun is <em>Hadali</em>, also pronounced as "
12771"<em>Adali</em>. Claaudius de Goeje suggests that the variously spelled names"
12772" of the Lokono culture hero, the first medicine-man known as "
12773"<em>Harlitvanli</em>, <em>Haliwalika</em>, <em>Halwanli</em>, "
12774"<em>Hariwalli</em>, and <em>Arawanili</em>, and sometimes <em>Arawidi,</em> "
12775"may all refer to the same hero identified as the Sun.<sup><a "
12776"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup> While we cannot confirm this hypothesis, "
12777"the myth of <em>Arawidi</em> is worth mentioning. In the Lokono myth, "
12778"<em>Arawidi</em>, the Sun, is the father of a man that becomes the "
12779"constellation <em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo; "
12780"(Orion&rsquo;s belt).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a "
12781"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a "
12782"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, the Sun used to"
12783" come to earth in the shape of a man called <em>Arawidi</em> to meet his "
12784"lover with whom he had twins. In a later episode of the myth, one of the "
12785"twins marries a woman, whose mother the couple decide to kill. When they try"
12786" to escape, the wife&rsquo;s sister chases them and manages to cut off his "
12787"leg in revenge. As a result, the man ascends to the sky and becomes the "
12788"constellation <em>Mabukuli</em>. Another Lokono myth warns against offending"
12789" the Sun: a man, stuck on an uninhabited island in the middle of a swamp, "
12790"cries out for help. A boat passes him, but inside the boat is the Sun, which"
12791" does not want to help the man, since people always complain that the Sun "
12792"shines too hard.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>. As far as "
12793"practices related to the Sun, Im Thurn reported that among the Lokono, the "
12794"eclipse of the Sun was considered a war between <em>Hadali</em> and "
12795"<em>Kathi</em>, the Moon, and that the Lokono would shout and make all kinds"
12796" of noises to stop them from fighting.<sup><a "
12797"href=\"#footnote-12\">[12]</a></sup>"
12798msgstr ""
12799
12800#. type: Content of: <p>
12801#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:262
12802msgid "<em>Kathi</em> 'Moon'"
12803msgstr ""
12804
12805#. type: Content of: <p>
12806#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:263
12807msgid ""
12808"The moon is known as <em>Kathi</em>, a term first recorded by Joannes de "
12809"Laet as <em>cattehee</em> around 1598, and used also to refer to the lunar "
12810"month.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-13\">[13]</a></sup> According to the Lokono, "
12811"the Moon, like the Sun, was once a man. Walter Roth reports a Lokono myth, "
12812"in which a young woman was visited by a mysterious lover night after "
12813"night.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> To find out who the lover"
12814" was, the woman smeared her hands with the soot from the bottom of a pot. "
12815"Next day, when she woke up, she found that her brother&rsquo;s face was "
12816"covered in soot and realized it was him who visited her at night. Everybody "
12817"in her community started to avoid the incestuous brother, who became so "
12818"ashamed that he kept away from the people and ultimately ascended to the "
12819"sky, becoming the Moon. This is why, according to the Lokono, the face of "
12820"the moon is dirty today. The Moon appears also in another myth. In the "
12821"Lokono myth about a man stuck on an uninhabited island mentioned above, "
12822"another boat passes the man, but this time inside is the Moon, which decides"
12823" to help the man, since people are always happy to see the Moon come out at "
12824"night.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The Moon and Sun are also"
12825" depicted as opponents. In previous times, the Lokono believed that the "
12826"eclipse of the Moon is its death (<em>kathi &ocirc;don</em> &lsquo;moon "
12827"dying&rsquo;) and would keep watch all night.<sup><a "
12828"href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> The Lokono say during the eclipse of the "
12829"Moon that the Moon has fallen asleep on the Sun&rsquo;s path.<sup><a "
12830"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> Therefore, they make a lot of noise, "
12831"play drums, and blow shell trumpets to wake him up. By full moon, mothers "
12832"would cover the eyes of their children so that they do not become sick."
12833msgstr ""
12834
12835#. type: Content of: <p>
12836#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:265
12837msgid "<em>Warhokoma</em> 'Venus'"
12838msgstr ""
12839
12840#. type: Content of: <p>
12841#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:266
12842msgid ""
12843"The planet Venus, both when it appears in the morning as the Morning Star "
12844"and when it appears in the evening as the Evening Star, is called "
12845"<em>Warhokoma</em> by the Lokono.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], "
12846"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-14\">[14], </a></sup><sup><a "
12847"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> Charles Dance, on the other hand, "
12848"reports the terms <em>Eweiwah</em> and <em>Huewah</em>, probably the "
12849"equivalents of the general term <em>wiwa</em> &lsquo;star&rsquo; which can "
12850"be used for any shining celestial body.<sup><a "
12851"href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> The Lokono also speak of Venus as "
12852"<em>Hiyaro wiwa</em> &lsquo;women&rsquo;s star&rsquo;. In relation to this, "
12853"it merits a mention that Claudius de Goeje reports that when <em>Hiyaro "
12854"wiwa</em> appears close to the Moon, and a girl is about to have her first "
12855"menstruation, the Lokono say that the girl will soon be touched by the "
12856"Moon.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> There is no myth about "
12857"<em>Warhokoma</em> specifically and its relation to the Moon, but it is "
12858"worth reminding that the Lokono know a story, in which the Moon was "
12859"originally a man who committed incest with his sister (see the myth "
12860"mentioned under <em>Kathi</em>), and has a name as a womanizer.<sup><a "
12861"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> Interestingly, the name "
12862"<em>Warhokoma</em> for Morning or Evening Star appears also in "
12863"Kari&rsquo;na, who see it also as the Moon's wife.<sup><a "
12864"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17],</a></sup> <sup><a "
12865"href=\"#footnote-18\">[18]</a></sup>"
12866msgstr ""
12867
12868#. type: Content of: <p>
12869#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:268
12870msgid "<em>Waya nukuthi bunaha</em> 'Milky Way'"
12871msgstr ""
12872
12873#. type: Content of: <p>
12874#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:269
12875msgid ""
12876"The Milky Way is known among the Lokono as <em>Waya nukuthi bunaha, "
12877"</em>literally &lsquo;Path of the carriers of clay&rsquo;. The Milky Way "
12878"represents the footprints of men who once went to fetch clay for making "
12879"pots, an art that is, rarely if at all, practiced by the Lokono today. The "
12880"origin of the name, however, is still known, and is summarized in a "
12881"myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-19\">[19]</a></sup> The same name for Milky "
12882"Way was noted by William Brett who adds that it is named after a specific "
12883"whitish type of clay.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-14\">[14]</a></sup> Charles "
12884"Dance, on the other hand, says that the Milky Way represents the footprints "
12885"of peccaries rooting up the clay, while Walter Roth mentions a different "
12886"Lokono explanation, according to which the Milky way represents a tapir "
12887"chased by a dog and jaguar.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], "
12888"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> However, these two "
12889"sources do not give the corresponding Lokono name for the Milky Way, and it "
12890"is possible that these two explanations are a Kari&rsquo;na influence, who "
12891"recognize a constellation of a tiger following the constellation of a tapir "
12892"within that of the Milky Way.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
12893msgstr ""
12894
12895#. type: Content of: <p>
12896#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:271
12897msgid "<em>Mali</em> 'Sirius'"
12898msgstr ""
12899
12900#. type: Content of: <p>
12901#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:272
12902msgid ""
12903"The modern Lokono call Sirius <em>Mali</em>, the literal meaning of which is"
12904" unknown. Cornelius van Coll describes a Lokono star called <em>Mali</em> "
12905"and explains that it is a very powerful star.<sup><a "
12906"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a "
12907"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> When it comes up in the morning in "
12908"August, it kills the fish in the swamps, and one should not point at it or "
12909"one&rsquo;s finger will become lame. Cornelius van Coll&rsquo;s "
12910"<em>Mali</em> marks the beginning of the big dry season (August to "
12911"December), called in Lokono <em>malidalithe</em>, a term derived from "
12912"<em>Mali</em>. Older sources identified <em>Mali</em> tentatively as Lyra, "
12913"Aquila, or Crux, but given that the big dry season starts around August and "
12914"that the Lokono observe the stars in the morning, these identifications must"
12915" be incorrect; Lyra, Aquila, and Crux cannot be seen at this time from the "
12916"Lokono territories.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
12917"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> There are no Lokono myths about "
12918"<em>Mali</em>, but there is evidence that is may correspond to the "
12919"Kari&rsquo;na constellation <em>Ombatapo</em> &lsquo;Previous face&rsquo;. "
12920"The Kari&rsquo;na myths explain the origin of the constellation and its "
12921"name, which, like the Lokono <em>Mali</em>, is believed to kill the fish in "
12922"the swamps and announces the beginning of the big dry season. Moreover, the "
12923"Kari&rsquo;na <em>Ombatapo </em>is identified as parts of Puppis and Canis "
12924"Major, the latter of which includes Sirius.<sup><a "
12925"href=\"#footnote-18\">[18], </a></sup><sup><a "
12926"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>"
12927msgstr ""
12928
12929#. type: Content of: <p>
12930#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:274
12931msgid "<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> 'Scores of stars'"
12932msgstr ""
12933
12934#. type: Content of: <p>
12935#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:275
12936msgid ""
12937"The constellation <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> or <em>Wiwa y&ocirc;koro</em>, "
12938"literally &lsquo;Score of stars&rsquo;, refers to the Pleiades and is easily"
12939" recognized by the contemporary Lokono. This is likely because "
12940"<em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> is described as the most important of Lokono "
12941"constellations, since it announce the beginning of the Lokono year.<sup><a "
12942"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> After it comes out first in June in the"
12943" east, it is followed by the numerous <em>koya</em>-constellations referring"
12944" to the spirits of animals and plants that constitute the Lokono calendar. "
12945"At that time of the year, the Lokono say <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa kayaran</em> "
12946"&lsquo;the birth of <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>&rsquo;. It is said that if "
12947"<em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> shines strong when it appears for the first time,"
12948" many people will die in the coming year.<sup><a "
12949"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> Cornelius van Coll also warns that young "
12950"people should not look at it, or else they will not grow.<sup><a "
12951"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> These omens and warnings are related to a"
12952" Lokono myth. According to the story, there were once twin brothers, one of "
12953"which had a wife, and said that death would come when their star, "
12954"<em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa</em>, rises.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>"
12955" Death came indeed, killing even his wife, roasting her on the fire, and the"
12956" Lokono became angry and brought a giant green anaconda to swallow the "
12957"twins. The snake ate one of the brothers, but because it was already 5 am "
12958"and the day broke, the snake could not eat the other brother. The snake is "
12959"now the constellation <em>Kamodokoya </em>&lsquo;Spirit of the green "
12960"anaconda&rsquo;, in the belly of which <em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa</em> is said to"
12961" be located (see also the <em>Yorhada</em> myth). In another narrative, the "
12962"Lokono explain that the <em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa </em>represents seven brothers"
12963" lost in a savannah on their way back home, a motif also known from a "
12964"Kari'na story.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>"
12965msgstr ""
12966
12967#. type: Content of: <p>
12968#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:277
12969msgid "<em>Yorhada</em> 'Grill'"
12970msgstr ""
12971
12972#. type: Content of: <p>
12973#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:278
12974msgid ""
12975"The constellation <em>Yorhada</em> &lsquo;Grill&rsquo;, or <em>Wiwa "
12976"yorhadale</em> &lsquo;Star&rsquo;s grill&rsquo;, represents a wooden grill, "
12977"on which meat is roasted.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4], </a></sup><sup><a"
12978" href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
12979"href=\"#footnote-21\">[21]</a></sup> Its origin is explained in a myth "
12980"related by Walter Roth about a man who killed his wife, roasted her, and fed"
12981" her liver to his mother-in-law because she called him a worthless "
12982"hunter.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> In revenge, the mother "
12983"asked her brother, <em>Kamodo</em> to kill the man when he went hunting. The"
12984" man suspected the woman set a trap and escaped death by sending his brother"
12985" instead. The grill on which the wife was roasted became the Western "
12986"constellation Pegasus, according to contemporary Lokono, marking the "
12987"beginning of the small dry season (April), the time when the Lokono roast a "
12988"lot of fish. The myth is similar to that of <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> and "
12989"the twins, in which the older brother is responsible for roasting his wife "
12990"and may be the same as the man who roasted his wife in the <em>Yorhada</em> "
12991"myth. In both myths, the younger brother killed by the anaconda becomes "
12992"<em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>, while the grill becomes <em>Yorhada</em>. "
12993"Claudius de Goeje suggested that <em>Yorhada</em> is the Western "
12994"constellation Corvus, but Corvus does not appear at beginning of the small "
12995"dry season.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The neighboring "
12996"Warao also know Pegasus as the grill, and are familiar with the myth.<sup><a"
12997" href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup>"
12998msgstr ""
12999
13000#. type: Content of: <p>
13001#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:280
13002msgid "<em>Kamodokoya</em> 'Spirit of the green anaconda'"
13003msgstr ""
13004
13005#. type: Content of: <p>
13006#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:281
13007msgid ""
13008"<em>The constellation Kamodokoya</em>, &lsquo;Spirit of the green anaconda "
13009"(<em>Eunectes murinus</em>)', also called <em>Waroboshi</em> remains poorly "
13010"described.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> Older sources suggest "
13011"it is Perseus, Pleiades, Scorpio, or Ophiuchus, but the exact stars remain "
13012"unidentified.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a "
13013"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
13014"href=\"#footnote-21\">[21]</a></sup> Several myths explain its origin. "
13015"According to Walter Roth, a man killed his wife, roasted her, and fed her "
13016"liver to her mother because she called him a worthless hunter.<sup><a "
13017"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10],</a></sup> In revenge, she asked <em>Kamodo</em> "
13018"to kill him, but the man escaped the snake who ate his younger brother "
13019"instead. The constellation <em>Kamodokoya</em> has <em>Y&ocirc;koro "
13020"wiwa</em>, the brother, inside, and is close to <em>Yorhada</em> "
13021"&lsquo;Grill&rsquo;, on which the wife was roasted. Notably, Theodor Schultz"
13022" list the constellation <em>Waroboshi yorhadale</em> 'The grill of the green"
13023" anaconda' which could be the same as the constellation "
13024"<em>Yorhada</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-23\">[23]</a></sup> Cornelius van "
13025"Coll speaks of twins, one of whom had a wife, and warned that their star "
13026"brings death.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> Indeed, even his "
13027"wife died, roasted on the fire. The Lokono had the snake kill the man, and "
13028"ascend to the sky as <em>Kamodokoya</em>. Finally, Claudius de Goeje relates"
13029" a myth of a woman who felt a desire for men, and put a <em>katuburi</em> "
13030"flower in her vagina, and became pregnant. Her child was partly a snake, and"
13031" people wanted to kill it, so it ascended to the sky."
13032msgstr ""
13033
13034#. type: Content of: <p>
13035#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:283
13036msgid "<em> Kibiwarhakoya </em> 'Spirit of the capybara'"
13037msgstr ""
13038
13039#. type: Content of: <p>
13040#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:284
13041msgid ""
13042"The constellation <em>Kibiwarhakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
13043"capybara&rsquo; (<em>Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris</em>) was mentioned by the "
13044"Penard brothers.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The same source"
13045" also informs us that it is followed by the constellation "
13046"<em>Kamodokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the green anaconda&rsquo;. The "
13047"constellation remains unidentified and its significance is unknown. No "
13048"related myths have been documented."
13049msgstr ""
13050
13051#. type: Content of: <p>
13052#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:286
13053msgid "<em>Mabukuli</em> 'Man without a thigh'"
13054msgstr ""
13055
13056#. type: Content of: <p>
13057#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:287
13058msgid ""
13059"The constellation <em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo; is "
13060"well known among the Lokono and appears in a few myths. According to Charles"
13061" Dance, an unsuccessful huntsman cut off his own leg, wrapped it up in a "
13062"leaf, and gave to his step mother so that she had something to eat, and "
13063"ascended to sky.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> Similarly, the "
13064"Penard brothers speak of an unsuccessful hunter who cut off his leg and gave"
13065" it to his wife and mother-in-law, telling them it was tapir meat.<sup><a "
13066"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> He then asked other people to follow "
13067"his traces to help him bring the rest of the tapir, but when they arrived at"
13068" the place they only found the <em>akalali</em> plant with which he treated "
13069"his wounds. His body turned into the <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> constellation "
13070"and his spirit into <em>Mabukuli</em>. Claudius de Goeje relates a "
13071"strikingly different myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The "
13072"Sun, once a man called <em>Arawidi </em>(see the myth about <em>Hadali</em> "
13073"'Sun'), took a woman as his wife, who followed him with unborn twins inside "
13074"her. One day, she lost the way and ended up being eaten by vulture spirits, "
13075"but her twins were brought up by an old woman, whom they later killed and "
13076"ran away. While hiding in a treetop, they saw a woman catching fish with a "
13077"sifter. She saw their reflection in the water and tried to catch it, at "
13078"which they laughed. She then realized they were up in the tree, and sent "
13079"ants up the tree to make them come down. When they came down, she killed one"
13080" of them and took the other home. One of her daughters fell in love with the"
13081" man and married him. Now the husband had to catch a lot of fish every day "
13082"for the mother-in-law. One day, tired of his demanding mother-in-law, he "
13083"tricked her into getting into the water to help him unload a boat full of "
13084"fish, where she was eaten by a shark. When her other daughter arrived, the "
13085"liver of her mother was still floating on the water and told her that the "
13086"man killed her. The daughter wanted to kill him but he flew away on wings of"
13087" cotton that his wife made for him, so she only cut his thigh off, which is "
13088"why he is now the constellation <em>Mabukuli</em>. It appears the Orion's "
13089"belt represents the cut-off leg, not the man himself."
13090msgstr ""
13091
13092#. type: Content of: <p>
13093#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:289
13094msgid "<em>Kama tâla</em> 'Jaw of the tapir'"
13095msgstr ""
13096
13097#. type: Content of: <p>
13098#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:290
13099msgid ""
13100"The constellation <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> &lsquo;Jaw of the tapir&rsquo; is"
13101" one of the few constellations identified easily by the contemporary Lokono,"
13102" just like <em>Mabukuli</em>, to which it is related in a myth.<sup><a "
13103"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], </a></sup><sup><a "
13104"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> The Penard brothers recount the story "
13105"of an unsuccessful hunter, who cuts meat off his leg and gives it to his "
13106"wife and mother-in-law, telling them it is tapir meat (<em>Tapirus "
13107"terrestris</em>).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> He then asks "
13108"his fellow people to follow him and help bring the rest of the tapir, but "
13109"when they arrive at the place they only find the <em>akalali</em> plant with"
13110" which he treated his wounds. His body turned into <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> "
13111"and his spirit into <em>Mabukuli</em>. In a Kari&rsquo;na story, on the "
13112"other hand, <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> was the remains of a tapir that the "
13113"mythical twins were hunting, one of whom accidentally gets his leg severed "
13114"and becomes the constellation of man without a thigh."
13115msgstr ""
13116
13117#. type: Content of: <p>
13118#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:292
13119msgid "<em>Hithikoya</em> 'Spirit of the black curassow'"
13120msgstr ""
13121
13122#. type: Content of: <p>
13123#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:293
13124msgid ""
13125"The constellation <em>Hithikoya</em> is the &lsquo;Spirit of the black "
13126"curassow&rsquo; (<em>Crax alector</em>), a commonly hunted bird, often kept "
13127"as a pet for its feathers and eggs. According to a Lokono myth, "
13128"<em>Hithikoya</em> lived on earth, but the Lokono kept shooting him.<sup><a "
13129"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> As a result, he ascended to the sky to "
13130"warn black curassows about the approaching hunter (see "
13131"<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) and his companion with a torch (see "
13132"<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). The Lokono identify <em>Hithikoya</em> as the Western"
13133" constellation Crux. When it appears just above the trees in January, the "
13134"curassows roam on the ground and are easy to catch. Over the following "
13135"months, the higher <em>Hithikoya</em> rises in the morning, the higher the "
13136"birds climb up the trees. By March, it appears high in the sky and the birds"
13137" are found in the tops of the trees. <em>Hithikoya </em>thus informs the "
13138"Lokono where to search for the birds at a given time of the year. The Lokono"
13139" even make hunting charms (<em>bina</em>) from a plant, whose leaves "
13140"resemble the bird, rubbed into the lips of the hunter so that he can imitate"
13141" the calls of the bird, increasing his chances of catching one.<sup><a "
13142"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a "
13143"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
13144msgstr ""
13145
13146#. type: Content of: <p>
13147#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:295
13148msgid "<em>Yokhârhin</em> 'Hunter'"
13149msgstr ""
13150
13151#. type: Content of: <p>
13152#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:296
13153msgid ""
13154"The constellation <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> &lsquo;Hunter&rsquo; corresponds "
13155"to &alpha; Centauri and represents the man hunting <em>Hithikoya</em>, the "
13156"&lsquo;Spirit of the black curassow&rsquo; (see <em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a "
13157"href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], "
13158"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> His companion holding"
13159" a torch known as <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> is represented by &beta; Centauri. "
13160"The myth reported by the Penard brothers that explains the origin of "
13161"<em>Hithikoya</em> includes also these two characters.<sup><a "
13162"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, "
13163"<em>Hithikoya</em> used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept tracking him "
13164"down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the sky to serve as"
13165" a signal for black curassows warning them about the approaching hunter "
13166"(<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) and his companion with a torch "
13167"(<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). As <em>Hithikoya</em> appears higher and higher in "
13168"the morning between January and March, <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> and "
13169"subsequently <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> appear on the horizon following it. This "
13170"indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the"
13171" tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops."
13172msgstr ""
13173
13174#. type: Content of: <p>
13175#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:298
13176msgid "<em>Alêti</em> 'Torch'"
13177msgstr ""
13178
13179#. type: Content of: <p>
13180#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:299
13181msgid ""
13182"The constellation&nbsp;<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> &lsquo;Torch&rsquo; corresponds "
13183"to&nbsp;&beta; Centauri and represents the companion of the hunter "
13184"<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>, holding a torch torch made from a piece of cloth "
13185"dipped in beeswax known as <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>.<sup><a "
13186"href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], "
13187"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>&nbsp; "
13188"<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> follows <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> so as not to scare the"
13189" black curassow bird with the light of the torch. The myth reported by the "
13190"Penard brothers that explains the origin of <em>Hithikoya</em> 'Spirit of "
13191"the black curassow' includes also these two characters (see "
13192"<em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According "
13193"to the story, <em>Hithikoya</em> used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept "
13194"tracking him down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the "
13195"sky to serve as a signal for black curassows warning them about the "
13196"approaching hunter (<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) and his companion with a torch"
13197" (<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). As <em>Hithikoya</em> appears higher and higher in "
13198"the morning between January and March, <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> and "
13199"subsequently <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> appear on the horizon following it. This "
13200"indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the"
13201" tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops."
13202msgstr ""
13203
13204#. type: Content of: <p>
13205#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:301
13206msgid "<em>Anorhâkoya</em> 'Spirit of the cocoi heron'"
13207msgstr ""
13208
13209#. type: Content of: <p>
13210#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:302
13211msgid ""
13212"The constellation <em>Anorh&acirc;koya </em>represents the spirit of the "
13213"cocoi heron (<em>Ardea cocoi</em>). It is recognized by contemporary Lokono "
13214"as Ursa Major, in keeping with earlier identifications.<sup><a "
13215"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
13216"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> Claudius de Geoje reports that when it "
13217"shines strong, the Lokono believe that strong winds will come, bringing dust"
13218" into peoples&rsquo; eyes and consequently diseases: the heron picks their "
13219"eyes with its beak, it is said.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> "
13220"Similarly, according to Cornelius van Coll, <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em> is a "
13221"heron whose beak is upside down. Should its beak be turned downwards, people"
13222" would get all kinds of eye diseases.<sup><a "
13223"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> This can still happen when strong winds "
13224"blow and carry the light from the beak into peoples&rsquo; eyes, since the "
13225"light of <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em> (and other stars) travels with the wind "
13226"according to the Lokono. The constellation is associated with the big dry "
13227"season (August to December) and the storms and winds that are typical of "
13228"this time. It appears in the morning in mid-November in the northeast with "
13229"its beak down."
13230msgstr ""
13231
13232#. type: Content of: <p>
13233#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:304
13234msgid "<em>Honolikoya</em> 'Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron'"
13235msgstr ""
13236
13237#. type: Content of: <p>
13238#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:305
13239msgid ""
13240"Another Lokono constellation named after a species of a heron is "
13241"<em>Honolikoya</em> &lsquo;<em>Spirit of the rufescent tiger "
13242"heron</em>&rsquo; (<em>Tigrisoma lineatum</em>). It is reported in "
13243"historical sources as the equivalent of the Kari&rsquo;na constellation "
13244"<em>Kumawari yumï</em> (&lsquo;Father of the cocoi heron&rsquo;). This is "
13245"likely a mistake as <em>honoli</em> is a different and well-known species of"
13246" a heron. It is possible that <em>Honolikoya</em> refers to the same "
13247"constellation as <em>Anorhâkoya</em>, interpreted differently by different "
13248"Lokono consultants, but it is also possible it is a different constellation."
13249" In any case, <em>Honolikoya</em> remains unidentified.<sup><a "
13250"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> Just like <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em>, "
13251"the constellation is said to bring diseases of the eyes when it appears in "
13252"the morning sky. From the Penard brothers' description we can infer that "
13253"<em>Honolikoya</em> should appear between June and the big dry season, which"
13254" lasts from end of August until the beginning of December. There appears to "
13255"be no specific myth associated with this constellation.<sup><a "
13256"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
13257msgstr ""
13258
13259#. type: Content of: <p>
13260#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:307
13261msgid "<em>Kasorhowakoya</em> 'Spirit of the four-eyed fish'"
13262msgstr ""
13263
13264#. type: Content of: <p>
13265#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:308
13266msgid ""
13267"The constellation <em>Kasorhowakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the four-eyed "
13268"fish&rsquo; (<em>Anableps anableps</em>) was identified by the contemporary "
13269"Lokono as &lambda; Scorpii and &upsilon; Scorpii. In earlier sources it is "
13270"identified as the upper part of Scorpio&rsquo;s tail, which is in keeping "
13271"with the 21st century data.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup> The "
13272"constellation represents the two eyes of the four-eyed fish, which is known "
13273"for the fact that its eyes are always sticking above the water, and is "
13274"therefore sometimes considered an incarnation of the water spirit. There is "
13275"no Lokono myth concerning the four-eyed fish, and it remains unknown what "
13276"the appearance of this constellation signifies. However, it merits a mention"
13277" that the Kari&rsquo;na have a constellation representing the same fish, "
13278"which corresponds to the same two stars. Maga&ntilde;a and Jara explain that"
13279" the appearance of the Kari&rsquo;na constellation announces the fishing "
13280"season for this species.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-18\">[18]</a></sup> It is "
13281"not unlikely that the Lokono constellation had the same function."
13282msgstr ""
13283
13284#. type: Content of: <p>
13285#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:310
13286msgid "<em>Katarhokoya</em> 'Spirit of the green sea turtle'"
13287msgstr ""
13288
13289#. type: Content of: <p>
13290#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:311
13291msgid ""
13292"The constellation <em>Katarhokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the green sea "
13293"turtle&rsquo; is still known on the Pomeroon River in Guyana. It represents "
13294"the <em>katarho</em> turtle (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>), swimming towards the "
13295"shore, represented in turn by the Milky Way. When the constellation appears "
13296"in the morning high in the sky, it is a signal that turtles are arriving on "
13297"the beaches to lay eggs. The constellation was identified in earlier sources"
13298" as <em>Corona Borealis</em> and <em>Orion's belt.</em> <sup><a "
13299"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], </a></sup><sup><a "
13300"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> While the former overlaps with the "
13301"stars indicated by the Lokono on the Pomeroon, the latter is likely a "
13302"mistake as <em>Orion&rsquo;s belt</em> is consistently recognized as "
13303"<em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo;. The constellation "
13304"<em>Katarhokoya</em> rises early in the year, but it appears upside down "
13305"most of the time from the vistas of the Lokono in the Guianas. Only by mid-"
13306"March, a time when several species of turtles indeed lay their eggs on the "
13307"Atlantic coast of the Guianas, does it look like a turtle swimming to the "
13308"shore (Milky Way)."
13309msgstr ""
13310
13311#. type: Content of: <p>
13312#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:313
13313msgid "<em>Hikorhikoya</em> 'Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise'"
13314msgstr ""
13315
13316#. type: Content of: <p>
13317#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:314
13318msgid ""
13319"The constellation <em>Hikorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the yellow-footed "
13320"tortoise&rsquo; was documented by the Penard brothers for the Lokono in "
13321"Suriname; it remains unidentified but it should appear around August (i.e. "
13322"around the beginning of the big dry season).<sup><a "
13323"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
13324"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The Penard brothers explain that when "
13325"the water in the swamps rises, the yellow-footed tortoise, known in Lokono "
13326"as <em>hikorhi</em> (<em>Chelonoidis denticulatus</em>), seeks higher "
13327"grounds, and, presumably, can be more easily found. There are no myths "
13328"related to the constellation specifically. However, it is worth pointing out"
13329" that the tortoise is considered a delicacy among the Lokono. When caught, "
13330"they are often kept around the house in small corrals for long periods of "
13331"time until they are consumed. The Lokono joke that they are "
13332"&lsquo;fridges&rsquo; since if fed, the tortoise will stay alive for a long "
13333"time, as opposed to an animal that was shot and has to be prepared and eaten"
13334" immediately."
13335msgstr ""
13336
13337#. type: Content of: <p>
13338#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:316
13339msgid "<em>Kwakoya</em> 'Spirit of the blue crab'"
13340msgstr ""
13341
13342#. type: Content of: <p>
13343#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:317
13344msgid ""
13345"The constellation <em>Kwakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the blue crab&rsquo; is "
13346"still known in the Lokono communities closer to the coast, which practice "
13347"the annual crab feats. The crab species is likely the same as that "
13348"represented by the Kari&rsquo;na constellation <em>Kusa yumï</em> "
13349"&lsquo;Father of the blue crab&rsquo; (<em>Ucides cordatus</em>). The "
13350"constellation appears in the east in the middle of July. By the beginning of"
13351" August, it is high in the sky, signaling that the crabs arrive at the "
13352"beaches to lay their eggs. At this time, the Lokono and other indigenous "
13353"groups of the area congregate to the shore of the Atlantic to catch the "
13354"marching crabs. The crabs are considered a delicacy and when the villagers "
13355"return to the communities with the catch, large feasts are organized during "
13356"which the crabs are eaten. The Penard brothers write that <em>Kwakoya</em> "
13357"appears when the crabs come to lay their eggs in May and June but this "
13358"appears to be incorrect, both given that crabs march later and that the "
13359"constellation recognized by the modern Lokono is not visible in May and June"
13360" from the Guianas.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
13361msgstr ""
13362
13363#. type: Content of: <p>
13364#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:319
13365msgid "<em>Ifakoya</em> 'Spirit of the Muscovy duck'"
13366msgstr ""
13367
13368#. type: Content of: <p>
13369#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:321
13370msgid ""
13371"The constellation <em>Ifakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the Muscovy duck&rsquo; "
13372"(<em>Cairina moschata</em>) was mentioned by the Penard brothers and "
13373"Claudius de Goeje but remained unidentified until now.<sup><a "
13374"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
13375"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The contemporary Lokono on the Pomeroon"
13376" River in Guyana recognize it in parts of the Western constellation Corona "
13377"Australis. There are no myths related to this constellation but the Lokono "
13378"say that when the head of the duck points toward the ground, looking as if "
13379"the duck has its head under the water, the ducks are busy feeding on plants."
13380" The constellation assumes this position from mid-May. At this time, it is "
13381"said that the birds are easier to catch. The Muscovy duck is considered a "
13382"delicacy and is also often kept around the house like chickens. The Kari'na "
13383"and the Warao also recognize the constellation of the Muscovy duck, and at "
13384"least the Warao one corresponds to the same stars.<sup><a "
13385"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
13386msgstr ""
13387
13388#. type: Content of: <p>
13389#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:322
13390msgid "<em>Awarhakoya</em> 'Spirit of the awara palm'"
13391msgstr ""
13392
13393#. type: Content of: <p>
13394#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:324
13395msgid ""
13396"The constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the awara palm&rsquo;"
13397" has the shape of an awara palm (<em>Astrocaryum vulgare</em>). Its "
13398"appearance high in the sky in January means that awara fruits are ripening. "
13399"In the following months, <em>Awarhakoya</em> moves closer to the horizon, "
13400"meaning that the fruits will soon fall to the ground to be picked. This "
13401"occurs in the small dry season (mid-February to April), known as "
13402"<em>awarhadlithe</em>, a term derived from the name of the palm.<sup><a "
13403"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a "
13404"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> There are no myths about <em>Awarhakoya"
13405" </em>but it is said that the constellation is followed by that of the "
13406"<em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red acouchi&rsquo; and "
13407"<em>Hokorherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red-rumped agouti&rsquo;. Their "
13408"appearance signals that the rodents are gathering by the palms to eat the "
13409"fallen fruit. <em>Awarhakoya</em> is recognized today in stars close to the "
13410"Western constellation Coma Berenices, but older sources suggest it is near "
13411"Sirius.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It is the only "
13412"constellation named after a plant, which speaks to the importance of the "
13413"awara palm to the Lokono. The Kari'na also have a constellation of the "
13414"awara, sometimes recognized in the same stars.<sup><a "
13415"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], </a></sup><sup><a "
13416"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>"
13417msgstr ""
13418
13419#. type: Content of: <p>
13420#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:325
13421msgid "<em>Hadorhikoya</em> 'Spirit of the red acouchi'"
13422msgstr ""
13423
13424#. type: Content of: <p>
13425#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:327
13426msgid ""
13427"The unidentified constellation <em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red"
13428" acouchi&rsquo; (<em>Myoprocta acouchy</em>) was mentioned by the Penard "
13429"brothers.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It should follow the "
13430"constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> appearing near it sometime after February."
13431" Its appearance signals that the ripe fruits of the palm attract the red "
13432"acouchi to the awara grooves, where they can be hunted. There is no Lokono "
13433"myth about <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, but a Kari&rsquo;na myth about the "
13434"unidentified Kari&rsquo;na constellation of the red acouchi relates it to "
13435"the several other constellations. According to the story, there were two "
13436"brothers, of which one had a wife. The unmarried brother killed his brother,"
13437" fed his liver to the wife, took her as his wife, and had a child with her. "
13438"The spirit of the dead brother told the woman that his brother killed him, "
13439"so she and her child decided to run away and ascend to the sky as the "
13440"constellation of the agouti and acouchi. The spirit also told his brother to"
13441" cut open his corpse and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, "
13442"while the killer became the constellation of the anaconda.<sup><a "
13443"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>"
13444msgstr ""
13445
13446#. type: Content of: <p>
13447#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:328
13448msgid "<em>Hakorherokoya</em> 'Spirit of the red-rumped agouti'"
13449msgstr ""
13450
13451#. type: Content of: <p>
13452#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:330
13453msgid ""
13454"The unidentified constellation <em>Hokorherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
13455"red-rumped agouti&rsquo; was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who explain "
13456"that like <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, it follows <em>Awarhakoya</em>.<sup><a "
13457"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It signals that the ripe fruit attracts"
13458" the agouti (<em>Dasyprocta leporina</em>) to the awara palms, where they "
13459"can be hunted. Claudius de Goeje adds that it is followed by "
13460"<em>Kabadarokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the tiger&rsquo;, which, like humans,"
13461" knows agouti's habits.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> There is"
13462" no Lokono myth about <em>Hokorherokoya</em>, but a Kari&rsquo;na myth about"
13463" the unidentified constellation of the agouti explains its origin. According"
13464" to the story, there were two brothers, one married, the other not. The "
13465"unmarried one killed the other, fed his liver to the wife, took her as his "
13466"wife, and had a child with her. The dead brother's spirit told her that his "
13467"brother killed him, so she and her child ran away, becoming the agouti and "
13468"acouchi constellations. The spirit then told his brother to open his corpse "
13469"and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, while the killer became "
13470"the anaconda constellation.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>"
13471msgstr ""
13472
13473#. type: Content of: <p>
13474#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:332
13475msgid "<em>Kabadarokoya</em> 'Spirit of the jaguar'"
13476msgstr ""
13477
13478#. type: Content of: <p>
13479#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:333
13480msgid ""
13481"<em>Kabadarokoya</em> or <em>Arhwakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
13482"jaguar&rsquo; was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to a Lokono "
13483"myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a "
13484"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, "
13485"<em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) was the father of "
13486"<em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), whom he loved so much, "
13487"he did not want to marry her out.<sup><a "
13488"href=\"#footnote-33\">[33]</a></sup> One day a thorn got stuck in his paw "
13489"and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his "
13490"wife. The family always had meat, so other people were jealous and told the "
13491"man that his wife cheated on him. He started mistreating her. When the "
13492"jaguar learned about this, he ran away with his daughter but the man "
13493"followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky. But when the "
13494"Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to earth to kill people. According "
13495"to Claudius de Goeje, it follows the agouti star, a delicacy of the "
13496"jaguars.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is "
13497"unidentified. The Kari&rsquo;na constellation of the jaguar is said to "
13498"appear around the small dry season, when jaguars roar more because they "
13499"suffer from insects.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], </a></sup><sup><a "
13500"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>"
13501msgstr ""
13502
13503#. type: Content of: <p>
13504#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:335
13505msgid "<em>Korhirhwathekoya</em> 'Spirit of the ocelot'"
13506msgstr ""
13507
13508#. type: Content of: <p>
13509#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:336
13510msgid ""
13511"The constellation <em>Korhirhwathe</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the ocelot&rsquo; "
13512"was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to the same Lokono myth "
13513"summarized above for <em>Kabadarokoya</em>.<sup><a "
13514"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, "
13515"<em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) was the father of "
13516"<em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), whom he loved so much, "
13517"he did not want to marry her out. However, one day a thorn got stuck in his "
13518"paw and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his"
13519" wife. The family always had plenty of meat, so other people became jealous "
13520"and told the man that his wife cheated on him. As a result, he started "
13521"mistreating <em>Korhirhwathe</em>. When the jaguar learned about this, he "
13522"took his daughter, and ran away with her into the forest, but the man "
13523"followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky becoming "
13524"constellations. Now, when the Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to "
13525"earth to kill people."
13526msgstr ""
13527
13528#. type: Content of: <p>
13529#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:338
13530msgid "<em>Hawkoya</em> 'Spirit of the pale-throated sloth'"
13531msgstr ""
13532
13533#. type: Content of: <p>
13534#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:339
13535msgid ""
13536"The constellation <em>Hawkoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the pale-throated "
13537"sloth&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
13538"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It represents a species of a sloth "
13539"(<em>Bradypus tridactylus</em>) and is an omen of storms and windy weather "
13540"that occur at the beginning of the big dry season (between August and "
13541"December). At this time, the sloths start to wander about more, and the "
13542"Lokono say that it is because of the winds.<sup><a "
13543"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The constellation remains unidentified."
13544msgstr ""
13545
13546#. type: Content of: <p>
13547#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:341
13548msgid "<em> Warhemedokoya </em> 'Spirit of the two-toed sloth'"
13549msgstr ""
13550
13551#. type: Content of: <p>
13552#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:342
13553msgid ""
13554"Similarly, <em>Warhemedokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the two-toed "
13555"sloth&rsquo;, mentioned by the Penard brothers, is said to appear when the "
13556"storms and winds of the big dry season are about to start and make the "
13557"sloths move about more.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It "
13558"represents the two-toed sloth (<em>Choloepus didactylus</em>). The "
13559"constellation remains unidentified."
13560msgstr ""
13561
13562#. type: Content of: <p>
13563#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:344
13564msgid "<em> Yôwanakoya </em> 'Spirit of the green iguana'"
13565msgstr ""
13566
13567#. type: Content of: <p>
13568#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:345
13569msgid ""
13570"The constellation <em>Y&ocirc;wanakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the green "
13571"iguana&rsquo; is mentioned by the Penard brothers.<sup><a "
13572"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It represents the green iguana "
13573"(<em>Iguana iguana</em>) and appears when the iguanas lay their eggs in the "
13574"sand, which should be sometime in April and May, but the constellation "
13575"remains unidentified."
13576msgstr ""
13577
13578#. type: Content of: <p>
13579#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:347
13580msgid "<em> Yarheyarherokoya </em> 'Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot'"
13581msgstr ""
13582
13583#. type: Content of: <p>
13584#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:348
13585msgid ""
13586"The constellation <em>Yarheyarherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the lilac-"
13587"tailed parrot&rsquo; (<em>Touit batavicus</em>) was mentioned by Claudius de"
13588" Goeje.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is not"
13589" known to contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used "
13590"to signify."
13591msgstr ""
13592
13593#. type: Content of: <p>
13594#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:350
13595msgid "<em> Marodirokoya </em> 'Spirit of the marail guan'"
13596msgstr ""
13597
13598#. type: Content of: <p>
13599#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:351
13600msgid ""
13601"The constellation <em>Marodikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the marail "
13602"guan&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, who comments that it has the"
13603" shape of the marail guan (<em>Penelope marail</em>).<sup><a "
13604"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is not known to "
13605"contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used to signify."
13606msgstr ""
13607
13608#. type: Content of: <p>
13609#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:353
13610msgid "<em> Hikarowanakoya </em> 'Spirit of the little cuckoo'"
13611msgstr ""
13612
13613#. type: Content of: <p>
13614#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:354
13615msgid ""
13616"The constellation <em>Hikarowanakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the little "
13617"cuckoo&rsquo; was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
13618"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It represents the little cuckoo "
13619"(<em>Coccycua minuta</em>). The constellation remains unidentified; neither "
13620"do we know what its appearance used to signify. However, the Penard brothers"
13621" mention the Kari&rsquo;na constellation of a cuckoo species identified as "
13622"the very similar <em>Piaya cayana</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], "
13623"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-22\">[22]</a></sup> The Kari'na "
13624"constellation is said to bring luck to hunters. Interestingly, the Lokono "
13625"link hunter&rsquo;s luck to the little cuckoo as well. They say that if the "
13626"bird passes you calling <em>pikwan pikwan pikwan</em>, you have to watch "
13627"out, as something bad might happen to you."
13628msgstr ""
13629
13630#. type: Content of: <p>
13631#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:356
13632msgid "<em> S&ucirc;tukoya </em> 'Spirit of the red-handed tamarin'"
13633msgstr ""
13634
13635#. type: Content of: <p>
13636#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:357
13637msgid ""
13638"The constellation <em>S&ucirc;tukoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red-handed "
13639"tamarin&rsquo; (<em>Saguinus midas</em>) was mentioned by Cornelius van Coll"
13640" and the Penard brothers but it remains poorly identified.<sup><a "
13641"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], "
13642"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-43\">[43]</a></sup> According to Claudius"
13643" de Goeje, it should correspond to the Western constellation Coma "
13644"Berenices.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It is not clear "
13645"whether this is correct, however, given that today we find the constellation"
13646" <em>Awarhakoya</em> in this part of the sky, which is easily recognized by "
13647"numerous speakers. There are no myths related to this constellation."
13648msgstr ""
13649
13650#. type: Content of: <p>
13651#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:359
13652msgid "<em> Howakoya </em> 'Spirit of the white-faced saki'"
13653msgstr ""
13654
13655#. type: Content of: <p>
13656#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:360
13657msgid ""
13658"The constellation <em>Howakoya</em> 'Spirit of the white-faced saki&rsquo; "
13659"was only mentioned by de Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
13660"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It represents the spirit of white-faced"
13661" saki (<em>Pithecia pithecia</em>) but the constellation and its "
13662"significance remain unknown.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-44\">[44]</a></sup>"
13663msgstr ""
13664
13665#. type: Content of: <p>
13666#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:362
13667msgid "<em> Imenarikoya </em> 'Spirit of the scorpion'"
13668msgstr ""
13669
13670#. type: Content of: <p>
13671#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:363
13672msgid ""
13673"The constellation <em>Imenarikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the scorpion&rsquo; "
13674"was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
13675"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation refers to a spirit of"
13676" an unidentified species of a large poisonous scorpion. There are no known "
13677"myths about <em>Imenarikoya</em>. The constellation could be a case of "
13678"cultural borrowing from non-indigenous populations, as has been suggested "
13679"for the Kari'na constellation representing a scorpion."
13680msgstr ""
13681
13682#. type: Content of: <p>
13683#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:365
13684msgid "<em> Maraka </em> 'Rattle of the medicine-man'"
13685msgstr ""
13686
13687#. type: Content of: <p>
13688#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:366
13689msgid ""
13690"The constellation <em> Maraka </em> 'Rattle of the medicine-man' was "
13691"mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, and refers to a rattle used by the Lokono "
13692"medicine-men, which is made of a calabash pierced with a stick, adorned with"
13693" feathers of a certain parrot, and filled with numerous small crystals, each"
13694" of which harbors a different spirit, that is a different type of "
13695"<em>koya</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation"
13696" remains unidentified; there is no Karin'a or Warao equivalent and there are"
13697" no myths related to it."
13698msgstr ""
13699
13700#. type: Content of: <p>
13701#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:368
13702msgid ""
13703"<em> Shimarhabokoya </em> 'Spirit of the bow and arrow' and <em> "
13704"Arakabosakoya </em> 'Spirit of the gun'"
13705msgstr ""
13706
13707#. type: Content of: <p>
13708#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:369
13709msgid ""
13710"The constellation <em>Shimarhabokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the bow and arrow’ and "
13711"<em>Arakabosakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the gun’ were mentioned by Claudius de "
13712"Goeje.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> Both constellations "
13713"remain unidentified and do not have Kari’na and Warao counterparts, and "
13714"there are no myths related to them."
13715msgstr ""
13716
13717#. type: Content of: <p>
13718#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:371
13719msgid "<em> Korherokoya </em> 'Spirit of the parrot'"
13720msgstr ""
13721
13722#. type: Content of: <p>
13723#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:372
13724msgid ""
13725"The constellation&nbsp;<em>Korherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
13726"parrot&rsquo; was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
13727"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation refers to a spirit of"
13728" an unidentified species of a parrot, but it was mentioned as the equivalent"
13729" of the Kari’na constellation <em>Kurewako yumï</em> ‘Father of the orange-"
13730"winged parrot’, representing the orange-winged parrot (<em>Amazona "
13731"amazonica</em>). There are no known myths about <em>Korherokoya</em>. It "
13732"should appear in February when the parrots are big enough to be taken out of"
13733" their nests, but the constellation remains unidentified."
13734msgstr ""
13735
13736#. type: Content of: <p>
13737#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:374
13738msgid "<em> Kasipenikoya </em> 'Spirit of the sea turtle'"
13739msgstr ""
13740
13741#. type: Content of: <p>
13742#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:375
13743msgid ""
13744"The constellation <em>Kasipenikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the sea "
13745"turtle&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
13746"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It refers to the spirit of an "
13747"unidentified species of a turtle. It may be the case that it is the same as "
13748"<em>Katarokoya</em>. The term <em>kataro</em> (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>) "
13749"appears to be a term borrowed from Kari&rsquo;na, it is thus possible that "
13750"<em>kasipeni</em> is the original Lokono term for the same turtle. However, "
13751"there are several species of turtles in the Guianas, thus <em>kataro</em> "
13752"and <em>kasipeni</em> can also refer to different species, and their spirits"
13753" be identified with different constellations."
13754msgstr ""
13755
13756#. type: Content of: <p>
13757#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:378
13758msgid ""
13759"This sky culture was contributed by <a "
13760"href=\"https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka\" class='external text' "
13761"title=\"https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka\" rel=\"nofollow\">Konrad "
13762"Rybka</a> and produced with the help of Lokono speakers in Suriname "
13763"(Cassipora) and Guyana (Wakapoa). The research was carried out as part of "
13764"the project supported by a Rubicon postdoctoral grant from the Netherlands "
13765"Organization for Scientific Research (project number 446-15-012). Quote as: "
13766"Rybka, Konrad 2018. <em>Lokono sky culture: a description of Lokono "
13767"ethnoastronomical knowledge for Stellarium software. </em> Version 1.0"
13768msgstr ""
13769
13770#. type: Content of: <p>
13771#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:383
13772msgid ""
13773"[1] Rybka, Konrad. 2015. <a "
13774"href=\"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24635\">“State-of-"
13775"the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language.”</a> Language "
13776"Documentation and Conservation 9: 110–13."
13777msgstr ""
13778
13779#. type: Content of: <p>
13780#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:385
13781msgid ""
13782"[2] Rybka, Konrad. 2017. <a "
13783"href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781614514886/9781614514886-010/9781614514886-010.xml"
13784" \">“Contact-Induced Phenomena in Lokono (Arawakan).”</a> In Boundaries and "
13785"Bridges, edited by Kofi Yakpo and Pieter C. Muysken. Berlin, Boston: De "
13786"Gruyter, pp 257-281."
13787msgstr ""
13788
13789#. type: Content of: <p>
13790#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:388
13791msgid ""
13792"[3] Navarette, Rodrigo Pérez de. 1964. “Relación de Las Provicias y Naciones"
13793" Que Los Indios Llamados Aruacas [Tienen] [...].” In Relaciones Geográficas "
13794"de Venezuela, edited by Antonio Arellano Moreno, 83–87. Caracas: Academia "
13795"Nacional de la Historia."
13796msgstr ""
13797
13798#. type: Content of: <p>
13799#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:390
13800msgid ""
13801"[4] Roth, Walter Edmund. 1924. An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, "
13802"and Customs of the Guiana Indians. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing "
13803"Office."
13804msgstr ""
13805
13806#. type: Content of: <p>
13807#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:392
13808msgid ""
13809"[5] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1943. Philosophy, Initiation and Myths of "
13810"the Indians of Guiana and Adjacent Countries. Archives Internationales "
13811"d’ethnographie. 44."
13812msgstr ""
13813
13814#. type: Content of: <p>
13815#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:394
13816msgid ""
13817"[6] Abbenhuis, M.F. 1939. Arawakken in Suriname: Enquête-Materiaal Voor Een "
13818"Volkenkundige Studie. Paramaribo: Leo Victor."
13819msgstr ""
13820
13821#. type: Content of: <p>
13822#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:396
13823msgid ""
13824"[7] Coll, Cornelius van. 1903. “Gegevens over Land En Volk van Suriname I - "
13825"Suriname’s Oorspronkelijke Bevolking.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En "
13826"Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast "
13827"Asia 55 (1): 453–529."
13828msgstr ""
13829
13830#. type: Content of: <p>
13831#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:398
13832msgid ""
13833"[8] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1928. The Arawak Language of Guiana. "
13834"Amsterdam: Uitgave van der Koninklijke Akademie von Wetenschappen te "
13835"Amsterdam."
13836msgstr ""
13837
13838#. type: Content of: <p>
13839#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:400
13840msgid ""
13841"[9] Brett, William Henry. 1880. Legends and Myths of the Aboriginal Indians "
13842"of British Guiana. London: Williams Wells Gardner."
13843msgstr ""
13844
13845#. type: Content of: <p>
13846#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:402
13847msgid ""
13848"[10] Roth, Walter Edmund. 1915. An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-Lore of"
13849" the Guiana Indians. Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of "
13850"American Ethnology 30. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office."
13851msgstr ""
13852
13853#. type: Content of: <p>
13854#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:404
13855msgid ""
13856"[11] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1942. “De Inwijding Tot Medicijnman Bij de"
13857" Arawakken (Guyana) in Tekst En Mythe.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En "
13858"Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 101: 211–76."
13859msgstr ""
13860
13861#. type: Content of: <p>
13862#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:406
13863msgid ""
13864"[12] Im Thurn, Everard Ferdinand. 1883. Among the Indians of Guiana: Being "
13865"Sketches Chiefly Anthropologic from the Interior of British Guiana. London: "
13866"K. Paul, Trench & Company."
13867msgstr ""
13868
13869#. type: Content of: <p>
13870#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:408
13871msgid ""
13872"[13] Laet, Joannes de. 1633. Novus Orbis, Seu Descriptionis Indiae "
13873"Occidentalis Libri XVIII. Leiden: Apud Elzevirios."
13874msgstr ""
13875
13876#. type: Content of: <p>
13877#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:410
13878msgid ""
13879"[14] Brett, William Henry. 1868. The Indian Tribes of Guiana: Their "
13880"Condition and Habits. London: Bell and Daldy."
13881msgstr ""
13882
13883#. type: Content of: <p>
13884#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:412
13885msgid ""
13886"[15] Baarle, Peter van, Mauricius Alberto Sabajo, van der Stap Gerdy, Sabajo"
13887" Andreas L., and Sabajo Lucia L. 1989. Arhwaka lokonong djang: Arowakse "
13888"taalkursus en woordenboek. Haarlem; Amsterdam: Sociaal-culturele Vereniging "
13889"Ikyoshie ; Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van "
13890"Amsterdam."
13891msgstr ""
13892
13893#. type: Content of: <p>
13894#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:414
13895msgid ""
13896"[16] Dance, Charles D. 1881. Chapters from a Guianese Log Book. Georgetown, "
13897"Guyana."
13898msgstr ""
13899
13900#. type: Content of: <p>
13901#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:416
13902msgid ""
13903"[17] Penard, Frederik Paul, and Arthur Philip Penard. 1907. De Menschetende "
13904"Aanbidders Der Zonneslang. Paramaribo: H.B. Heyde."
13905msgstr ""
13906
13907#. type: Content of: <p>
13908#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:418
13909msgid ""
13910"[18] Magaña, Edmundo, and Fabiola Jara. 1982. “The Carib sky.” Journal de la"
13911" Société des Américanistes 68 (1): 105–32."
13912msgstr ""
13913
13914#. type: Content of: <p>
13915#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:420
13916msgid ""
13917"[19] Bennett, John P. 1995. Twenty-Eight Lessons in Loko (Arawak): A "
13918"Teaching Guide. Georgetown, Guyana: Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology."
13919msgstr ""
13920
13921#. type: Content of: <p>
13922#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:422
13923msgid ""
13924"[20] Ahlbrinck, Willem. 1931. Encyclopaedie Der Karaïben. Amsterdam: "
13925"Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen."
13926msgstr ""
13927
13928#. type: Content of: <p>
13929#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:424
13930msgid ""
13931"[21] Schumann, Christian Ludwig. 1882. “Arawakish-Deutsches Wörterbuch.” In "
13932"Grammaires Et Vocabulaires Roucouyenne, Arrouague, Piapoco Et D’autres "
13933"Langues De La Région Des Guyanes, Par J. Crevaux, P . Sagot, L. Adam..., "
13934"edited by Jules Nicolas Crevaux, Paul Antoine Sagot, and Lucien Adam, 7–165."
13935" Paris: Maisonneuve."
13936msgstr ""
13937
13938#. type: Content of: <p>
13939#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:426
13940msgid ""
13941"[22] Courtz, H. 2008. A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Toronto, ON, Canada: "
13942"Magoria Books."
13943msgstr ""
13944
13945#. type: Content of: <p>
13946#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:428
13947msgid ""
13948"[23] Arawak manuscripts, American Philosophical Society, manuscript "
13949"number:<a "
13950"href=\"https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.498.3.Sch8-ead.xml\">"
13951" Mss.498.3.Sch8. </a>Page 562 in the original manuscript, which corresponds "
13952"to page 576 in the digitalized document. The image was reduced in size, "
13953"cropped, and reproduced here with the kind permission of the American "
13954"Philosophical Society."
13955msgstr ""
13956
13957#. type: Content of: <h2>
13958#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:1
13959msgid "Sky Map of Macedonian People"
13960msgstr ""
13961
13962#. type: Content of: <p>
13963#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:2
13964msgid ""
13965"Ethnoastronomical research among Macedonian people began in 1982, organized "
13966"by the Planetarium at Youth Cultural Centre. In the past years, around 140 "
13967"villages in Republic of Macedonia have been visited and over 1500 "
13968"inhabitants have been interviewed and surveyed.  All collected information "
13969"from the population have been published in the book “Sky over Macedonia” "
13970"(Cenev G, 2004). An integral part of this book is the Sky map of Macedonian "
13971"people which has been reconstructed based on the descriptions of "
13972"constellations known to elderly inhabitants of Macedonian villages (Cenev "
13973"G., 2000)."
13974msgstr ""
13975
13976#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
13977#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:8
13978msgid "Mother Hen (Kvachka) <i>[Quatʃka]</i>"
13979msgstr ""
13980
13981#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
13982#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:9
13983msgid ""
13984"is the best-known constellation, which is recognized by all elderly people "
13985"in Macedonian villages, without any exception. This name people use for the "
13986"star cluster Pleiades"
13987msgstr ""
13988
13989#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
13990#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:11
13991msgid "Rooster (Petal) <i>[Petel]</i>"
13992msgstr ""
13993
13994#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
13995#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:12
13996msgid ""
13997"This is the name of the star Alnath (or Elnath) from the constellation "
13998"Taurus."
13999msgstr ""
14000
14001#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14002#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:14
14003msgid "Hawk (Јastreb) <i>[Yastreb]</i>"
14004msgstr ""
14005
14006#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14007#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:14
14008msgid ""
14009"Hawk, as one of the most famous enemies of the Mother Hen and the Rooster, "
14010"is right above them in an attacking position.  Bright star Capella (Kapela) "
14011"from the constellation Auriga is actually known among people as Hawk."
14012msgstr ""
14013
14014#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14015#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:16
14016msgid "Fox (Lisica) <i>[Lysitsa]</i>"
14017msgstr ""
14018
14019#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14020#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:17
14021msgid ""
14022"Fox is the second by importance natural enemy of the Mother Hen and the "
14023"Rooster so it is obvious why people also “see” it on the sky.  The red color"
14024" of the bright star Aldebaran from the constellation of the Bull is the "
14025"reason why people perceive it as a Fox ready to attack the Mother Hen and "
14026"the Rooster."
14027msgstr ""
14028
14029#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14030#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:19
14031msgid "Pigs (Svinji) <i>[Sviƞi]</i>"
14032msgstr ""
14033
14034#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14035#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:20
14036msgid ""
14037"Near to the Mother Hen, people on the sky noticed the star cluster Hyades. "
14038"Scattered appearance of the stars of this cluster associated people to the "
14039"image of pigs in a village yard, and so it’s called Pigs."
14040msgstr ""
14041
14042#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14043#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:22
14044msgid "Yoke (Jarem) <i>[Yarem]</i>"
14045msgstr ""
14046
14047#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14048#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:23
14049msgid ""
14050"People under this name recognize group of stars in the constellation "
14051"Perseus. Yokes for the oxen usually is found in village yards so that is "
14052"why, like the previous constellation, is evidence of the general image of "
14053"people and purpose given to this part of the sky."
14054msgstr ""
14055
14056#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14057#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:25
14058msgid "Ploughman (Orach) <i>[Oratʃ]</i>"
14059msgstr ""
14060
14061#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14062#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:26
14063msgid ""
14064"The Ploughman is one of the three main characters in the sky. It is the name"
14065" people gave to the bright star Betelgeuse in the constellation of Orion. "
14066"Besides Betelgeuse, in building the image of this folk constellation, some "
14067"weaker and less bright stars from the surrounding are also taken into "
14068"account, because people say that the Ploughman is an image of a person with "
14069"a goad as he returns home."
14070msgstr ""
14071
14072#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14073#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:28
14074msgid "Plough with Oxen (Ralo so Volovi) <i>[Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]</i>"
14075msgstr ""
14076
14077#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14078#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:29
14079msgid ""
14080"The constellation Orion with its numerous bright stars and distinctive "
14081"pattern dominates the winter sky and can be easily found. People from "
14082"Macedonian villages usually point at the region around Orion’s belt saying "
14083"that three bright stars and surrounding less bright stars create an image of"
14084" a wooden Plough with two yoked oxen."
14085msgstr ""
14086
14087#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14088#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:31
14089msgid "Wolves (Volci) <i>[Voltsi]</i>"
14090msgstr ""
14091
14092#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14093#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:32
14094msgid ""
14095"Near to the plough with oxen, which is left on a field, people see two "
14096"wolves as well. They are the bright stars Sirius in the constellation Canis "
14097"Major and Procyon in Canis Minor."
14098msgstr ""
14099
14100#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14101#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:34
14102msgid "Priest’s Straw (Popova Slama) <i>[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]</i>"
14103msgstr ""
14104
14105#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14106#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:35
14107msgid "Our galaxy (Milky Way) by its appearance is dominant on the summer sky"
14108msgstr ""
14109
14110#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14111#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:37
14112msgid "Threshing floor (Gumno) <i>[Goumno]</i>"
14113msgstr ""
14114
14115#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14116#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:38
14117msgid ""
14118"Circular and foggy appearance of the Andromeda galaxy (М31) evoked people to"
14119" see the threshing floor with straw from where the Priest was stealing from "
14120"his Godson."
14121msgstr ""
14122
14123#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14124#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:40
14125msgid "Cross (Krst) <i>[Krst]</i>"
14126msgstr ""
14127
14128#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14129#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:41
14130msgid ""
14131"Complement with the people’s belief, when the Priest-thief saw God’s might "
14132"he started running in panic and lost his cross on the way. So next to the "
14133"Priest’s Straw there is the Cross."
14134msgstr ""
14135
14136#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14137#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:43
14138msgid "Ears (Ushi) <i>[Uʃi]</i>"
14139msgstr ""
14140
14141#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14142#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:44
14143msgid ""
14144"By this common word used as a jargon, Macedonian villagers mark the part of "
14145"the wooden plough that goes into the soil, used for plowing."
14146msgstr ""
14147
14148#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14149#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:46
14150msgid "Trivet (Pirustija) <i>[Pirustiya]</i>"
14151msgstr ""
14152
14153#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14154#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:47
14155msgid ""
14156"The trivet is a metal device with three legs (tripod) which fits over the "
14157"fireplace to support pans and kettles while preparing food."
14158msgstr ""
14159
14160#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14161#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:49
14162msgid "Tongs (Mashi) <i>[Maʃy]</i>"
14163msgstr ""
14164
14165#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14166#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:50
14167msgid ""
14168"The Tongs were used for the fire where the trivet is. Thus, the people’s "
14169"constellation Tongs is very close to the constellation Trivet."
14170msgstr ""
14171
14172#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14173#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:52
14174msgid "Low round wooden dining table (Sofra) <i>[Sofra]</i>"
14175msgstr ""
14176
14177#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14178#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:53
14179msgid ""
14180"The typical semi-circular shape of the constellation Corona Borealis evoked "
14181"the image of a wooden round table called sofra."
14182msgstr ""
14183
14184#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14185#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:55
14186msgid "Auger (Svrdel) <i>[Svrdǝl]</i>"
14187msgstr ""
14188
14189#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14190#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:56
14191msgid ""
14192"People say that this is a very big drill used for construction of houses and"
14193" is found inside the Priest’s Straw"
14194msgstr ""
14195
14196#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
14197#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:58
14198msgid "Thieves (Aramii) <i>[Arami:]</i>"
14199msgstr ""
14200
14201#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
14202#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:59
14203msgid ""
14204"The famous constellation Ursa Major among the people is described as a group"
14205" of thieves. The seven bright stars of Ursa Major are said to be thieves "
14206"„because during the entire night they circle on the sky same as thieves that"
14207" circle around houses“"
14208msgstr ""
14209
14210#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14211#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:64
14212msgid ""
14213"<a href=\"http://mid.org.mk/ethnoastronomy/\">Macedonian Research "
14214"Society</a>"
14215msgstr ""
14216
14217#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14218#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:65
14219msgid ""
14220"<a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PASRB...4..139C\">Cenev, Gjore "
14221"(1985). <em>The astronomical knowledge of the south-west Macedonia's "
14222"people.</em> \"Publications of the Astronomical Society of \"Rudjer "
14223"Bošković\", No. 4, p. 139 - 146\". Belgrade, Yugoslavia</a>"
14224msgstr ""
14225
14226#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14227#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:66
14228msgid ""
14229"Cenev, Gjore (2004). <em>Sky Map of Macedonian People.</em> Skopje, "
14230"Mladinski kulturen centar."
14231msgstr ""
14232
14233#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14234#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:67
14235msgid ""
14236"Cenev, Gjore (2004). <em>Neboto nad Makedonija [Sky over Macedonia].</em> "
14237"Skopje, Mladinski kulturen centar."
14238msgstr ""
14239
14240#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14241#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:68
14242msgid ""
14243"<a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008POBeo..85...97C\">Cenev, Gjore "
14244"(2008). <em>Macedonian Folk Constellations.</em> Publications of the "
14245"Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade, vol. 85, p. 97-109. Belgrade, "
14246"Serbia.</a>"
14247msgstr ""
14248
14249#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14250#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:69
14251msgid ""
14252"<a "
14253"href=\"http://www.academia.edu/18707131/The_Ancient_Sky_Map_Of_The_Macedonian_People\">Cenev,"
14254" Gjore (2014). <em>The Ancient Sky Map Of The Macedonian People.</em> Cosmos"
14255" – The Journal of the Traditional Cosmology Society, volume 30, Edinburgh, "
14256"Scotland, United Kingdom.</a>"
14257msgstr ""
14258
14259#. type: Content of: <p>
14260#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:74
14261msgid ""
14262"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Vancho Stojkoski</i> and <i>Gjore "
14263"Cenev</i> from Macedonian Research Society based primarily on the book "
14264"<b>Sky over Macedonia</b> by Cenev G, 2004."
14265msgstr ""
14266
14267#. type: Content of: <h2>
14268#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:1
14269msgid "Maori (New Zealand)"
14270msgstr ""
14271
14272#. type: Content of: <p>
14273#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:2
14274msgid ""
14275"The Maori (New Zealand) night sky is similar to the Polynesian night sky. "
14276"But it differs enough to warrant it's own sky culture. Maritime themes are "
14277"central to the Maori sky culture and were used extensively in nautical "
14278"navigation. Along with most other cultures, the rising and setting of "
14279"prominent stars were used to signal planting and harvesting seasons."
14280msgstr ""
14281
14282#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14283#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:6
14284msgid ""
14285"<a "
14286"href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Maori_.28New_Zealand.29\">Maori"
14287" sky culture on Stellarium Wiki</a>: a more complete version of this text."
14288msgstr ""
14289
14290#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
14291#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:7
14292msgid ""
14293"<a href=\"http://www.astronomynz.org/\">The Phoenix Astronomical "
14294"Society</a>: a very good website on Maori sky culture (Wairarapa, New "
14295"Zealand)."
14296msgstr ""
14297
14298#. type: Content of: <p>
14299#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:11
14300#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:86
14301msgid ""
14302"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Dan Smale</i>, "
14303"d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz"
14304msgstr ""
14305
14306#. type: Content of: <h2>
14307#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:1
14308msgid "Maya"
14309msgstr ""
14310
14311#. type: Content of: <p>
14312#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:2
14313msgid ""
14314"Maya culture was one of the most sophisticated civilizations in the pre-"
14315"columbian american continent. They developed a writing system which let them"
14316" store and use their knowledge in a variety of forms: e.g. on how to perform"
14317" rituals or delivering particular messages to an audience (political and "
14318"sacred facts from rulers to the people, sculpted in monuments and stelae). "
14319"These records allow us explore, through the laborious work of many "
14320"researchers, their cosmovision and how they thought the cosmos came to be. "
14321"Their knowledge was recorded in books (academically known as “codex”), like "
14322"the Dresden codex (which describes the dates that Venus would pass through "
14323"each of its visibility phases and also a table of lunar and solar eclipses),"
14324" the Paris codex (which is believed to describe some of their "
14325"constellations), the Madrid codex (which relates astronomy and agriculture "
14326"data) and lately, the Grolier codex (it was thought that it was an "
14327"abbreviated version of the Dresden codex, but it is not accepted yet as "
14328"original by some scholars)."
14329msgstr ""
14330
14331#. type: Content of: <p><h5>
14332#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:3
14333msgid ""
14334"<em>Page 49 of the Dresden Codex showing a section of the Venus Table.</em>"
14335msgstr ""
14336
14337#. type: Content of: <p><p>
14338#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:5
14339msgid ""
14340"All mayan codices are thought to have been taken to Europe by the first "
14341"explorers of the New World, as evidence of their discoveries. The Paris "
14342"Codex in particular was then long forgotten, until priest Leon Rosny found "
14343"it in 1859 in a chimney corner of the National Library of Paris. It has "
14344"suffered substantial damage, as can be seen in page 23 shown below. In spite"
14345" of this, the Paris codex describes asterisms and constellations seen by the"
14346" mayas, some of them probably related to a group of zodiacal constellations "
14347"(Love, 1994)(Freidel et al., 1993)(Aveni, 2005), while others do not "
14348"(Špoták, 2015)."
14349msgstr ""
14350
14351#. type: Content of: <p><p><h5>
14352#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:7
14353msgid "<em>Page 23 of the Paris Codex showing some Constellations.</em>"
14354msgstr ""
14355
14356#. type: Content of: <p><p>
14357#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:8
14358msgid ""
14359"In this approach to representing the constellations in Stellarium, we assume"
14360" that are related to the ecliptic, since in the Paris codex they seem to "
14361"\"swallow\" the Sun, so they are placed as close as possible to this line "
14362"while trying to adjust the star patterns to the images of the different "
14363"animals thought to represent zodiacal constellations. Other constellations "
14364"are placed according to what ethnographic sources state are their most "
14365"probable location.  Constellation lines were drawn trying to adjust to the "
14366"images taken from the above mentioned sources and they appear according to "
14367"the interpretation of the contributors of this culture."
14368msgstr ""
14369
14370#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14371#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:10
14372msgid "Some of the identified constellations from the Paris Codex are:"
14373msgstr ""
14374
14375#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14376#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:11
14377msgid "<em>Bird <i>[Ch’oom]</i></em>"
14378msgstr ""
14379
14380#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14381#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:12
14382msgid ""
14383"Not clearly identified, but some researchers describe it as a vulture, since"
14384" it is not decorated and relates better to some ethnographic descriptions "
14385"(Špoták, 2015)."
14386msgstr ""
14387
14388#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
14389#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:13
14390#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:16
14391#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:19
14392#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:20
14393#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:23
14394#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:24
14395#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:27
14396#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:28
14397#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:31
14398#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:34
14399#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:37
14400#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:40
14401#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:43
14402#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:56
14403#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:61
14404msgid "&nbsp;"
14405msgstr "&nbsp;"
14406
14407#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14408#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:14
14409msgid "<em>Shark <i>[Xoc]</i></em>"
14410msgstr ""
14411
14412#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14413#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:15
14414msgid ""
14415"The picture used for this constellation is in fact a combination of the "
14416"elements of two animals: head of a snake and tail of a fish, so some "
14417"scholars conclude this is a representation of a shark."
14418msgstr ""
14419
14420#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14421#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:17
14422msgid "<em>Owl <i>[Kulte']</i></em>"
14423msgstr ""
14424
14425#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14426#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:18
14427msgid ""
14428"Identified as such by some scholars, specially because of the small body and"
14429" feathers on the head that it exhibits."
14430msgstr ""
14431
14432#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14433#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:21
14434msgid "<em>Jaguar <i>[Balaam]</i></em>"
14435msgstr ""
14436
14437#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14438#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:22
14439msgid ""
14440"Identified as such because of the typical marks exhibited which are related "
14441"to the skin of this animal."
14442msgstr ""
14443
14444#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14445#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:25
14446msgid "<em>Death <i>[Kimi]</i></em>"
14447msgstr ""
14448
14449#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14450#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:26
14451msgid ""
14452"This constellation appears in the Paris Codex as a skeleton, not yet clear "
14453"whether it's an animal or not."
14454msgstr ""
14455
14456#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14457#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:29
14458msgid "<em>Scorpion <i>[Sina'an]</i></em>"
14459msgstr ""
14460
14461#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14462#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:30
14463msgid ""
14464"Scholars agree that this maya constellation is in accordance to our Western "
14465"culture Scorpion constellation, because of the \"twisted\" body that is "
14466"suggested by this pattern of stars, however, for the mayas the sting is "
14467"closer to the star Antares, because it should be next to the path of the "
14468"Sun, as suggested by its position in the Paris Codex."
14469msgstr ""
14470
14471#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14472#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:32
14473msgid "<em>Rattlesnake <i>[Chaan]</i></em>"
14474msgstr ""
14475
14476#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14477#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:33
14478msgid ""
14479"This animal is present through many species in the central america "
14480"environment, but the one represented in the Paris codex is thought to be the"
14481" Rattlesnake, because of the ending of the tail which shows the typical "
14482"rattling ending of this reptile."
14483msgstr ""
14484
14485#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14486#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:35
14487msgid "<em>Bat <i>[Zool]</i></em>"
14488msgstr ""
14489
14490#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14491#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:36
14492msgid ""
14493"Identified as such by its wings, as well as by the characteristic nose that "
14494"this animal displays in the upper lip, typical in maya iconography."
14495msgstr ""
14496
14497#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14498#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:38
14499msgid "<em>Toad <i>[Uo]</i></em>"
14500msgstr ""
14501
14502#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14503#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:39
14504msgid ""
14505"This animal is identified as such because of its necklace and the lack of "
14506"teeth in its mouth (Špoták, 2015).  Freidel et al. (1993) place this animal "
14507"in the Western culture constellation of Virgo."
14508msgstr ""
14509
14510#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
14511#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:41
14512msgid "<em>Turtle <i>[Aak]</i></em>"
14513msgstr ""
14514
14515#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14516#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:42
14517msgid ""
14518"The turtle was present during the creation of the world, located on the "
14519"Western culture Orion's Belt asterism. This position in the sky is not "
14520"really deduced from the Paris codex, but from the analysis made on the "
14521"Bonampak murals, where the picture of the turtle is decorated with three "
14522"points, very similar in position and orientation to Orion’s Belt, so this "
14523"turtle representation has been used to place it in the Stellarium sky, "
14524"instead of the one depicted in the Paris Codex."
14525msgstr ""
14526
14527#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
14528#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:45
14529msgid ""
14530"Asterisms and constellations obtained through other archaeological and "
14531"ethnographic sources (such as murals and manuscripts like the <i>Popol "
14532"Vuh</i>) are described below:"
14533msgstr ""
14534
14535#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h4>
14536#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:46
14537msgid "<em>Hole-backed Caiman: <i>[Way Paat Ahiin] </i></em>"
14538msgstr ""
14539
14540#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
14541#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:47
14542msgid ""
14543"The Milky Way in a vertical position relative to the horizon. This half-"
14544"crocodile half-deer creature was sacrificed in a mythical time before the "
14545"present one, an event which caused a storm of blood marking the end of the "
14546"primordial chaos. On its back, the four trees -that lifted and hold the sky "
14547"were placed- along with another supernatural being stepping on top of the "
14548"decapitated body, thus fertilizing, founding or establishing the current "
14549"order of things."
14550msgstr ""
14551
14552#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><h4>
14553#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:50
14554msgid "<em>Paddler Gods: </em>"
14555msgstr ""
14556
14557#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p>
14558#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:51
14559msgid ""
14560"This picture shows the Maize God being carried by a couple of paddler gods "
14561"in a canoe to the place of creation: the Three Hearthstones (defined by the "
14562"stars Alnitak, Saiph and Rigel, in the Western culture constellation Orion, "
14563"and in Stellarium shown encircling the Oxib' Xk'ub', or Primordial Fire "
14564"asterism), where he would be self-sacrificed for the creation of the cosmos "
14565"to take place."
14566msgstr ""
14567
14568#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h4>
14569#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:54
14570msgid "<em>Primordial Fire: <i>[Oxib'Xk'ub] </i></em>"
14571msgstr ""
14572
14573#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
14574#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:55
14575msgid ""
14576"This fire was lighted at the moment of creation, and mayas saw its smoke "
14577"represented as the Orion's nebula (M42), between three bright stars "
14578"representing the three hearthstones."
14579msgstr ""
14580
14581#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h4>
14582#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:58
14583msgid "<em>Pecaries: </em>"
14584msgstr ""
14585
14586#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
14587#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:59
14588msgid ""
14589"These pig-like animals are represented together just like the stars Castor "
14590"and Pollux. The picture included in Stellarium was taken from the Bonampak "
14591"mural."
14592msgstr ""
14593
14594#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3>
14595#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:62
14596msgid "Stars and Planets Names"
14597msgstr ""
14598
14599#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
14600#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:63
14601msgid ""
14602"Maya people, just as other ancient cultures, used stars to keep track of "
14603"time. The stars included in this version of Stellarium are:"
14604msgstr ""
14605
14606#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14607#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:65
14608msgid ""
14609"<b>Two brilliant ones: </b><i>[kib' chuplinik]</i>, <b>Castor and "
14610"Pollux</b>, used at the beginning of the dry season to track the time at "
14611"night."
14612msgstr ""
14613
14614#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14615#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:66
14616msgid ""
14617"<b>Single Star: </b><i>[jun ch'umil]</i>, <b>Regulus</b>, used in February "
14618"to track the time at night."
14619msgstr ""
14620
14621#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14622#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:67
14623msgid ""
14624"<b>Corner Star: </b><i>[xukut ch'umil]</i>, <b>Alpha Centauri</b>, called "
14625"like this because it marked the southern corner of the night sky at the end "
14626"of the dry season, in April."
14627msgstr ""
14628
14629#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14630#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:68
14631msgid ""
14632"<b>Bright Star: </b><i>[Chac 'Ek]</i>, <b>Venus</b>, this planet was the God"
14633" of War for the maya. In the Dresden Codex there is an almanac that was used"
14634" to predict this planet's appearances and disappearances during its synodic "
14635"period."
14636msgstr ""
14637
14638#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3>
14639#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:71
14640msgid "Authors and References"
14641msgstr ""
14642
14643#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
14644#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:72
14645msgid ""
14646"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Eduardo Rodas-Quito</i> and <i>Javier"
14647" Mejuto</i> of the Archaeoastronomy and Cultural Astronomy Department at "
14648"Space Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras based "
14649"primarily on the work of the authors described as follows:"
14650msgstr ""
14651
14652#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14653#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:74
14654msgid ""
14655"<a "
14656"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/25028815/The_Paris_Codex_Complex_Analysis_of_an_Ancient_Maya_Manuscript_Dissertation_?auto=download\">The"
14657" Paris Codex: Complex Analysis of an Ancient Maya Manuscript "
14658"(Dissertation)</a> by Jakub Špoták"
14659msgstr ""
14660
14661#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14662#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:75
14663msgid ""
14664"Freidel, D., Schele, L., Parker, J.(1993)<i> Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand "
14665"Years On The Shaman's Path, </i>New York: William Morrow and Company Inc."
14666msgstr ""
14667
14668#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14669#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:76
14670msgid ""
14671"Aveni, A.(2005)<i> Observadores del Cielo en el Mexico Antiguo, </i>Mexico "
14672"D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Economica."
14673msgstr ""
14674
14675#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14676#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:77
14677msgid ""
14678"Tedlock, B.(1999) Maya Astronomy: What We Know and How We Know It,<i> "
14679"Archaeoastronomy, The Journal of Astronomy in Culture </i>, XIV(1), pp.: "
14680"39-58."
14681msgstr ""
14682
14683#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14684#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:78
14685msgid ""
14686"Garcia Barrios, A. (2015) <a "
14687"href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0185257415300010\">El"
14688" mito del diluvio en las ceremonias de entronización de los gobernantes "
14689"mayas. Agentes responsables de la decapitación del saurio y nuevas "
14690"fundaciones</a>, <i>Estudios de cultura maya</i>, 45(45), pp. 9-48."
14691msgstr ""
14692
14693#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3>
14694#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:82
14695msgid "Links of Interest"
14696msgstr ""
14697
14698#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14699#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:84
14700msgid ""
14701"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Codex\">Wikipedia: The Paris "
14702"Codex</a>"
14703msgstr ""
14704
14705#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
14706#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:85
14707msgid ""
14708"<a href=\"https://maya.nmai.si.edu/es/gallery/bonampak\">Bonampak, Viviendo "
14709"el tiempo maya</a>"
14710msgstr ""
14711
14712#. type: Content of: <h2>
14713#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:1
14714msgid "Mongolian"
14715msgstr ""
14716
14717#. type: Content of: <p>
14718#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:3
14719msgid ""
14720"Mongolian constellations and cosmogony were inherited from the occidental "
14721"civilisation notably by the contact with Alexander the Great and was largely"
14722" influenced by Chinese civilisation and Buddhist religion, resulting in "
14723"numerous myths and beliefs linked with what surrounds them. The local wild "
14724"and fauna are the main themes of this skyculture. The wealth of their "
14725"cosmogony is probably to link with the observation conditions for whom they "
14726"benefit even now. In the past, the necessity for them to move and to get "
14727"one's bearing even during the night and at different seasons, by searching "
14728"the weather's mildness, is probably one of the element which developed their"
14729" imaginary facing the sky."
14730msgstr ""
14731
14732#. type: Content of: <p>
14733#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:17
14734msgid ""
14735"Generally, stars represent animals turning around the North Star which is "
14736"symbolized by the golden stick (<em>Altan Hadaas</em>). Almost all Mongolian"
14737" asterisms are similar to those that we know. However some have other names "
14738"like <em>Num Sum</em> (The Bow and the Arrow)  for the constellation Swan, "
14739"or <em>Doloon Burkhan</em> for the seven stars of the Big Dipper. The summer"
14740" triangle made up of Vega, Deneb and Altair stars refers to three stags "
14741"(<em>Gurvan Maral Od</em> in Mongolian). And Cassiopeia represents, in the "
14742"Mongolian imagination, the Five Stars Woman (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)."
14743msgstr ""
14744
14745#. type: Content of: <h3>
14746#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:27
14747msgid "Planets and Stars"
14748msgstr ""
14749
14750#. type: Content of: <p>
14751#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:29
14752msgid ""
14753"Originally, Tibeto-Mongolian astrology calculates the positions of each of "
14754"the planets visible with the naked eye. Because planets beyond Saturn are "
14755"not visible without telescope (the instrument which appeared long time after"
14756" the creation of their astrology), the Mongolians have attributed one of the"
14757" five planets for each day of the week, completing with the Sun "
14758"(<em>Nar</em>) for Sunday and the Moon (<em>Sar</em>) for Monday. The names "
14759"of the Solar System's planets and Pluto have some peculiarities in "
14760"Mongolian. Mercury is named <em>Bud</em> (associated with Wednesday), Venus,"
14761" <em>Sugar</em> (associated with Friday), the Earth, <em>Delkhii</em>, Mars,"
14762" <em>Angarag</em> (associated with Tuesday), Jupiter, <em>Barhasbadi</em> "
14763"(associated with Thursday), Saturn, <em>Sanchir</em> (associated with "
14764"Saturday), Uranus, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, Neptune, <em>Dalai-van</em> and "
14765"at last Pluto, <em>Dalkhii-van</em>. We can see that the three last, "
14766"invisible to the naked eye and discovered long time after the others, have "
14767"the characteristic to have the particle <em>-van</em> at the end of the "
14768"name, indicating the princely status in Mongolian.  Earth and Pluto are "
14769"named similarly, except that this last one has this particle. It is possible"
14770" to translate from Mongolian Pluto like \"The princely ground\" (ground and "
14771"not Earth because it means here the surface on which we walk, not the Earth."
14772" Uranus, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, could be translated as \"princely sky\", "
14773"and Neptun, <em>Dalai-van</em>, as the \"princely ocean\". Nevertheless, "
14774"this particle has no real equivalent in English, and translations above are "
14775"presented to give an idea of the planets name's meaning. However, the names "
14776"of the celestial bodies specified here come from Sanskrit (language spoken "
14777"in India) and are largely used in the current language in Mongolia but in an"
14778" unofficial way."
14779msgstr ""
14780
14781#. type: Content of: <p>
14782#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:59
14783msgid ""
14784"It is also very interesting to see the tight link between terms designating "
14785"other celestial bodies and their beliefs: indeed, <em>Tengeriin Zadas</em> "
14786"appoints the Milky Way. We could literally translate this as the \"Sky "
14787"Line\" (<em>Tengeriin</em> for the sky, which also means the god of the sky,"
14788" and <em>Zadas</em> for the line). Well known in Mongolian star lore "
14789"concerns Alcor, the star located above Mizar in the Big Bear. It symbolises "
14790"the recover and protection star. It was placed here by <em>Tengeriin</em> "
14791"(god of heaven) to protect Mizar. To become an archer for Genghis Khan (13th"
14792" century), it seemed that one had to be able to discern these two stars with"
14793" the naked eye."
14794msgstr ""
14795
14796#. type: Content of: <p>
14797#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:71
14798msgid ""
14799"From a historic point of view, this excellent knowledge of the sky goes back"
14800" to <em>Ulug Beg</em> (AD1394-1449; <em>Taraghay</em> by his real name), "
14801"astronomer, mathematician and viceroy in Samarkand whose empire spread as "
14802"far as Central Asia. Turning away from his royal obligations, he examined "
14803"celestial bodies and astronomical questions of his time. He is the first to "
14804"extremely precisely measure Saturn's revolution period (<em>Sanchir</em>) "
14805"with a sextant of 40 meters radius."
14806msgstr ""
14807
14808#. type: Content of: <h3>
14809#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:80
14810msgid "Myths and Legends"
14811msgstr ""
14812
14813#. type: Content of: <h4>
14814#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:82
14815msgid "The Great Bear"
14816msgstr ""
14817
14818#. type: Content of: <p>
14819#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:83
14820msgid ""
14821"Mongolians are particularly attached to the Great Bear. This constellation "
14822"is limited for them to the seven Dipper stars making the bear's tail and "
14823"body, but the legend concerning it is probably the most famous in Mongolia."
14824msgstr ""
14825
14826#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
14827#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:88
14828msgid ""
14829"Once upon a time, there were eight orphan brothers gifted with outstanding "
14830"capabilities living within a kingdom. The king and the queen lived within it"
14831" peacefully. One day, a monster came and kidnapped the queen. The king asked"
14832" the eight brothers to bring her back and said: \"If one of you succeeds to "
14833"rescue my beloved, I will give to him a golden arrow\". The orphans went "
14834"together to assist their queen. They searched the monster during two days "
14835"and three nights, when in the middle of the third night, they found and "
14836"killed the monster. They brought back the queen in the castle."
14837msgstr ""
14838
14839#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
14840#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:96
14841msgid ""
14842"The king did not cut out the arrow in eight parts, he decided to threw it in"
14843" the sky. The first to catch it could keep it. The younger brother succeeded"
14844" the test and changed immediately into the North Star (Polar Star). The "
14845"seven others changed into the seven gods, the seven Buddhas visiting their "
14846"younger brother every night. The name <em>Doloon burkhan</em> (the Seven "
14847"Buddhas) come from this legend to appoint the Great Bear and the Golden "
14848"Stick, <em>Altan Hadaas</em>, the Polar Star."
14849msgstr ""
14850
14851#. type: Content of: <p>
14852#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:106
14853msgid ""
14854"A tradition, particularly delightful, concerns the link between Mongolian "
14855"people and the Great Bear as one star of this constellation is attributed to"
14856" each of them. It depends on their birth year in the Chinese calendar. "
14857"Chinese and Mongolian calendars have some similarities (the Mongolian "
14858"calendar is a lunar calendar). Each year is symbolized by an animal, itself "
14859"associated to a star of the constellation Great Bear. The first, Dubhe, "
14860"corresponds to the rat's year, the second, Merak, corresponds to the ox and "
14861"so on until the end of the Great Bear's tail where Alkaid symbolizes the "
14862"year of the horse. Then we come back to the first, the sheep year and we "
14863"repeat the same way until the twelfth and latest year of the Chinese "
14864"calendar, the one of the pig. Therefore, the two stars at the end of the "
14865"tail are assigned one time only."
14866msgstr ""
14867
14868#. type: Content of: <p>
14869#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:120
14870msgid ""
14871"[Note by G. Zotti: This is a variant of the old Seven Buddha Sutra described"
14872" by <em>Elverskog</em>. There however, the association of the stars goes in "
14873"an up-and-down movement, i.e., Dubhe/Rat, Merak/Ox, ... Mizar/Snake, "
14874"Alkaid/Horse, Mizar/Goat, ... Merak/Pig.]"
14875msgstr ""
14876
14877#. type: Content of: <img><h4>
14878#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:127
14879msgid "Shooting stars"
14880msgstr ""
14881
14882#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14883#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:129
14884msgid ""
14885"Shooting stars have also a specific meaning: they are personified through "
14886"their beliefs. When they see these shooting stars they imagine that it is a "
14887"star which falls from the sky and which symbolizes somebody who just died. "
14888"Whereas occidental people make a wish, Mongolians say: \"Phew, it is not "
14889"me!\""
14890msgstr ""
14891
14892#. type: Content of: <img><h4>
14893#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:135
14894msgid "Neglected Legends"
14895msgstr ""
14896
14897#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14898#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:137
14899msgid ""
14900"Three legends just as rich in meaning concern the Sun, eclipses and <em>Hun "
14901"Tavan Od</em> (Cassiopeia). However, they are nowadays neglected and almost "
14902"forgotten by most Mongolians:"
14903msgstr ""
14904
14905#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p>
14906#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:143
14907msgid ""
14908"At the origin of the world, there was only one man and vast particularly dry"
14909" meadows, burned by the seven suns which lit the world. This man, a very "
14910"good archer, made the promise to the gods that he pierced all these suns "
14911"without missing a target even once. If he should fail, he would cut himself "
14912"all the fingers one by one and leave to live in a hole like a marmot "
14913"(groundhog) to ward off the curse that would weigh on him. He took his bow, "
14914"pulled a first arrow and hit his target. A second, a third until the sixth "
14915"which destroyed the suns. He finished by pulling his seventh arrow towards "
14916"the last sun, when a swallow flew off and passed through its direction. The "
14917"bird was hit. The man had not reach his goal, so he left towards exile in a "
14918"hole, cut his fingers and turned into a marmot. The swallow had just saved "
14919"our Sun, otherwise all life would have disappeared from the world's surface."
14920msgstr ""
14921
14922#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14923#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:158
14924msgid ""
14925"We have to see here a parallel with the number seven, important in the "
14926"Mongolian culture like all odd numbers. They bring luck in the buddhist "
14927"religion."
14928msgstr ""
14929
14930#. type: Content of: <img><h5>
14931#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:162
14932msgid "Eclipses"
14933msgstr ""
14934
14935#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p>
14936#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:165
14937msgid ""
14938"At that time lived a scary monster named <em>Raah</em> which frightened the "
14939"entire world. He devoured all who were in its way. The god "
14940"<em>Orchiwaani</em> owned a magic spring: whoever drank from it became "
14941"immortal. One day, <em>Raah</em> stole the spring and drunk. The Moon and "
14942"the Sun caught the monster in the act and reported to <em>Orchiwaani</em>. "
14943"Seething with rage to hear about this piece of news he went to fight the "
14944"monster. He cut its head many times but it grew again immediately because "
14945"<em>Raah</em> had become immortal. He thought then to cut its tail in order "
14946"to allow all that it ate to leave again directly. Just as "
14947"<em>Orchiwaani</em> would seize the monster to finish it off, it escaped and"
14948" disappeared between the Moon and the Sun. Then <em>Orchiwaani</em> asked "
14949"the Moon, who recaptured <em>Raah</em> and cut its rump and its tail. In "
14950"revenge, the monster comes back sometimes to eat the Moon or the Sun which "
14951"exit immediately, giving rise to moon and solar eclipses."
14952msgstr ""
14953
14954#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14955#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:182
14956msgid ""
14957"When there is an eclipse, Mongolians know that it means that <em>Raah</em> "
14958"devours the Moon or the Sun and they make a lot of noise so that the monster"
14959" liberates the eclipsed star. In the 13th century, Guillaume de Rubruck "
14960"wrote:"
14961msgstr ""
14962
14963#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p>
14964#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:187
14965msgid ""
14966"\"Some [Mongolian people] have knowledge in astronomy and predict them [to "
14967"other Mongolian people] the Lunar and Solar eclipses and, when it is about "
14968"to produce one, everybody stocks up on food because they do not pass the "
14969"door of their habitation. And while the eclipse happened, they play the drum"
14970" and instruments and do big noise and clamors. When the eclipse is finished,"
14971" they devote themselves to beverage and festivity and do big party.\""
14972msgstr ""
14973
14974#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14975#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:196
14976msgid ""
14977"(Source: <em>Les astres chez les Turcs et les Mongols</em> by Jean-Paul Roux"
14978" (French). <em>Revue de l'histoire des religions</em>, tome 195 n°2, 1979. "
14979"pp; 153-192.)"
14980msgstr ""
14981
14982#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14983#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:200
14984msgid ""
14985"Eclipse travelers in 2008 still witnessed drivers and cooks hiding in their "
14986"tents and making noise with the pots. It seemed authentic, not a show for "
14987"the tourists. Also note the similarity of <em>Raah</em> with Indian "
14988"<em>Rahu</em>."
14989msgstr ""
14990
14991#. type: Content of: <img><h5>
14992#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:205
14993msgid "Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)"
14994msgstr ""
14995
14996#. type: Content of: <img><p>
14997#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:207
14998msgid ""
14999"Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>) symbolises unity, brotherhood, solidarity"
15000" for the Mongolians. The constellation's five stars represent unity of the "
15001"five children of Genghis Khan's wife, Oulin."
15002msgstr ""
15003
15004#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><blockquote><p>
15005#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:212
15006msgid ""
15007"Them did not get well along with each other and squabbled all the time. "
15008"Their mother decided to strongly tie five ropes, and each one should try to "
15009"untie a knot. If they succeeded, it meant that they didn't remain united "
15010"with other, and that the brotherhood didn't gather in hard times. "
15011"Conversely, if the knots withstood the test, the five brothers would remain "
15012"united and close for the rest of their lives and would be victorious at the "
15013"time of wars."
15014msgstr ""
15015
15016#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><h4>
15017#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:222
15018msgid "Other Beliefs Linked to the Sky"
15019msgstr ""
15020
15021#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p>
15022#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:224
15023msgid ""
15024"According to a Mongolian legend, a woman devoting herself to count one "
15025"hundred stars in the sky will dream about her future husband."
15026msgstr ""
15027
15028#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p>
15029#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:227
15030msgid ""
15031"Sometimes, Mongolians honor the Great Bear (<em>Doloon Burkhan</em>)  by "
15032"throwing milk in its direction. Milk, of white color, symbolizes purity in "
15033"Mongolia. They pray so that something may be fulfilled, but for several "
15034"persons, not for just one person, because this would bring bad luck. Milk "
15035"can be replaced by vodka which, even if it is colorless, symbolizes the dark"
15036" color and the strength for Mongolians. By doing this, it avoids bad luck, "
15037"quarrels, fear and fends off evil spirits."
15038msgstr ""
15039
15040#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p>
15041#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:239
15042msgid ""
15043"The constellations are inspired by occidental ones, but the Mongolian "
15044"cosmogony, briefly exposed here, highlights a notable identity of beliefs "
15045"which are associated with it. Mongolian culture and knowledge transmission "
15046"is essentially verbal, and so few written traces exist about these subjects."
15047" It is therefore particularly hard to relate their cosmogony with high "
15048"fidelity and precision. In order to preserve knowledge about this cosmogony,"
15049" every observation, suggestions or collaboration are welcome!"
15050msgstr ""
15051
15052#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><h3>
15053#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:248
15054msgid "Acknowledgements and Further Reading"
15055msgstr ""
15056
15057#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15058#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:251
15059msgid ""
15060"Bayrlalaa (thank you) to Mongolians, for their kindness and their help in "
15061"the gathering of these informations about their culture and their cosmogony"
15062msgstr ""
15063
15064#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15065#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:252
15066msgid ""
15067"<a href=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" class='external text' "
15068"title=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\">L'Uranoscope de "
15069"France</a>"
15070msgstr ""
15071
15072#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15073#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:253
15074msgid ""
15075"<a href=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" class='external text' "
15076"title=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\"> L'Association Française "
15077"d'Astronomie / The French Astronomy Association</a>"
15078msgstr ""
15079
15080#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15081#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:255
15082msgid ""
15083"<a href=\"http://www.outofnowhere.asia\" class='external text' "
15084"title=\"http://www.outofnowhere.asia\" rel=\"nofollow\">OutOfNowhere</a>"
15085msgstr ""
15086
15087#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
15088#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:256
15089msgid ""
15090"<a href=\"https://journals.ub.uni-"
15091"heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8974/2867\">Johan Elverskog: "
15092"The Mongolian Big Dipper Sutra. </a> Journal of the International "
15093"Association of Buddhist Studies 29 Nr1 2006(2008), pp87-123."
15094msgstr ""
15095
15096#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p>
15097#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:261
15098msgid ""
15099"This skyculture is a contribution from two users of Stellarium, "
15100"<strong>Anthony Lagain</strong> (anthony.lagain(at)gmail.com) and "
15101"<strong>Batiste Rousseau</strong> (batiste.rousseau(at)gmail.com)  mainly "
15102"based on oral tales of numerous Mongolians met during a two months stay in "
15103"Mongolia. To learn more about them: <a "
15104"href=\"http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/\" class='external text' "
15105"title=\"http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/\" "
15106"rel=\"nofollow\">www.souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com</a> (in French)."
15107msgstr ""
15108
15109#. type: Content of: <h2>
15110#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:1
15111msgid "Navajo"
15112msgstr ""
15113
15114#. type: Content of: <p>
15115#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:3
15116msgid ""
15117"The Navajo are the largest Native American tribe in the United States; the "
15118"Navajo Nation extends across northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and "
15119"northwestern New Mexico."
15120msgstr ""
15121
15122#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15123#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:9
15124msgid "<a href=\"http://www.navajo.org\">The Navajo Nation</a> official website"
15125msgstr ""
15126
15127#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15128#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:10
15129msgid ""
15130"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15131"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15132"utah/vondel/dilyehe.html</a>"
15133msgstr ""
15134
15135#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15136#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:11
15137msgid ""
15138"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15139"utah/vondel/rabbit.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15140"utah/vondel/rabbit.html</a>"
15141msgstr ""
15142
15143#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15144#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:12
15145msgid ""
15146"<a href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15147"utah/vondel/laws.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-"
15148"utah/vondel/laws.html</a>"
15149msgstr ""
15150
15151#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15152#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:13
15153msgid ""
15154"<a "
15155"href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html\">http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html</a>"
15156msgstr ""
15157
15158#. type: Content of: <p>
15159#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:18
15160msgid ""
15161"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis "
15162"Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book <b>Star Trails-"
15163"Navajo</b> by Don Childrey."
15164msgstr ""
15165
15166#. type: Content of: <h2>
15167#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:1
15168msgid "Norse"
15169msgstr ""
15170
15171#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15172#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:5
15173msgid ""
15174"<a href=\"http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html\">Norse "
15175"Constellations</a>"
15176msgstr ""
15177
15178#. type: Content of: <p>
15179#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:10
15180msgid ""
15181"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Jonas Persson</i>, "
15182"jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se"
15183msgstr ""
15184
15185#. type: Content of: <h2>
15186#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:1
15187msgid "Northern Andes"
15188msgstr ""
15189
15190#. type: Content of: <p>
15191#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:2
15192msgid ""
15193"The Northern Andes have a complex laboratory that teaches us about the "
15194"different sciences that humanity has contemplated in its history; starting "
15195"from observation to the various elements that surround us, with the need to "
15196"ensure our survival as a species and lineage, the human being learned to "
15197"understand the signals that the cosmos, plants, animals, the climate and "
15198"other elements emit constantly. Then the wise learned to warn about the "
15199"changes that affect living beings."
15200msgstr ""
15201
15202#. type: Content of: <p>
15203#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:4
15204msgid ""
15205"In order to replicate the ancestral measurements in the Andean "
15206"observatories, we propose the use of a wide-mouth container; in the open we "
15207"will place it and level properly. In order to create a star mirror we will "
15208"fill it with water, in this reflection of the sky, the Andean sage can "
15209"admire and record the movements of the sun, the moon, planets or the stars."
15210msgstr ""
15211
15212#. type: Content of: <p>
15213#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:6
15214msgid ""
15215"The Stellarium simulator allows us to recreate these \"cosmic mirrors\" and "
15216"analyze the specific stellar dynamics that are seen in the Northern Andes as"
15217" well as the millenarian wise men in their patient observation through the "
15218"ages. These beings have registered the cosmic movements in the current "
15219"prehispanic heritage of the Andean peoples and produced graphic "
15220"configurations, which after much joint work by several researchers in "
15221"several generations at the beginning of the 21st century have been partially"
15222" decoded."
15223msgstr ""
15224
15225#. type: Content of: <p>
15226#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:8
15227msgid "Here we tell what we found in the equatorial skies:"
15228msgstr ""
15229
15230#. type: Content of: <h3>
15231#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:11
15232msgid "The Sun (Punchao o Wilca)"
15233msgstr ""
15234
15235#. type: Content of: <p>
15236#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:12
15237msgid ""
15238"When we find ourselves in the center of the planet, the apparent movement "
15239"that the sun makes through our annual journey around it is equidistant and "
15240"proportional. At the equinoxes the sun will cross the center of the sky, on "
15241"the solstice of June it will travel its southernmost road (it will go north)"
15242" and on the solstice of December the northernmost path will be traveled "
15243"(more to the south). These natural phenomena are the marks of the four main "
15244"festivals that celebrate a specific part of the agricultural calendar "
15245"because they are the points of inflection between the climatic seasons."
15246msgstr ""
15247
15248#. type: Content of: <p>
15249#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:14
15250msgid ""
15251"According to the colonial chronicler Juan de Betanzos \"the Indians knew the"
15252" leap years\"; thanks to the research of Gustavo Guayasamín, a cyclic "
15253"movement is identified in a four-year interval in the sun; to observe it, we"
15254" suggest placing ourselves at the March equinox (approximately the March "
15255"equinoxes are the 21st day in the Gregorian calendar), at the solar daytime "
15256"(12:20 in the civil time for the year 2018). We can then move forward in "
15257"time thanks to the \"Date / Time Window\" from year to year and we will "
15258"notice that the sun moves, returning to the point where the observation "
15259"begins in periods of four years, for example: It starts in 2016, moves to "
15260"the left of the spectator in 2017, continues moving to the left in 2018, "
15261"also moves in 2019 and in 2020 returns to its initial position; then start "
15262"the cycle again."
15263msgstr ""
15264
15265#. type: Content of: <h2>
15266#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:19
15267msgid "Clear Constellations, Asterisms and Guidelines in the Andes."
15268msgstr ""
15269
15270#. type: Content of: <p>
15271#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:21
15272msgid ""
15273"We consider that by means of \"stellar mirrors\" the sages could register "
15274"the stellar traffic. Through this observation they noticed that during the "
15275"nightfalls of each equinox and solstice, specific stars appear in the sky, "
15276"as if they were marking the climatic changes to which we are exposed, so "
15277"these cosmic signals were recorded in the Andean prehispanic patrimony "
15278"giving rise to the Andean geometrical forms."
15279msgstr ""
15280
15281#. type: Content of: <p>
15282#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:23
15283msgid "<b>March Equinox</b>"
15284msgstr ""
15285
15286#. type: Content of: <li>
15287#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:24
15288msgid ""
15289"<b>\"Antonio Quinatoa\" Cross:</b> At dusk the first stars to appear are: "
15290"Sirius - Proción - Rigel - Betelgeuse, who form the cross named \"Antonio "
15291"Quinatoa\". It is the constellation that governs the masculine cycle."
15292msgstr ""
15293
15294#. type: Content of: <p>
15295#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:26
15296msgid "<b>September Equinox</b>"
15297msgstr ""
15298
15299#. type: Content of: <li>
15300#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:27
15301msgid ""
15302"<b>Molestina Triangle:</b> The first stars to appear are: Altair - Vega - "
15303"Antares who make up the triangle named \"Molestina\""
15304msgstr ""
15305
15306#. type: Content of: <p>
15307#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:29
15308msgid ""
15309"<b>Constellation Daniela Alejandra Ayala:</b> Thanks to the hard work in the"
15310" registration of the designs, we have identified the clear constellation "
15311"named \"Daniela Alejandra Ayala\", cosmic set that accompanies the image of "
15312"the \"Mono Andino\", will appear in the center of the sky at nightfall of "
15313"the female equinox."
15314msgstr ""
15315
15316#. type: Content of: <p>
15317#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:31
15318msgid "<b>June Solstice</b>"
15319msgstr ""
15320
15321#. type: Content of: <p>
15322#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:32
15323msgid ""
15324"<b>South Cross:</b> The most outstanding stars in the evening of the Summer "
15325"Solstice for the Northern Hemisphere are: Acrux, Mimosa, δ Crucis, ζ Crucis,"
15326" λ Crucis and μ Crucis who form the \"Southern Cross\"."
15327msgstr ""
15328
15329#. type: Content of: <p>
15330#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:34
15331msgid "<b>December Solstice</b>"
15332msgstr ""
15333
15334#. type: Content of: <p>
15335#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:35
15336msgid ""
15337"<b>The “Jorge Trujillo” Arrow:</b> The most outstanding stars in the evening"
15338" of the winter solstice for the southern hemisphere are Caph - Shedar - Navi"
15339" - K Cas, they are part of the western constellation of Cassiopeia, the "
15340"resulting form evokes the shape of an arrow that at the end of the December "
15341"solstice It is in an East - West direction."
15342msgstr ""
15343
15344#. type: Content of: <p>
15345#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:37
15346msgid ""
15347"The asterisms that we include are the first stars to appear at the end of "
15348"each equinox or solstice. Like the constellations, these basic forms "
15349"(diamond, square, triangle and arrow), mark the beginning or end of a cycle,"
15350" apparently human beings discovered and recorded them before the forms in "
15351"the dark constellations."
15352msgstr ""
15353
15354#. type: Content of: <h2>
15355#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:41
15356msgid "The Sacred Beings in the Cosmos. The Dark Constellations."
15357msgstr ""
15358
15359#. type: Content of: <h3>
15360#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:42
15361msgid "The Milky Way"
15362msgstr ""
15363
15364#. type: Content of: <li>
15365#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:43
15366msgid ""
15367"Our planet belongs to the galaxy of the Milky Way, whose shape is that of a "
15368"large disk with two bulging arms; this form and the rotation of the earth "
15369"means that at the evenings of the equinoxes and solstices we can appreciate "
15370"a specific part of it, thus becoming a signal that the ancestors appreciated"
15371" to measure the times. Called in the Andes as the \"Muyun\" for many "
15372"peoples, it represents a gigantic life-giving serpent."
15373msgstr ""
15374
15375#. type: Content of: <p>
15376#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:45
15377msgid ""
15378"Contrary to the West, the constellations are not made up of bright points or"
15379" stars; the astral beings are housed in the \"dark spots\" existing in the "
15380"brilliance of the Milky Way, so at each of the turning points in our annual "
15381"path around the sun (Solstices and Equinoxes), we will find a guiding "
15382"constellation in each \"visible end\" of the galaxy. As with lunar or solar "
15383"movements, the movements of the constellations in the Northern Andes marked "
15384"the beginning or end of specific eras, agricultural, civil, reproductive or "
15385"festive. They determined the fate of beings, receiving respect and "
15386"veneration for those who came for their wisdom; thus developing a religious "
15387"thought similar to that of the sun or the moon throughout the continent."
15388msgstr ""
15389
15390#. type: Content of: <p>
15391#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:47
15392msgid "Here we describe the constellations decoded to date:"
15393msgstr ""
15394
15395#. type: Content of: <h3>
15396#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:49
15397msgid "Dark Constellations"
15398msgstr ""
15399
15400#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
15401#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:51
15402msgid ""
15403"Estelina Quinatoa (The Jaguar): Constellation that governs the male cycle, "
15404"also called \"Wilca\" or \"Otorongo\", indicates the arrival of the crops of"
15405" tender grains."
15406msgstr ""
15407
15408#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
15409#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:52
15410msgid ""
15411"Mercedes Cotacachi (The Monkey): Constellation that governs the female "
15412"cycle, indicates the arrival of rains and the start of agricultural "
15413"processes."
15414msgstr ""
15415
15416#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
15417#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:53
15418msgid ""
15419"Hernán Crespo Toral (The Frog): The \"Hampatu\" is the animal that has "
15420"several stages, like the Andean thought, it appears on the night of the June"
15421" solstice and it is related to the contact with the world of the dead."
15422msgstr ""
15423
15424#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
15425#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:54
15426msgid ""
15427"Ana Jaramillo de Velasteguí (The Warrior): Known as \"the Man and the "
15428"Spear\" or \"The Dancer\", the constellation governs the December solstice."
15429msgstr ""
15430
15431#. type: Content of: <p>
15432#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:58
15433msgid ""
15434"These constellations, asterisms and measurements are part of <b>the legacy "
15435"of Ancestral Knowledge</b> protected and compiled by the <b>Clan Quinatoa, "
15436"guardians of the millenary knowledge of the Lundauco Valley in Imbabura - "
15437"Ecuador</b>"
15438msgstr ""
15439
15440#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
15441#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:58
15442msgid "."
15443msgstr ""
15444
15445#. type: Content of: <p>
15446#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:60
15447msgid ""
15448"The astral information is based on the study of Andrés Alejandro Ayala "
15449"Quinatoa in \"Millenary Astronomy, what my teachers and ancestors taught "
15450"me\"; Servio Jr. Paladines collaborates for the computer integration."
15451msgstr ""
15452
15453#. type: Content of: <p>
15454#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:62
15455msgid ""
15456"The present illustrations are inspired by the pre-Hispanic designs of the "
15457"Pasto nation investigated by Estelina Quinatoa for the book \"Ancestral "
15458"Representations and Colors of the Cosmos\" (Ministry of Culture and Heritage"
15459" of Ecuador)."
15460msgstr ""
15461
15462#. type: Content of: <h2>
15463#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:1
15464msgid "Ojibwe"
15465msgstr ""
15466
15467#. type: Content of: <p>
15468#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:2
15469msgid ""
15470"Ojibwe are one of the largest groups of indigenous people of North America "
15471"(United States and Canada).  Depending on the region, Ojibwe are known for "
15472"birch bark canoes, wildrice-<i>manoomin</i>, and maple syrup.  Also known as"
15473" Anishinaabe and Chippewa.  The word Ojibwe means ‘cooks food outside’.  The"
15474" Ojibwe Star Knowledge files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of "
15475"the <b><i>“Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan, Ojibiwe Sky Star Map”</i></b>, "
15476"created by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, 2012.  More details can be found in"
15477" the constellation guidebook <b><i>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: "
15478"An Introduction to Ojibwe Star Knowledge</i></b>. Also available are Ojibwe "
15479"star map posters, Ojibwe planispheres, curriculum, and other resources."
15480msgstr ""
15481
15482#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15483#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:7
15484msgid ""
15485"<i>Gaadidnaway,Mishi bizhiw</i>,Curly Tail, Great Panther, Leo & head of "
15486"Hydra"
15487msgstr ""
15488
15489#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15490#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:8
15491msgid "<i>Madoodiswan</i>,Sweat Lodge, Corona"
15492msgstr ""
15493
15494#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15495#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:9
15496msgid ""
15497"<i>Biboonkeonini</i>,Wintermaker, Orion with arms to Procyon & Aldebaran"
15498msgstr ""
15499
15500#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15501#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:10
15502msgid "<i>Maang</i>,Loon, Ursa Minor (Little Dipper)"
15503msgstr ""
15504
15505#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15506#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:11
15507msgid "<i>Ojiig</i>,Fisher, Ursa Major (Big Dipper)"
15508msgstr ""
15509
15510#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15511#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:12
15512msgid "<i>Giwedin’Anung</i>,North Star, Polaris"
15513msgstr ""
15514
15515#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15516#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:13
15517msgid "<i>Mooz</i>,Moose, Pegasus & Lacerta"
15518msgstr ""
15519
15520#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15521#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:14
15522msgid "<i>Bugonagiizhig</i>,Hole in the Sky, Pleiades"
15523msgstr ""
15524
15525#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15526#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:15
15527msgid "<i>Madoo'asinik</i>,Sweating Stones, Pleiades"
15528msgstr ""
15529
15530#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15531#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:16
15532msgid "<i>Ajiijaak/Bineshi Okanin</i>,Crane/Skeleton Bird, Cygnus"
15533msgstr ""
15534
15535#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15536#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:17
15537msgid "<i>Noondeshin Bemaadizid</i>,Exhausted Bather, part of Hercules"
15538msgstr ""
15539
15540#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15541#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:18
15542msgid "<i>Nanaboujou</i>,Nanaboujou, Scorpio"
15543msgstr ""
15544
15545#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15546#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:19
15547msgid "<i>Anung</i>,Star,"
15548msgstr ""
15549
15550#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15551#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:20
15552msgid "<i>Anung aki</i>,Star World"
15553msgstr ""
15554
15555#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15556#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:21
15557msgid "<i>Dibik-giizis (Night Sun)</i>,Moon"
15558msgstr ""
15559
15560#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15561#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:22
15562msgid "<i>Giizis</i>,Sun"
15563msgstr ""
15564
15565#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15566#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:23
15567msgid "<i>Giizhig</i>,Sky"
15568msgstr ""
15569
15570#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15571#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:24
15572msgid "<i>Ikwe'anung (Women's Star)</i>,Venus"
15573msgstr ""
15574
15575#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15576#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:25
15577msgid "<i>Onaagoshi'anung</i>,Venus -Evening Star"
15578msgstr ""
15579
15580#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15581#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:26
15582msgid "<i>Waabun'anung</i>,Venus - Morning Star"
15583msgstr ""
15584
15585#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15586#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:27
15587msgid "<i>Maingan Mikan (Wolf Trail)</i>,Ecliptic"
15588msgstr ""
15589
15590#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15591#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:28
15592msgid "<i>Jiibaykona (Spirit Path)</i>,Milky Way"
15593msgstr ""
15594
15595#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15596#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:29
15597msgid "<i>Jiibay Ziibi (River of Souls)</i>,Milky Way"
15598msgstr ""
15599
15600#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15601#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:30
15602msgid "<i>Bangishin anung</i>,Meteor/Falling star"
15603msgstr ""
15604
15605#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15606#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:31
15607msgid "<i>Gaagige Giizhig (Forever Sky)</i>,Universe"
15608msgstr ""
15609
15610#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15611#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:32
15612msgid "<i>Anung Nibwakawin</i>,Star Knowledge (Wisdom)"
15613msgstr ""
15614
15615#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15616#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:33
15617msgid "<i>Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan</i>,(Sky) Star map"
15618msgstr ""
15619
15620#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15621#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:34
15622msgid "<i>Waabanong (Waaban)</i>,East"
15623msgstr ""
15624
15625#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15626#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:35
15627msgid "<i>Ningabianong (Nigagbii'an)</i>,West"
15628msgstr ""
15629
15630#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15631#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:36
15632msgid "<i>Giiwedinong (Giiwedinang/Giiwendin)</i>,North"
15633msgstr ""
15634
15635#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15636#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:37
15637msgid "<i>Zhaawanong (Zhaawan)</i>,South"
15638msgstr ""
15639
15640#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15641#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:43
15642msgid ""
15643"<a href=\"http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/OJIBWEMAP/home.html\">Ojibwe Map"
15644" webpage, includes audio recordings of Ojibwe pronunciation and other "
15645"resources.</a>"
15646msgstr ""
15647
15648#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15649#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:44
15650msgid ""
15651"<a href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Ojibwe-Sky-Star-Map-"
15652"Constellation/dp/0615986781?ie=UTF8&keywords=ojibwe%20stars&qid=1461769178&ref_=sr_1_1&sr=8-1\">Ojibwe"
15653" Sky Star Map Constellation Guide</a> book on amazon.com"
15654msgstr ""
15655
15656#. type: Content of: <p>
15657#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:49
15658msgid ""
15659"This Ojibwe star knowledge was contributed by Annette S. Lee, Director of "
15660"<i>Native Skywatchers</i>, a research and programming initiative aimed at "
15661"revitalizing native star knowledge, especially Ojibwe and D(L)akota. Based "
15662"on the star map <i><b>Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan - Ojibwe Sky Star "
15663"Map</b></i> created by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy and the book "
15664"<i><b>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to Ojibwe "
15665"Star Knowledge</b> </i>by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, J. Tibbetts."
15666msgstr ""
15667
15668#. type: Content of: <p>
15669#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:50
15670msgid "Constellation Paintings by A. Lee & W. Wilson."
15671msgstr ""
15672
15673#. type: Content of: <h2>
15674#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:1
15675msgid "Romanian"
15676msgstr ""
15677
15678#. type: Content of: <p>
15679#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:2
15680msgid ""
15681"Considered as a whole, Romanian popular stellar mythology has three "
15682"essential components."
15683msgstr ""
15684
15685#. type: Content of: <p><p>
15686#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:3
15687msgid ""
15688"The FIRST one - the ancestral pastoral-agricultural is pre-Christian, in "
15689"which the sky seen both as an agrarian clock for specific activities and as "
15690"an \"exhibition\" of agricultural tools used by peasants."
15691msgstr ""
15692
15693#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
15694#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:5
15695msgid ""
15696"The SECOND component - more recent - corresponding to the Christianization "
15697"of Romanian geographical space and repositioning in the sky the Christian "
15698"and pre-Christian elements where constellations are associated with "
15699"cosmogonical and theogonical myths, so that the sky is seen more like a "
15700"church."
15701msgstr ""
15702
15703#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
15704#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:8
15705msgid ""
15706"And the THIRD component - the origin of the Romanian people, projecting on "
15707"the sky the synthesis of formation of this people (the conquest of Dacia by "
15708"the Romans) through projection of dramatic scenes from this history of "
15709"Dacians mixing with the Romans."
15710msgstr ""
15711
15712#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
15713#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:11
15714msgid ""
15715"<strong>Note</strong>: in Western Constellation Orion there are four "
15716"Traditional Romanian Constellations that are overlapping."
15717msgstr ""
15718
15719#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h3>
15720#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:12
15721msgid "External links:"
15722msgstr ""
15723
15724#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
15725#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:14
15726msgid ""
15727"<a href=\"http://www.crt-ro.com\">Website for Tradițional Romanian "
15728"Constellation</a>"
15729msgstr ""
15730
15731#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
15732#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:15
15733msgid ""
15734"<a href=\"http://www.slideshare.net/planetariubm/broura-constelaii-"
15735"romanesti-tradiionale\">On-line booklet in ro/en about 39 Traditional "
15736"Romanian Constellations</a>"
15737msgstr ""
15738
15739#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
15740#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:16
15741msgid ""
15742"<a "
15743"href=\"http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro\">30"
15744" seconds movies made from scripts and with subtitle in English</a>"
15745msgstr ""
15746
15747#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
15748#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:17
15749msgid ""
15750"<a h "
15751"href=\"http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news\">Romanian"
15752" peasants beliefs in stars and sky – Translation of texts adapted from Ion "
15753"Ottescu</a>"
15754msgstr ""
15755
15756#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
15757#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:18
15758msgid "<a href=\"http://planetariubm.ro/\">PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES</a>"
15759msgstr ""
15760
15761#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
15762#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:20
15763msgid "Thanks to Andrei Dorian Gheorghe and Alastair McBeth – SARM members"
15764msgstr ""
15765
15766#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h3>
15767#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:22
15768msgid "Authors:"
15769msgstr ""
15770
15771#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
15772#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:23
15773msgid ""
15774"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <a "
15775"href=\"mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com\">Mircea Lite</a> on behalf of Baia Mare "
15776"Planetarium, as a result of a project called <em>Traditional Romanian "
15777"Constellations</em> primarily based on the book <em>Romanian peasants "
15778"beliefs in stars and sky</em> by Ioan Otescu."
15779msgstr ""
15780
15781#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p>
15782#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:26
15783msgid ""
15784"The Romanian constellation lines, images, scripts and texts for movies "
15785"prepared by <a href=\"mailto:rlodina@gmail.com\">Radu Lodina</a> and <a "
15786"href=\"mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com\">Ovidiu Ignat</a>. Romanian constellation "
15787"art done by Zamfir Somcutean."
15788msgstr ""
15789
15790#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
15791#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:28
15792msgid ""
15793"All materials related to Traditional Romanian Constellations are released "
15794"under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported."
15795msgstr ""
15796
15797#. type: Content of: <h2>
15798#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:1
15799msgid "Sami"
15800msgstr ""
15801
15802#. type: Content of: <p>
15803#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:3
15804msgid ""
15805"The Sami people are considered to be the native population of northern "
15806"Norway, Sweden, Finland and West Russia (the Kola Peninsula).  More "
15807"information can be found at <a "
15808"href=\"http://www.eng.samer.se/\">samer.se</a> and in the <a "
15809"href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people\">Sami people article in "
15810"Wikipedia</a>."
15811msgstr ""
15812
15813#. type: Content of: <h3>
15814#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:8
15815#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:28
15816#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:43
15817msgid "Sources"
15818msgstr ""
15819
15820#. type: Content of: <p>
15821#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:10
15822msgid ""
15823"Stellarium's Sami sky culture is based on the work of Bo Lundmark <i>Bæi'vi "
15824"mánno nástit</i> (Swedish title: <i>Sol- och månkult samt astrala och "
15825"celesta föreställninga bland samerna</i> [<i>Sun and Moon cult and astral "
15826"and celestial concepts among the Sami</i>], 1982), who based much of his "
15827"work on the writings of the Sami artist and author Johan Turi."
15828msgstr ""
15829
15830#. type: Content of: <p>
15831#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:15
15832msgid ""
15833"This sky culture is a conglomeration of at least three slightly different "
15834"cultures from the people of the South-Sami, North-Sami and Russian Sami.  "
15835"Each of these groups have slightly different languages and as such there may"
15836" be small differences with some references."
15837msgstr ""
15838
15839#. type: Content of: <p>
15840#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:19
15841msgid ""
15842"Sami constellations can be observed on Sami artifacts connected to the old "
15843"religion, suggesting that the night sky played an important cultural role "
15844"for Sami peoples in years gone by."
15845msgstr ""
15846
15847#. type: Content of: <p>
15848#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:22
15849msgid ""
15850"The Sami sky culture has a lot in common with other arctic and sub-arctic "
15851"cultures in Eurasia. One unfortunate similarity is that much of the culture "
15852"was lost before it was recorded properly."
15853msgstr ""
15854
15855#. type: Content of: <h3>
15856#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:26
15857msgid "Constellations and Stars"
15858msgstr ""
15859
15860#. type: Content of: <p>
15861#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:28
15862msgid ""
15863"The Sami constellations are probably very old but were recorded in writing "
15864"during the 19th century. In is unclear if the written record is complete. "
15865"The constellations and stars included here are all connected to the dominant"
15866" constellation, <i>Sarva</i> &mdash; the elk.  Sarva is the Sami name for "
15867"elk, an alternative name is <i>Sarvvis</i> &mdash; Bull elk.  The origin of "
15868"this constellation probably dates back to the old hunter culture before "
15869"reindeer were domesticated."
15870msgstr ""
15871
15872#. type: Content of: <p>
15873#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:34
15874msgid ""
15875"<i>Sarva</i> consists of the Western constellations Cassiopeia, Perseus and "
15876"parts of Auriga. Constellations and stars surrounding Sarva represent "
15877"hunters of the elk.  <i>Favdna</i> (also transcribed as <i>Favtna</i>) is "
15878"the star Arcturus, and represents the Hunter who aims at the elk with his "
15879"bow and arrow (<i>Fauna davgge</i> &mdash; the Big Dipper).  Favdna must aim"
15880" well, for if he hits the Sky Support <i>Boahjenaste</i> (the star Polaris),"
15881" legend has it that the world will come to an end."
15882msgstr ""
15883
15884#. type: Content of: <p>
15885#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:41
15886msgid ""
15887"Favdna has a number of helpers: <i>Galla</i> (Procyon<sup><a "
15888"href=\"#note1\">1</a></sup>)  and his sons <i>Gallabarneck</i> (Orion's "
15889"belt), the \"Ski Runners\", <i>Cuoigahægjek</i> (Castor and Pollux) and "
15890"\"The Runner\" (Vega). The Pleiades are called <i>Rougot</i> (dog pack)  or "
15891"<i>Miese-cora</i> (calfpack)."
15892msgstr ""
15893
15894#. type: Content of: <p>
15895#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:46
15896msgid ""
15897"The Milky Way is called <i>Lodde-raiddaras</i> (lit. bird path) or <i>Jakke-"
15898"mærka</i> (lit. year mark).  The name used depends on the season. In the sky"
15899" chart of Johan Turi, one can observe a star <i>Guovso-naste</i>, morning "
15900"star, that can be identified as Venus, but this is not certain as it can "
15901"also be identified as Altair, a star showing the morning is approaching "
15902"(similar to Arcturus in the Norse skyculture)."
15903msgstr ""
15904
15905#. type: Content of: <p>
15906#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:52
15907msgid ""
15908"The Sami sky culture does not have a large number of constellations. This is"
15909" thought to be mainly because of the high Northerly latitude of the Sami "
15910"people's range.  Two factors contribute to this: that the Southern sky stays"
15911" below the horizon to a large extent, and that the Aurora Borealis is "
15912"frequently bright enough to obscure many stars."
15913msgstr ""
15914
15915#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
15916#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:59
15917msgid ""
15918"<a name=\"note1\" />The exact star which represents <i>Galla</i> is "
15919"uncertain.  it is probably Procyon, Rigel or Sirius - Procyon was chosen as "
15920"Galla for this sky culture since Sirius is very hard to spot from the "
15921"latitude where the Sami live."
15922msgstr ""
15923
15924#. type: Content of: <p>
15925#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:65
15926msgid "Jonas Persson (jonas.persson@physics.org)"
15927msgstr ""
15928
15929#. type: Content of: <h2>
15930#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:1
15931msgid "Sardinian"
15932msgstr ""
15933
15934#. type: Content of: <p>
15935#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:2
15936msgid ""
15937"Like all peoples of the world, even the ancient Sardinians, turned their "
15938"eyes to the sky that marked the time and the seasons. The peasant's world "
15939"has given its name to the stars and the constellations of the Sardinian "
15940"culture."
15941msgstr ""
15942
15943#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15944#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:6
15945msgid ""
15946"<a href=\"http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php\">Stars and "
15947"constellations in sardinian language</a>"
15948msgstr ""
15949
15950#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15951#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:7
15952msgid ""
15953"<a href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts\">Stellarium "
15954"Script: Sardinian Constellations Tour</a>"
15955msgstr ""
15956
15957#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
15958#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:8
15959msgid ""
15960"<a "
15961"href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian\">Stellarium"
15962" Wiki</a>"
15963msgstr ""
15964
15965#. type: Content of: <p>
15966#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:12
15967msgid ""
15968"These constellations have been created by the Stellarium's user <i>Giuseppe "
15969"Putzolu</i>, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com"
15970msgstr ""
15971
15972#. type: Content of: <h3>
15973#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:13
15974msgid "Credits"
15975msgstr ""
15976
15977#. type: Content of: <p>
15978#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:14
15979msgid ""
15980"The constellations of the Sardinian culture are the result of research done "
15981"by Tonino Bussu and Marco Puddu"
15982msgstr ""
15983
15984#. type: Content of: <h2>
15985#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:1
15986msgid "Russian (Siberian)"
15987msgstr ""
15988
15989#. type: Content of: <p>
15990#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:2
15991msgid ""
15992"The names of the constellations of Siberian peoples is rather poorly "
15993"studied. This region has the large territory and the knowledge about "
15994"constellations are difficult to reconcile in a single integrated picture. In"
15995" this culture of the sky marked only specific names and objects, which "
15996"typical for the whole of Siberia."
15997msgstr ""
15998
15999#. type: Content of: <p>
16000#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:8
16001msgid ""
16002"The names of the Milky Way are quite numerous, but they can be distinguished"
16003" into two groups - the names coming from the past (e.g., <em>Goose "
16004"Road</em>) and the name of a later period (<em>Mamay Road</em>). The names "
16005"of the later period is clearly apparent connection to the memory of the "
16006"Mongol-Tatar invasion to Russia."
16007msgstr ""
16008
16009#. type: Content of: <p>
16010#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:14
16011msgid ""
16012"The Pleiades has a many names and their more than the Milky Way names, but "
16013"all of them in Siberia can be reduced to the notion for a star cluster as a "
16014"bird's nest. Among these names <em>Duck Nest</em> is the most common."
16015msgstr ""
16016
16017#. type: Content of: <p>
16018#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:19
16019msgid ""
16020"In Siberia often used name for this constellation is <em>Elk</em> (although "
16021"in Eastern Siberia the name \"Bear\" is used more frequently)."
16022msgstr ""
16023
16024#. type: Content of: <p>
16025#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:23
16026msgid ""
16027"In Siberia in the constellation of Orion is usually used only three stars of"
16028" his belt, who called <em>Kichigi</em> (the Threshers) - is typical for "
16029"north-eastern Russia image of the threshers, who are stand in the row. In "
16030"the European part of Russia called Kichigi usually hides the Ursa Major "
16031"constellation."
16032msgstr ""
16033
16034#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16035#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:30
16036msgid "Svjatskij, D.O. Astronomija Drevnej Rusi. - M., 2007. - 664 s."
16037msgstr ""
16038
16039#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16040#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:31
16041msgid ""
16042"Svjatskij, D.O. Pod svodom hrustal'nogo neba: Ocherki po astral'noj "
16043"mifologii v oblasti religioznogo i narodnogo mirovozzrenija. Izd. 2-e M.: "
16044"Knizhnyj dvor \"LIBROKOM\", 2011. - 192 s."
16045msgstr ""
16046
16047#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16048#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:32
16049msgid ""
16050"Rut, M.E. Slovar' astronimov. Zvezdnoe nebo po-russki. - M.: AST-PRESS "
16051"KNIGA, 2010. - 288 s."
16052msgstr ""
16053
16054#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16055#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:33
16056msgid "Karpenko, Ju.A. Nazvanija zvezdnogo neba. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - 184 s."
16057msgstr ""
16058
16059#. type: Content of: <h2>
16060#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:1
16061msgid "Tongan (Tonga)"
16062msgstr ""
16063
16064#. type: Content of: <p>
16065#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:2
16066msgid ""
16067"As in all Polynesian star lore, Tongan sky culture descends from the "
16068"practical application of nautical navigation. In some circumstances "
16069"separation of individual star names from &quot;star path&quot; names cannot "
16070"be resolved. A star may have multiple names 1) if the star is part of "
16071"numerous star paths and 2) since the naming of stars can differ depending on"
16072" which Tongan island group it originates from.  The nomenclature of stars is"
16073" approximated based on the limited resources available."
16074msgstr ""
16075
16076#. type: Content of: <p>
16077#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:11
16078msgid ""
16079"Whilst the most-notable/common stars and constellations (i.e. Orion, "
16080"Pleiades, Crux) are identified in Tongan star lore there are two notable "
16081"exceptions. There is an absence of naming of the North star (Polaris: "
16082"&alpha; UMi). This is peculiar considering the latitude of the Tongan "
16083"islands and the prominence of this star at certain times of the year. In the"
16084" event of any northerly journeys from Tonga such an important navigational "
16085"landmark could not have possibly gone unnoticed. The constellation of "
16086"Scorpio (parts in, or stars of) are also absent from Tongan star lore. This "
16087"is surprising since the vast majority of star lore &ndash; globally and "
16088"Polynesian &ndash; has Scorpio as a central constellation due to it being "
16089"easily identified and that it is nearly directly opposite Orion in the night"
16090" sky. [Stellarium would welcome any further knowledge on these two "
16091"anomalies.]"
16092msgstr ""
16093
16094#. type: Content of: <p>
16095#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:25
16096msgid ""
16097"Common ancestry of Polynesian star lore's is evident in the similarities in "
16098"the labelling of stars. For example the Pleiades is called Mataliki in "
16099"Tongan, Matariki in Maori and Makali`i in Hawaiian."
16100msgstr ""
16101
16102#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
16103#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:32
16104msgid ""
16105"Velt Kik, <em>Ko E Ngaahi fetu'u 'o, Stars over tonga</em>, 1990 'Atenisi "
16106"University, Nuku'alofa , Tonga Government printing department."
16107msgstr ""
16108
16109#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
16110#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:34
16111msgid ""
16112"T.H Fale, <em>Tongan astronomy</em>, 1990 Polynesian Eyes foundation, "
16113"Nuku'alofa, Tonga Choice printing."
16114msgstr ""
16115
16116#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
16117#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:37
16118msgid ""
16119"E. E. V. Collocott, <em>Tongan astronomy and calendar</em>, 1992 Occasional "
16120"Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian ethnology and "
16121"Natural History, Vol.8, No. 4 Honolulu, Hawaii, Bishop Museum Press 1922, p."
16122" 157-173."
16123msgstr ""
16124
16125#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
16126#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:45
16127msgid "Tongan term"
16128msgstr ""
16129
16130#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16131#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:46
16132msgid "Humu"
16133msgstr ""
16134
16135#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16136#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:46
16137msgid "Coal sack"
16138msgstr ""
16139
16140#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16141#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:47
16142msgid "Kaniva"
16143msgstr ""
16144
16145#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16146#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:48
16147msgid "Ma'afulele"
16148msgstr ""
16149
16150#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16151#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:48
16152msgid "Large Magellan cloud"
16153msgstr ""
16154
16155#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16156#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:49
16157msgid "Ma'afutoka"
16158msgstr ""
16159
16160#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16161#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:49
16162msgid "Small Magellan cloud"
16163msgstr ""
16164
16165#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16166#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:50
16167msgid "'otu Ma'afu"
16168msgstr ""
16169
16170#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16171#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:50
16172msgid "Magellanic clouds (both)"
16173msgstr ""
16174
16175#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16176#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:51
16177msgid "Ha'amonga"
16178msgstr ""
16179
16180#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16181#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:51
16182msgid "Ecliptic"
16183msgstr ""
16184
16185#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16186#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:52
16187msgid "Mahina"
16188msgstr ""
16189
16190#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16191#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:53
16192msgid "La'a"
16193msgstr ""
16194
16195#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16196#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:54
16197msgid "Fetu'u"
16198msgstr ""
16199
16200#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16201#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:54
16202msgid "Star (in general)"
16203msgstr ""
16204
16205#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16206#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:55
16207msgid "Fetu'ufuka"
16208msgstr ""
16209
16210#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16211#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:55
16212msgid "Comet"
16213msgstr ""
16214
16215#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16216#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:56
16217msgid "'Umata"
16218msgstr ""
16219
16220#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16221#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:56
16222msgid "Rainbow"
16223msgstr ""
16224
16225#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16226#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:57
16227msgid "Fetu'u'Esiafi"
16228msgstr ""
16229
16230#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16231#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:57
16232msgid "Falling star"
16233msgstr ""
16234
16235#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16236#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:58
16237msgid "tapukitea"
16238msgstr ""
16239
16240#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16241#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:59
16242msgid "Matamemea"
16243msgstr ""
16244
16245#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16246#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:60
16247msgid "Ma'afutoka (same as SMC)"
16248msgstr ""
16249
16250#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16251#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:61
16252msgid "Ma'afulele (same as LMC)"
16253msgstr ""
16254
16255#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16256#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:62
16257msgid "Velitoa hififo"
16258msgstr ""
16259
16260#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16261#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:62
16262msgid "Rigel"
16263msgstr ""
16264
16265#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16266#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:63
16267msgid "Velitoa hahake"
16268msgstr ""
16269
16270#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16271#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:63
16272msgid "Betelguese"
16273msgstr ""
16274
16275#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16276#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:64
16277msgid "Hikule'o"
16278msgstr ""
16279
16280#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16281#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:65
16282msgid "Monuafe"
16283msgstr ""
16284
16285#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16286#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:65
16287msgid "Meissa"
16288msgstr ""
16289
16290#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16291#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:66
16292msgid "Motuliki"
16293msgstr ""
16294
16295#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16296#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:67
16297msgid "Tu'ulalupe"
16298msgstr ""
16299
16300#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16301#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:68
16302msgid "Toloatonga"
16303msgstr ""
16304
16305#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16306#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:69
16307msgid "Toloalahi"
16308msgstr ""
16309
16310#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16311#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:69
16312msgid "False Cross"
16313msgstr ""
16314
16315#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
16316#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:72
16317msgid "<strong>Tongan constellations</strong>"
16318msgstr ""
16319
16320#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
16321#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:74
16322msgid "Tongan name"
16323msgstr ""
16324
16325#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
16326#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:74
16327msgid "Designation or notes"
16328msgstr ""
16329
16330#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16331#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:75
16332msgid "Tuinga ika"
16333msgstr ""
16334
16335#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16336#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:75
16337msgid "Part of Orion, belt and sword"
16338msgstr ""
16339
16340#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16341#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:76
16342msgid "Ae e'Uvea"
16343msgstr ""
16344
16345#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16346#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:76
16347msgid "Corona Borealis (<em>Speculative</em>)"
16348msgstr ""
16349
16350#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16351#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:77
16352msgid "Fatanalua"
16353msgstr ""
16354
16355#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16356#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:77
16357msgid "Coma Berenices (<em>Speculative</em>)"
16358msgstr ""
16359
16360#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16361#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:78
16362msgid "Kapakau'o'tafahi"
16363msgstr ""
16364
16365#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16366#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:78
16367msgid "Cassiopeia (<em>Speculative</em>)"
16368msgstr ""
16369
16370#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16371#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:79
16372msgid "Toloa"
16373msgstr ""
16374
16375#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16376#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:79
16377msgid "Belt of Orion"
16378msgstr ""
16379
16380#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16381#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:80
16382msgid "Lua tangata"
16383msgstr ""
16384
16385#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16386#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:80
16387msgid "Castor and/or Pollux"
16388msgstr ""
16389
16390#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16391#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:81
16392msgid "Fungasia"
16393msgstr ""
16394
16395#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16396#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:81
16397msgid "Toliman and/or Agena"
16398msgstr ""
16399
16400#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
16401#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:82
16402msgid "Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)"
16403msgstr ""
16404
16405#. type: Content of: <h1>
16406#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:1
16407msgid "Tukano Constellations"
16408msgstr ""
16409
16410#. type: Content of: <p>
16411#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:2
16412msgid ""
16413"Tukano is the common name for a group of indigenous tribes who live around "
16414"the northwestern region of Brazil, near Colombia and Venezuela. The group "
16415"shown in this work live on the banks of the Rio Tiquié within the Rio Negro "
16416"bay in the Amazonas State, Brazil."
16417msgstr ""
16418
16419#. type: Content of: <h5>
16420#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:5
16421msgid ""
16422"<em>One circular calendar developed in 2007. For more details, please refer "
16423"to:</em>"
16424msgstr ""
16425
16426#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16427#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:7
16428msgid ""
16429"<a "
16430"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/processaPesquisa.php?listaDetalhes[]=4584&processar=Processar\""
16431" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Abstract</a>."
16432msgstr ""
16433
16434#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16435#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:8
16436msgid ""
16437"<a "
16438"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5684\""
16439" class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Thesis</a>"
16440msgstr ""
16441
16442#. type: Content of: <h3>
16443#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:11
16444msgid "CONSTELLATIONS"
16445msgstr ""
16446
16447#. type: Content of: <p>
16448#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:12
16449msgid ""
16450"Constellations within Tukano astronomical culture are related with natural "
16451"phenomena as a whole. We gathered twelve constellations with a group who "
16452"speaks Tukano language. This is not the definitive number of constellations."
16453" There are, surely, more constellations to be described. We presented here "
16454"essentially “the main cycle” (CARDOSO, 2007) of the Tukano constellations.  "
16455"Sometimes someone relate new discoveries about these Indians sky conceptions"
16456" or presents new constellation descriptions. Though we are establishing "
16457"limits and configurations to these constellations that are new to us (non- "
16458"Indians), they don’t organize this body of knowledge in the same way.  Their"
16459" conceptions about sky and Universe are different when compared with ours. "
16460"They don’t organize and conceive ideas about the Universe as a whole, like "
16461"us."
16462msgstr ""
16463
16464#. type: Content of: <p>
16465#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:13
16466msgid ""
16467"Hereby we present few data from a research carried out with living people "
16468"and this data may be variable in near future. We worked with basic school "
16469"students, elders and story tellers comparing the talks and summarizing it as"
16470" you’ll see below."
16471msgstr ""
16472
16473#. type: Content of: <p>
16474#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:14
16475msgid ""
16476"In general, we can say that a Tukano constellation, or parts of it, are "
16477"observed when its setting occurs, like the sunset (heliacal setting) during "
16478"the short period of an year. There are an amount of natural phenomena "
16479"related with this astronomical event. For example we can consider Aña’s head"
16480" setting during November and its relation with the increase and decrease of "
16481"the Tiquié river level. The variation of the river level is accompanied with"
16482" an emerging of different fishes which appear as the result of these "
16483"changeable natural conditions. Other larger fishes follow the first group "
16484"for multiple purposes (eating smaller ones for example). All of them eat "
16485"some fruits which eventually fall over the river surface. Ground animals and"
16486" microorganisms are interested on these fruits, as well as either.  So, a "
16487"phenomenon first described as an astronomical set for us can be seen inside "
16488"a more complex behavior for Tukanos and their neighbors around this region. "
16489"Animals, plants and also spiritual manifestations are in a complex "
16490"relationship under the cosmological view that we can’t more ignore."
16491msgstr ""
16492
16493#. type: Content of: <p>
16494#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:15
16495msgid ""
16496"The name of each constellation was written in this sequence: Tukano, "
16497"Portuguese and English.  Ex. Pamõ\\Tatu\\Armadillo."
16498msgstr ""
16499
16500#. type: Content of: <h3>
16501#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:17
16502msgid "Aña or Aña Diaso\\Jararaca\\Fer-de-lance"
16503msgstr ""
16504
16505#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16506#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:17
16507msgid ""
16508"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothrops_jararaca\" class='external "
16509"text' rel=\"nofollow\">Aña - Jararaca - Jararaca (snake)</a>"
16510msgstr ""
16511
16512#. type: Content of: <p>
16513#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:19
16514msgid ""
16515"A big snake that is found in part of our Scorpius, Sagittarius and Corona "
16516"Australis constellations. Its setting with the sunset correspond of the "
16517"beginning of the year to this group of Tukanos."
16518msgstr ""
16519
16520#. type: Content of: <h3>
16521#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:20
16522msgid "Pamõ\\Tatu\\Armadillo"
16523msgstr ""
16524
16525#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16526#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:20
16527msgid ""
16528"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo\" class='external text' "
16529"rel=\"nofollow\">Pamõ - Tatu - Armadillo</a>"
16530msgstr ""
16531
16532#. type: Content of: <p>
16533#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:21
16534msgid ""
16535"This constellation is found in our Dolphin constellation and part of Aquila "
16536"constellation. This group of faint stars takes place inside a poor stellar "
16537"field with exception of the bright Altair (Alfa Aquilae)."
16538msgstr ""
16539
16540#. type: Content of: <h3>
16541#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:22
16542msgid "Darsiu\\camarão de rio\\freshwater shrimp"
16543msgstr ""
16544
16545#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16546#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:22
16547msgid ""
16548"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridea\" class='external text' "
16549"rel=\"nofollow\">Darsiu - Pitu - Caridean Shrimp</a>"
16550msgstr ""
16551
16552#. type: Content of: <h3>
16553#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:23
16554msgid "Mhua\\Jacundá (peixe)\\A kind of fish"
16555msgstr ""
16556
16557#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16558#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:23
16559msgid ""
16560"<a href=\"http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacund%C3%A1\" class='external text' "
16561"rel=\"nofollow\">Mhua - Jacundá (peixe) - Jacundá (a kind of fish)</a>"
16562msgstr ""
16563
16564#. type: Content of: <p>
16565#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:24
16566msgid ""
16567"Both constellations are jointed together in a few bright stars of Aquarius "
16568"and Pisces area.  But it is a wonderful challenge to try to see it during "
16569"the night."
16570msgstr ""
16571
16572#. type: Content of: <h3>
16573#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:25
16574msgid "Yai\\onça\\puma or jaguar"
16575msgstr ""
16576
16577#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16578#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:25
16579msgid ""
16580"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar\" class='external text' "
16581"rel=\"nofollow\">Yai - Onça - Jaguar</a>"
16582msgstr ""
16583
16584#. type: Content of: <p>
16585#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:26
16586msgid ""
16587"It is a big constellation – one of the biggest – inside the north portions "
16588"of night skies. All night long near the horizon, the big puma is described "
16589"inside our Cepheus, Cassiopeia and Perseus constellations."
16590msgstr ""
16591
16592#. type: Content of: <h3>
16593#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:27
16594msgid "Yhe\\garça\\egret"
16595msgstr ""
16596
16597#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16598#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:27
16599msgid ""
16600"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egret\" class='external text' "
16601"rel=\"nofollow\">Yhé - Garça - Egret</a>"
16602msgstr ""
16603
16604#. type: Content of: <p>
16605#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:28
16606msgid ""
16607"It is still in discussion the real position of this constellation, if those "
16608"stars are in the Berenices’ hair region or inside the Corvus. We choose the "
16609"first region because it was present as the real one by the Tukanos of São "
16610"José II tribe."
16611msgstr ""
16612
16613#. type: Content of: <h3>
16614#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:29
16615msgid "Yurara\\tartaruga\\turtle"
16616msgstr ""
16617
16618#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16619#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:29
16620msgid ""
16621"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise\" class='external text' "
16622"rel=\"nofollow\">Yurara - Cágado - Tortoise</a>"
16623msgstr ""
16624
16625#. type: Content of: <p>
16626#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:30
16627msgid ""
16628"This constellation is described as the occidental Southern Cross "
16629"constellation. Sometimes this traditional occidental constellation also "
16630"means an Otter or a turtle by the Tukano people."
16631msgstr ""
16632
16633#. type: Content of: <h3>
16634#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:31
16635msgid "Nhorkoatero\\grupo de estrelas\\Pleiades"
16636msgstr ""
16637
16638#. type: Content of: <h3>
16639#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:31
16640msgid "Nhorkoatero - Grupo de Estrelas - Group of Stars"
16641msgstr ""
16642
16643#. type: Content of: <p>
16644#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:32
16645msgid ""
16646"The translation of <em>nhorkoatero</em> is literally group of stars. "
16647"Identified as our Pleiades this is very significant as a time keeper within "
16648"a complex calendar to Tukano people. It is also used as a rainy period "
16649"pointer."
16650msgstr ""
16651
16652#. type: Content of: <h3>
16653#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:33
16654msgid "Waikhasa\\moquém\\a kind of recipient to cook fish"
16655msgstr ""
16656
16657#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16658#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:33
16659msgid ""
16660"<a href=\"http://cozinhacomz.com.br/?food=muquiar-ou-moquear\" "
16661"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Waikasa - Moquém - Moquém (a kind of "
16662"grill to cook fish)</a>"
16663msgstr ""
16664
16665#. type: Content of: <p>
16666#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:34
16667msgid ""
16668"It is identified with our Taurus Hyades open cluster of stars with the "
16669"bright Aldebaran following the Pleiades.  This is an easy asterism to be "
16670"seen all over the sky."
16671msgstr ""
16672
16673#. type: Content of: <h3>
16674#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:35
16675msgid "Sioyahpu\\enxó\\instrument do carve wood"
16676msgstr ""
16677
16678#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
16679#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:35
16680msgid ""
16681"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adze\" class='external text' "
16682"rel=\"nofollow\">Sioyahpu - Cabo do Enxó - Adze Handle</a>"
16683msgstr ""
16684
16685#. type: Content of: <p>
16686#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:36
16687msgid ""
16688"As a part of Orion belt and two of the others brightest stars of this "
16689"constellation – our Betelgeuse and Bellatrix – this constellation represents"
16690" to Tukano group a part of a tool which is used to carve wood."
16691msgstr ""
16692
16693#. type: Content of: <h3>
16694#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:37
16695msgid "Sipé Phairo\\cobra de ânus grande\\a snake"
16696msgstr ""
16697
16698#. type: Content of: <h3><br>
16699#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:37
16700msgid "Sipé Phairo - Cobra de Ânus Grande - Snake Large Anus"
16701msgstr ""
16702
16703#. type: Content of: <p>
16704#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:38
16705msgid ""
16706"This snake corresponds to our brightest Big Dipper stars. In a legend when "
16707"this constellation touches the horizon after the sunset almost all fishes in"
16708" the main river are swallowed by it."
16709msgstr ""
16710
16711#. type: Content of: <h3>
16712#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:39
16713msgid "Diayo/lontra/otter"
16714msgstr ""
16715
16716#. type: Content of: <p>
16717#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:40
16718msgid ""
16719"Described as our Southern Cross by part of the Tukanos in half Tiquié river,"
16720" this constellation is also associated with star as Sirius in Cannis Major "
16721"in that region."
16722msgstr ""
16723
16724#. type: Content of: <h3>
16725#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:41
16726msgid "Kai Sariró/Circulo de dança/Circle dances"
16727msgstr ""
16728
16729#. type: Content of: <p>
16730#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:42
16731msgid ""
16732"Those stars are mainly at Orion constellation and mean a circle of dances in"
16733" some special Tukano ceremonies."
16734msgstr ""
16735
16736#. type: Content of: <h4>
16737#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:44
16738msgid "SOME WORDS ABOUT OUR RESEARCH WITHIN NORTWESTERN AMAZONIAN INDIANS:"
16739msgstr ""
16740
16741#. type: Content of: <p>
16742#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:45
16743msgid ""
16744"This work is part of an amount of researches developed as a survey, "
16745"conducted between 2005 and 2007 that resulted in a doctoral/PhD thesis "
16746"(Cardoso, 2007). Relying on Ethnomatematics sources (D’ambrosio, 2002), in "
16747"practical sky observation activities and on classical sources about "
16748"constellations observed in Brazil’s Amazon region, we accomplished a sky "
16749"mapping of these Indian ethnicity: Tukano, Dessano and Tuyuka but in "
16750"special, the first one. From the description of many constellations we "
16751"created an astronomical events and climate calendar along with students from"
16752" differentiated Yupuri’s indigenous school. Rain periods, drought, planting "
16753"and harvesting are marked by the sunset and sunrise of the major "
16754"constellations created by Amazonia northwest Indians"
16755msgstr ""
16756
16757#. type: Content of: <h4>
16758#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:48
16759msgid ""
16760"Walmir Thomazi Cardoso gathered this information in a survey that is part of"
16761" his PhD. Thesis of Ethnomathematics (walmir.astronomia@gmail.com)"
16762msgstr ""
16763
16764#. type: Content of: <h4><br>
16765#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:48
16766msgid ""
16767"Displays were made by Antonio Gumercindo Taques dos Santos (Ticão) and "
16768"Youssif Ganthous Filho (youssif@gmail.com)."
16769msgstr ""
16770
16771#. type: Content of: <h2>
16772#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:1
16773msgid "Tupi-Guarani"
16774msgstr ""
16775
16776#. type: Content of: <p>
16777#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:2
16778msgid ""
16779"Tupi-Guarani is a name given to a family of languages spoken by the "
16780"indigenous peoples of Brazil and other South American countries."
16781msgstr ""
16782
16783#. type: Content of: <p><p>
16784#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:5
16785msgid ""
16786"As with many cultures, constellations were identified and used to help keep "
16787"track of the seasons and predict the seasonal variations which affect daily "
16788"life.  In the book <i>Histoire de la Mission de Pères Capucins en l'Isle de "
16789"Maragnan et terres circonvoisins</i>, published in Paris, 1614, it is stated"
16790" that the Tupi people identified some thirty constellations, but the book "
16791"only details seven."
16792msgstr ""
16793
16794#. type: Content of: <p><h4>
16795#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:8
16796msgid "Ema"
16797msgstr ""
16798
16799#. type: Content of: <p><p>
16800#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:9
16801msgid ""
16802"The Tupi name for this constellation is <i>Iandutim</i> (<i>Guirá Nhandu</i>"
16803" in Guarani), which literally translates to <i>White Ostrich</i>. The "
16804"constellation depicts a large bird."
16805msgstr ""
16806
16807#. type: Content of: <p><p>
16808#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:11
16809msgid ""
16810"In the first two weeks of June this constellation is fully visible in the "
16811"Eastern sky in the evening, indicating the beginning of Winter in the South "
16812"of Brazil, and the start of the dry season in the North."
16813msgstr ""
16814
16815#. type: Content of: <p><h4>
16816#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:13
16817msgid "Homem Velho (the Old Man)"
16818msgstr ""
16819
16820#. type: Content of: <p><p>
16821#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:14
16822msgid "This constellation depicts an old man holding a stick."
16823msgstr ""
16824
16825#. type: Content of: <p><p>
16826#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:15
16827msgid ""
16828"In the second half of December, the constellation is fully visible in the "
16829"evening Eastern sky.  This marks the beginning of summer in the southern "
16830"parts of Brazil and the start of the rainy season in the North."
16831msgstr ""
16832
16833#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
16834#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:19
16835msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_people\">The Tupi People</a>"
16836msgstr ""
16837
16838#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
16839#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:20
16840msgid ""
16841"<a href=\"http://www.telescopiosnaescola.pro.br/indigenas.pdf\">The "
16842"Brazilian Indigenous Constellations</a> by Germano Bruno Afonso (Portugese)"
16843msgstr ""
16844
16845#. type: Content of: <p>
16846#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:24
16847msgid ""
16848"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Paulo Marcelo "
16849"Pontes</i>."
16850msgstr ""
16851
16852#. type: Content of: <h2>
16853#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:1
16854msgid "Vanuatu (Netwar)"
16855msgstr ""
16856
16857#. type: Content of: <p>
16858#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:2
16859msgid ""
16860"The Netwar sky culture for Stellarium stems from a research which is ran "
16861"among the people of Vanuatu by Dominik M. Ramík and is <a "
16862"href=\"http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/\">published online</a>. Netwar "
16863"language (its indigenous name, also sometimes called \"Lenakel language\" "
16864"after a major village in the area) is one of languages of Tanna island in "
16865"Vanuatu. Its constellations are strikingly similar with other languages of "
16866"Vanuatu, although names and meanings vary to some extent."
16867msgstr ""
16868
16869#. type: Content of: <h3>
16870#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:4
16871msgid "Solar system"
16872msgstr ""
16873
16874#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16875#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:6
16876msgid "Sun: Met"
16877msgstr ""
16878
16879#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16880#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:7
16881msgid "Moon: Mawuk"
16882msgstr ""
16883
16884#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16885#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:9
16886msgid "Waxing crescent: Mawuk wi - 'new Moon'"
16887msgstr ""
16888
16889#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16890#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:10
16891msgid ""
16892"First quarter: Nail ratuatu - 'it stays straight', meaning that in the sky "
16893"the Moon appears straight in the zenith in the evening"
16894msgstr ""
16895
16896#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16897#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:11
16898msgid ""
16899"Full Moon: Mawuk ramépép malwia - 'the Moon is like the fish épép malwia' "
16900"(Platax orbicularis); also Nati tawar - means that when the sun is setting, "
16901"the Moon just appears above the mountains"
16902msgstr ""
16903
16904#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16905#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:12
16906msgid "Last quarter: Numanmel"
16907msgstr ""
16908
16909#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16910#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:13
16911msgid "Waning crescent: Numanmel"
16912msgstr ""
16913
16914#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16915#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:14
16916msgid "Lunar eclipse: Mawuk ramemes - 'dead Moon'"
16917msgstr ""
16918
16919#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16920#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:16
16921msgid "Venus:"
16922msgstr ""
16923
16924#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16925#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:18
16926msgid "Morning star: Fétukai"
16927msgstr ""
16928
16929#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
16930#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:19
16931msgid "Evening star: Kéwita"
16932msgstr ""
16933
16934#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16935#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:21
16936msgid "Jupiter: Karatéi"
16937msgstr ""
16938
16939#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16940#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:22
16941msgid "Mahau ramiwuk: 'jumping star', bad omen foretelling someone's death"
16942msgstr ""
16943
16944#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16945#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:27
16946msgid "In general: Mahau"
16947msgstr ""
16948
16949#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16950#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:28
16951msgid "Aldebaran: Kapaumeta"
16952msgstr ""
16953
16954#. type: Content of: <h3>
16955#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:31
16956msgid "Constellations and deep-sky objects"
16957msgstr ""
16958
16959#. type: Content of: <p>
16960#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:32
16961msgid ""
16962"Note: the English names preceding the local names are here only to help the "
16963"reader locate the particular constellation in the frame of the Western sky. "
16964"The actual translations of the local names follow them."
16965msgstr ""
16966
16967#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16968#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:34
16969msgid "LMC and SMC: Nowanuman - 'earth oven'"
16970msgstr ""
16971
16972#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16973#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:35
16974msgid ""
16975"Milky Way: Nemrau - 'ash'; also Nuafuganan - less common term of unknown "
16976"meaning"
16977msgstr ""
16978
16979#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16980#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:36
16981msgid "Orion's Belt: Kasulia apam - 'long yoke'"
16982msgstr ""
16983
16984#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16985#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:37
16986msgid "Orion's Sword: Kasulia rerparep - 'short yoke'"
16987msgstr ""
16988
16989#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16990#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:38
16991msgid ""
16992"Taurus' Head: Kou - 'pincers used for taking hot stones out of the fire'"
16993msgstr ""
16994
16995#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
16996#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:39
16997msgid ""
16998"Scorpion's Dart: Kahaur rul - 'rat', seen in the evening in zenith when it "
16999"is time to prepare gardens"
17000msgstr ""
17001
17002#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17003#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:40
17004msgid "Orion's Body: Kilil - 'traditional fan' made from palm leaves"
17005msgstr ""
17006
17007#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17008#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:41
17009msgid ""
17010"Southern Cross: Suatu kywer - 'four customary ways' connecting four villages"
17011" with a nakamal; it rises in the evening in March and symbolizes the time "
17012"when in the nakamal people do temahwa for good harvest"
17013msgstr ""
17014
17015#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17016#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:42
17017msgid ""
17018"Pleiades: Nowaswas Lapnuman - 'young boys of Lapnuman'; also Neperawen "
17019"Lapnuman - 'young girls of Lapnuman'"
17020msgstr ""
17021
17022#. type: Content of: <h3>
17023#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:45
17024msgid "Names of objects with unknown position"
17025msgstr ""
17026
17027#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17028#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:47
17029msgid ""
17030"Mowaimawuk - name of an unidentified star, said to be close to the Moon or "
17031"to rise close to it"
17032msgstr ""
17033
17034#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17035#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:48
17036msgid ""
17037"Iaiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Altair), which sets in the "
17038"morning in time of preparation of gardens (July)"
17039msgstr ""
17040
17041#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17042#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:49
17043msgid ""
17044"Koraiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Rigel), found in "
17045"September in the morning near zenith"
17046msgstr ""
17047
17048#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17049#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:50
17050msgid ""
17051"Kwankaio - name of an unidentified star (possibly Procyon), rising in "
17052"February in the morning"
17053msgstr ""
17054
17055#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17056#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:55
17057msgid ""
17058"Project <a href=\"http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/\">Vanuatu Sky</a> "
17059"including Netwar data alongside other languages of Vanuatu"
17060msgstr ""
17061
17062#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17063#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:56
17064msgid ""
17065"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenakel_language\">Netwar language "
17066"on Wikipedia</a>"
17067msgstr ""
17068
17069#. type: Content of: <p>
17070#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:60
17071msgid ""
17072"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Dominik M. Ramík</i>. Web: <a "
17073"href=\"http://dominicweb.eu\">dominicweb.eu</a>, e-mail: <a "
17074"href=\"mailto:dominik.ramik@seznam.cz\">dominik.ramik@seznam.cz</a>."
17075msgstr ""
17076
17077#. type: Content of: <p>
17078#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:61
17079msgid ""
17080"Elders from local communities on Tanna, who contributed with their ancestral"
17081" knowledge to this project: Jimmy Napip from Ikumhala, Lomai Tain from "
17082"Ielkes, Sylvano Kapalu from Ipai, Iawilu Naumusapen from Lowkweria, Kasékasé"
17083" from Imapul, Nausien from Lamlu, Pierrot Nako Yaru from Lowanatom, Joe "
17084"Natuman from Lowkweria."
17085msgstr ""
17086
17087#. type: Content of: <h2>
17088#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:1
17089msgid "Western"
17090msgstr ""
17091
17092#. type: Content of: <p>
17093#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:2
17094msgid ""
17095"Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is "
17096"the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union.  It has "
17097"historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic "
17098"astronomy."
17099msgstr ""
17100
17101#. type: Content of: <p><p>
17102#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:5
17103#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:5
17104msgid ""
17105"The Western culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various "
17106"sizes called <i>constellations</i>, each with precise boundary, issued by "
17107"the International Astronomical Union. These constellations have become the "
17108"standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky "
17109"cultures exhaustively in daily usage."
17110msgstr ""
17111
17112#. type: Content of: <p>
17113#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:8
17114msgid ""
17115"Most of traditional western star names came from Arabic. In astronomy, "
17116"Bayer/Flamsteed designations and other star catalogues are widely used "
17117"instead of traditional names except few cases where the traditional names "
17118"are more famous than the designations."
17119msgstr ""
17120
17121#. type: Content of: <h3>
17122#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:10
17123msgid "Alternative asterism files for Stellarium"
17124msgstr ""
17125
17126#. type: Content of: <p>
17127#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:11
17128msgid ""
17129"<a "
17130"href=\"http://wackymorningdj.users.sourceforge.net/ha_rey_stellarium.zip\" "
17131"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Asterisms by H.A. Rey</a>, from his "
17132"book \"The Stars: A New Way To See Them\", by <a class='external text' "
17133"href=\"http://sourceforge.net/users/wackymorningdj/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mike "
17134"Richards</a>."
17135msgstr ""
17136
17137#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
17138#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:15
17139#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:14
17140msgid ""
17141"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" class='external text'"
17142" title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" "
17143"rel=\"nofollow\">Constellation</a> article at Wikipedia"
17144msgstr ""
17145
17146#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
17147#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:16
17148#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:15
17149msgid ""
17150"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue\" class='external "
17151"text' title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star catalogue\" "
17152"rel=\"nofollow\">Star Catalogue</a> article at Wikipedia"
17153msgstr ""
17154
17155#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17156#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:17
17157msgid ""
17158"<a "
17159"href=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\""
17160" class='external text' "
17161"title=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\""
17162" rel=\"nofollow\">Constellation image library</a> of the U.S. Naval "
17163"Observatory and the Space Telescope Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius "
17164"Engravings."
17165msgstr ""
17166
17167#. type: Content of: <h2>
17168#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:1
17169msgid "Sky & Telescope"
17170msgstr ""
17171
17172#. type: Content of: <p>
17173#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:2
17174msgid ""
17175"Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is "
17176"the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union.  It has "
17177"historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic "
17178"astronomy.  The constellation figures and star names come from Sky & "
17179"Telescope's definitions, and should be familiar to users of Sky & "
17180"Telescope's Pocket Sky Atlas, Sky Atlas 2000.0, and the figures in Sky & "
17181"Telescope magazine."
17182msgstr ""
17183
17184#. type: Content of: <p><p>
17185#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:7
17186msgid ""
17187"Note: the Sky & Telescope sky culture does not provide constellation lines "
17188"for Microscopium or Mensa."
17189msgstr ""
17190
17191#. type: Content of: <p><p>
17192#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:10
17193msgid ""
17194"The method used by Sky & Telescope to determine star names is detailed in "
17195"the included <i>SnT_star_names.docx</i> file."
17196msgstr ""
17197
17198#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
17199#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:13
17200msgid ""
17201"<a href=\"https://www.skyandtelescope.com\" class='external text' "
17202"title=\"Sky & Telescope\" rel=\"nofollow\">Sky & Telescope</a> homepage"
17203msgstr ""
17204
17205#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
17206#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:16
17207msgid ""
17208"<a href=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/\" class='external text' "
17209"title=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations\" rel=\"nofollow\">Official"
17210" IAU constellation information</a>"
17211msgstr ""
17212
17213#. type: Content of: <h2>
17214#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:1
17215msgid "Western (O.Hlad)"
17216msgstr ""
17217
17218#. type: Content of: <p>
17219#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:3
17220msgid "Constellations according to classical Czech publication:"
17221msgstr ""
17222
17223#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17224#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:6
17225msgid ""
17226"Hlad, Hovorka, Polechová, Weiselová (1988): <em>Hvězdná obloha 2000.0</em>. "
17227"Praha: Geodetický a kartografický podnik."
17228msgstr ""
17229
17230#. type: Content of: <p>
17231#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:9
17232msgid "Another (rather similar) Czech and Slovak references are:"
17233msgstr ""
17234
17235#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17236#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:12
17237msgid ""
17238"Hlad, Hovorka, Sojka, Weiselová (2000): <em>Atlas Coeli Novus 2000.0</em>. "
17239"Praha: Hvězdárna a planetárium hl. m. Prahy, ETC publishing."
17240msgstr ""
17241
17242#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17243#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:13
17244msgid ""
17245"Pittich, Kalmančok (1981): <em>Obloha na dlani</em>. Bratislava: Obzor."
17246msgstr ""
17247
17248#. type: Content of: <p>
17249#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:19
17250msgid ""
17251"Constellation lines are designed so they mostly connect stars with Greek-"
17252"letter (α, β, γ, ...) designations, brightest, or at least similarly bright "
17253"stars, and especially if they form a mnemotechnic figure (like 'W' in case "
17254"of Cas, or 'hurdles-runner' instead of Vir).  We usually do <em>not</em> use"
17255" 5th magnitude stars, because they are difficult to spot in towns affected "
17256"by light pollution.  The resulting figures are also a bit simpler and "
17257"easier-to-remember for children.  We use these constellations at the "
17258"Observatory and Planetarium Hradec Králové (<a "
17259"href=\"http://www.astrohk.cz\">http://www.astrohk.cz</a>)."
17260msgstr ""
17261
17262#. type: Content of: <p>
17263#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:28
17264msgid ""
17265"Notes: UMa is taken from Pittich and Kalmančok (1981); M81 and M82 galaxies "
17266"are just behind Bear's head.  Gem is a similar case.  Cam seems upside-down "
17267"with respect to a mythological figure, but HIP 29997, 33694 stars are indeed"
17268" brighter."
17269msgstr ""
17270
17271#. type: Content of: <h3>
17272#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:33
17273msgid "Updates"
17274msgstr ""
17275
17276#. type: Content of: <p>
17277#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:35
17278msgid "Version 1.0 for Stellarium 0.13.1"
17279msgstr ""
17280
17281#. type: Content of: <p>
17282#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:37
17283msgid ""
17284"Future updates should be available at <a "
17285"href=\"http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/\">http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/</a>"
17286msgstr ""
17287
17288#. type: Content of: <h2>
17289#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:1
17290msgid "Western: H.A. Rey"
17291msgstr ""
17292
17293#. type: Content of: <p>
17294#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:5
17295msgid ""
17296"During the 19th century the use and further editions of richly illustrated "
17297"atlases with sumptuously engraved mythological figures fell out of fashion. "
17298"The stars of the constellations in atlases of that time started to be shown "
17299"connected with line patterns (\"stick figures\"), which however appear "
17300"sometimes only to have been used to indicate which stars belong to which "
17301"constellation.  Over several decades the figures had ceased to resemble the "
17302"figures they were named after and appeared incomprehensible to beginning "
17303"stargazers in the middle of the 20th century."
17304msgstr ""
17305
17306#. type: Content of: <p>
17307#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:16
17308msgid ""
17309"H. A. Rey (Hans Augusto Reyersbach) (1898-1977), an artist and author of "
17310"children's books of German descent but emigrated to the USA, published his "
17311"answer to this problem in 1952 with the book <em>The Stars - A New Way To "
17312"See Them</em>."
17313msgstr ""
17314
17315#. type: Content of: <h4>
17316#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:22
17317msgid "The Constellations"
17318msgstr ""
17319
17320#. type: Content of: <p>
17321#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:24
17322msgid ""
17323"In this book, which has become very popular especially in the US, Rey "
17324"connected the stars of every constellation \"in such a way that the "
17325"resulting shape makes sense.\" What surprised him was \"that nobody has done"
17326" it before. The basic idea is so simple.\""
17327msgstr ""
17328
17329#. type: Content of: <p>
17330#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:29
17331msgid ""
17332"Rey's new stick figures make it indeed very simple to recognize the depicted"
17333" constellation figures. Rey's work does not include figurative artwork, "
17334"therefore this sky culture deliberately only comes with Rey's original stick"
17335" figures.  The constellation names were also always given in English by Rey."
17336" If you switch to \"Native\" name display mode, you may see exactly the "
17337"spelling used in his book. Also the stars named here are limited to those "
17338"included in the book."
17339msgstr ""
17340
17341#. type: Content of: <h4>
17342#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:37
17343msgid "Rey's Figures and the Classic Constellations"
17344msgstr ""
17345
17346#. type: Content of: <p>
17347#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:39
17348msgid ""
17349"Rey's constellations adhere to the tradition of the Western sky culture and "
17350"describes the 88 officially acknowledged constellations, with addition of "
17351"asterisms of the two Dippers and the \"Great Square\" (of Pegasus).  "
17352"However, at several points Rey's figures deviate from the canonical figures "
17353"described since Ptolemy's Almagest (2nd century AD), where also positions of"
17354" the stars in their constellations had been described in their names. For "
17355"example,"
17356msgstr ""
17357
17358#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
17359#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:47
17360msgid ""
17361"Rey inverted the figure of the Great Bear (<em>Ursa Major</em>)  to look "
17362"like a polar bear scenting prey.  This on one hand does not have the usual "
17363"problem to explain its long tail. On the other hand, the bear is not shown "
17364"to walk around the pole in this orientation."
17365msgstr ""
17366
17367#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
17368#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:53
17369msgid ""
17370"The Bull (<em>Taurus</em>), only the front of which is shown with long "
17371"upright horns in usual depictions, is shown with a complete body including "
17372"its tail, with horns stretched wide like those of a buffalo. Its bright eye "
17373"<em>Aldebaran</em> now lies in its neck."
17374msgstr ""
17375
17376#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
17377#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:58
17378msgid ""
17379"The head of <em>Hercules</em> is usually next to the head of "
17380"<em>Ophiuchus</em>, the serpent holder, and the four stars known as "
17381"\"keystone\" form his body. Rey makes his head out of the keystone, and the "
17382"star that usually marks the hero's head is now one of his feet."
17383msgstr ""
17384
17385#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
17386#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:63
17387msgid ""
17388"The Whale (<em>Cetus</em>) has been turned around, its former mouth now "
17389"forming a tail fin."
17390msgstr ""
17391
17392#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
17393#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:66
17394msgid "<em>Pegasus</em> exchanged feet and head."
17395msgstr ""
17396
17397#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
17398#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:68
17399msgid ""
17400"<em>Bootes</em>, the herdsman, is shown sitting and smoking a pipe (no trace"
17401" of political correctness in a children's book of the 1950s... :-)"
17402msgstr ""
17403
17404#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
17405#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:75
17406msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Rey\">H.A.Rey (Wikipedia)</a>"
17407msgstr ""
17408
17409#. type: Content of: <p>
17410#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:80
17411msgid ""
17412"This sky culture used to be for a long time an easy user-installable addon "
17413"example contributed by Mike Richards.  It has been reworked following the "
17414"41st reprint and completed with this description by Georg Zotti."
17415msgstr ""
17416